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Meta AnalysisMeta
Azithromycin was adopted
in 14 countries.
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Summary.
Dec 21 |
Azithromycin for COVID-19: real-time meta analysis of 20 studies | |
| Significantly lower risk is seen for mortality and hospitalization. 8 studies from 8 independent teams in 6 countries show significant benefit. Meta analysis using the most serious outcome reported shows 16% [5‑27%] lower risk... | ||
Nov 21 |
et al., Discover Molecules, doi:10.1007/s44345-024-00005-5 | Exploring potential therapeutic candidates against COVID-19: a molecular docking study |
| In Silico study showing potential inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 proteins by various compounds including dactinomycin, itraconazole, ivermectin, vitamin D, quercetin, curcumin, montelukast, bromhexine, hesperidin, EGCG and raloxifene. Authors p.. | ||
Oct 22 |
et al., Scientific Reports, doi:10.1038/s41598-024-76871-3 | One-year mortality and associated factors in older hospitalized COVID-19 survivors: a Nationwide Cohort Study in Korea |
| 53% lower mortality (p<0.0001). Retrospective 63,369 hospitalized COVID-19 survivors aged 60 years or older in Korea, showing lower 1-year mortality with macrolides (including azithromycin), higher 1-year mortality with corticosteroids (including dexamethasone and.. | ||
Aug 5 |
et al., Viral Immunology, doi:10.1089/vim.2024.0034 | Effective Treatment of COVID-19 Infection with Repurposed Drugs: Case Reports |
| Review of the successful treatment of COVID-19 using existing medications including HCQ, AZ, ivermectin, famotidine, monoclonal antibodies, and others. Authors note that the typical treatment of severe viral infections with multiple thera.. | ||
Apr 16 |
et al., ScienceOpen, doi:10.58647/DRUGARXIV.PR000010.v1 | Network-based multi-omics-disease-drug associations reveal drug repurposing candidates for COVID-19 disease phases |
| In Silico study identifying potential drugs beneficial for COVID-19 by integrating transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, lipidomics, and drug data. Authors explore interactions between drugs, molecular features, and disease severity... | ||
Apr 4 |
et al., Scientific Reports, doi:10.1038/s41598-024-57726-3 | The metabolic footprint of Vero E6 cells highlights the key metabolic routes associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection and response to drug combinations |
| In Vitro study showing that remdesivir and azithromycin, either alone or in combination, can modify the glycolic-gluconeogenesis pathway in host cells, inhibiting the mitochondrial oxidative damage caused by SARS-CoV-2. Authors use Nuclea.. | ||
Feb 29 |
et al., Archives of Microbiology & Immunology, doi:10.26502/ami.936500153 | An Independent Analysis of a Retrospective Cohort of 30,423 Covid-19 Patients Treated at IHU-Mediterranean in Marseille, France: Part 1, Efficacy of early Treatment with Hydroxychloroquine and Azithromycin |
| 27% lower combined mortality/ICU admission (p=0.0005). Independent analysis of the IHU-Mediterranean data [Brouqui] with 30,423 COVID-19 patients showing significantly lower risk of ICU admission or death with early treatment of hydroxychloroquine plus azithromycin (HCQ-AZ), and with azithrom.. | ||
Jan 31 |
et al., BMC Infectious Diseases, doi:10.1186/s12879-024-09034-4 | First COVID-19 wave in the province of Bergamo, Italy: epidemiological and clinical characteristics, outcome and management of the first hospitalized patients |
| 7% lower mortality (p=0.79). Retrospective 723 hospitalized COVID-19 patients in Italy showing no significant difference with azithromycin treatment. | ||
Dec 18 2023 |
et al., Frontiers in Public Health, doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1280434 | Drug prescription patterns and their association with mortality and hospitalization duration in COVID-19 patients: insights from big data |
| 32% lower mortality (p<0.0001). Retrospective study of 917,198 hospitalized COVID-19 cases covered by the Iran Health Insurance Organization over 26 months showing that antithrombotics, corticosteroids, and antivirals reduced mortality while diuretics, antibiotics, and.. | ||
Dec 15 2023 |
et al., The American Journal of Cardiology, doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2023.11.069 | Cardiovascular Safety of Azithromycin in Patients Hospitalized with Coronavirus Disease 2019: a Pre-Specified Pooled Analysis of the COALITION I and COALITION II Randomized Clinical Trials |
| Analysis of two multicenter RCTs with 1,114 hospitalized COVID-19 patients showing no increased risk of cardiovascular events or QTc prolongation with the addition of azithromycin to hydroxychloroquine treatment. | ||
Dec 8 2023 |
et al., Preprints | Critical appraisal of multidrug therapy in the ambulatory management of patients with COVID-19 and hypoxemia |
| Reanalysis of 119 hypoxemic COVID-19 outpatients treated with multidrug regimens that may include ivermectin, doxycycline, zinc, vitamins C/D, hydroxychloroquine, and azithromycin. Authors combine case series from the US, Zimbabwe, and Ni.. | ||
Nov 20 2023 |
et al., Immunity, Inflammation and Disease, doi:10.1002/iid3.1083 | Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of oral N‐acetylcysteine in patients with COVID‐19 receiving the routine antiviral and hydroxychloroquine protocol: A randomized controlled clinical trial |
| 85% lower mortality (p=0.31). RCT 60 hospitalized COVID-19 patients evaluating the efficacy and safety of adding oral N-acetylcysteine (NAC) at 600mg three times daily to standard antiviral treatment regimens. There was lower mortality for patients that received azith.. | ||
May 11 2023 |
et al., Nigerian Medical Journal, 64:2 | Clinical profile and Predictors of Outcomes of Hospitalized Patients with Laboratory-Confirmed Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 in Nigeria: A Retrospective Analysis of 13 High Burden States in Nigeria |
| 67% lower mortality (p=0.0001). Retrospective 3,462 hospitalized COVID-19 patients across 13 states in Nigiera, showing lower mortality with AZ. Authors note the worse results with a combination of CQ/HCQ and AZ, compared to either alone, may be related to the side effe.. | ||
May 10 2023 |
et al., Clinical Infection in Practice, doi:10.1016/j.clinpr.2023.100229 | Impact of common comorbidities on antimicrobial consumption and mortality amongst critically ill COVID-19 patients: A retrospective two center study in Saudi Arabia |
| 22% higher mortality (p=0.08). Retrospective 848 ICU patients in Saudi Arabia, showing higher mortality with azithromycin in unadjusted results. | ||
Mar 21 2023 |
et al., Pan African Medical Journal, doi:10.11604/pamj.2023.44.142.37858 | Factors associated with COVID-19 fatality among patients admitted in Mashonaland West Province, Zimbabwe 2020-2022: a secondary data analysis |
| 40% lower mortality (p=0.03). Retrospective 672 COVID-19 patients in Zimbabwe, showing lower mortality with azithromycin treatment. | ||
Mar 15 2023 |
et al., Antibiotics, doi:10.3390/antibiotics12030587 | The Association between Previous Antibiotic Consumption and SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Population-Based Case-Control Study |
| 12% fewer cases (p<0.0001). Retrospective 31,260 COVID-19 cases and 125,039 matched controls, showing lower risk of COVID-19 with previous azithromycin use. | ||
Jan 16 2023 |
et al., The Gazette of Medical Sciences, doi:10.46766/thegms.pubheal.22120905 | Intravenous high dose vitamin C and ozonated saline effective treatment for Covid-19: The Evolution of Local Standard of Care |
| Retrospective 479 high risk outpatients in the USA treated with a protocol including intravenous vitamin C, vitamin D, zinc, quercetin, bromelain, lactoferrin, HCQ, ivermectin, ozonated saline, azithromycin, ceftriaxone, methylprednisolon.. | ||
Aug 18 2022 |
et al., COVID, doi:10.3390/covid2080084 | Statistical Analysis Methods Applied to Early Outpatient COVID-19 Treatment Case Series Data |
| Retrospective analysis of case series data from 3,164 high-risk COVID-19 outpatients treated with early multidrug protocols similar to the McCullough protocol, including hydroxychloroquine, ivermectin, zinc, azithromycin, vitamin C, vitam.. | ||
Aug 16 2022 |
et al., Virology Journal, doi:10.1186/s12985-023-02195-9 (date from preprint) | Real-world evidence with a retrospective cohort of 15,968 COVID-19 hospitalized patients suggests 21 new effective treatments |
| 15% lower mortality (p=0.005). Retrospective 15,968 COVID-19 hospitalized patients in Spain, showing lower mortality with existing use of several medications including metformin, HCQ, azithromycin, aspirin, vitamin D, vitamin C, and budesonide. Since only hospitalized .. | ||
Oct 31 2021 |
et al., The Lancet Respiratory Medicine, doi:10.1016/S2213-2600(21)00263-0 | Azithromycin versus standard care in patients with mild-to-moderate COVID-19 (ATOMIC2): an open-label, randomised trial |
| 1% lower combined mortality/hospitalization (p=0.99) and 80% lower progression (p=0.24). RCT 298 mild-to-moderate COVID-19 outpatients in the UK showing no significant difference in hospitalization or death with late azithromycin treatment. Treatment was delayed an average of 6 days from onset. 7 vs. 3 hospitalizations occurr.. | ||
Jun 18 2021 |
et al., PLOS One, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0252302 | An in vitro study of dual drug combinations of anti-viral agents, antibiotics, and/or hydroxychloroquine against the SARS-CoV-2 virus isolated from hospitalized patients in Surabaya, Indonesia |
| In Vitro study of combinations of drugs showing antiviral efficacy of HCQ alone and in combination with AZ, favipiravir, and doxycycline. No high levels of cytotoxicity were observed, and authors conclude that using a combination of drugs.. | ||
Apr 30 2021 |
et al., Pulmonary Pharmacology & Therapeutics, doi:10.1016/j.pupt.2021.101989 | Antihistamines and azithromycin as a treatment for COVID-19 on primary health care – A retrospective observational study in elderly patients |
| Retrospective 84 elderly nursing home residents in Spain showing no mortality, hospitalization, or ICU admission with early treatment with antihistamines alone or in combination with azithromycin. | ||
Mar 31 2021 |
et al., The Lancet, doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00461-X | Azithromycin for community treatment of suspected COVID-19 in people at increased risk of an adverse clinical course in the UK (PRINCIPLE): a randomised, controlled, open-label, adaptive platform trial |
| 16% lower need for oxygen therapy (p=0.69), 9% lower hospitalization (p=0.87), and 7% improved recovery (p=0.23). RCT 1,388 outpatients in the UK showing no significant benefit with azithromycin. There was no significant difference in time to first reported recovery or risk of hospitalization or death by 28 days with azithromycin compared to usual ca.. | ||
Feb 28 2021 |
et al., The Lancet, doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00149-5 | Azithromycin in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 (RECOVERY): a randomised, controlled, open-label, platform trial |
| 3% lower mortality (p=0.5), 8% lower ventilation (p=0.29), and 9% higher hospital discharge. RCT 7,763 hospitalized COVID-19 patients showing no significant differences with very late (75% on oxygen at baseline) azithromycin treatment. Only 91% of treatment patients received azithromycin and 17% of control patients received azith.. | ||
Feb 28 2021 |
et al., Gastroenterology, doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2020.10.011 | Famotidine Use Is Not Associated With 30-day Mortality: A Coarsened Exact Match Study in 7158 Hospitalized Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 From a Large Healthcare System |
| 7% lower mortality (p=0.84). Retrospective 7,158 hospitalized COVID-19 patients in the USA analyzing famotidine treatment, showing no significant difference in mortality with associated azithromycin treatment. | ||
Feb 10 2021 |
et al., International Journal of Infectious Diseases, doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2021.02.014 | Effectiveness of a multidrug therapy consisting of ivermectin, azithromycin, montelukast and acetylsalicylic acid to prevent hospitalization and death among ambulatory COVID-19 cases in Tlaxcala, Mexico |
| 78% lower mortality (p=0.001), 52% lower ventilation (p=0.15), 67% lower hospitalization (p=0.001), and 59% improved recovery (p=0.001). Prospective trial of 768 COVID-19 outpatients in Mexico, 481 treated with ivermectin, AZ, montelukast, and aspirin, and 287 control patients with various treatments, showing significantly lower mortality and hospitalization, and significa.. | ||
Dec 19 2020 |
et al., International Journal of Infectious Diseases, doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2020.12.041 | Association of prescribed medications with the risk of COVID-19 infection and severity among adults in South Korea |
| 54% higher progression (p=0.33) and 42% fewer cases (p=0.1). Retrospective database analysis showing no significant differences with azithromycin use. | ||
Nov 20 2020 |
et al., eClinicalMedicine, doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100645 | Randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled trial of hydroxychloroquine with or without azithromycin for virologic cure of non-severe Covid-19 |
| 33% higher hospitalization (p=1), 67% lower progression (p=0.62), 100% worse recovery (p=0.5), and 4% worse viral clearance (p=0.63). Low risk patient RCT for HCQ+AZ and HCQ vs. control, not showing any significant differences. Authors note that the results are not applicable to higher risk patients, that positive PCR may simply reflect detection of inactive (non-infect.. | ||
Oct 31 2020 |
et al., International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106143 | Safety and effectiveness of azithromycin in patients with COVID-19: An open-label randomised trial |
| 86% lower ventilation (p=0.12), 72% lower ICU admission (p=0.09), and 23% shorter hospitalization (p=0.02). Randomized controlled trial of 111 hospitalized COVID-19 patients in Iran showing significantly shorter hospital stay, higher oxygen saturation, and lower respiratory rate at discharge with azithromycin plus hydroxychloroquine and lopinav.. | ||
Sep 4 2020 |
et al., The Lancet, doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31862-6 | Azithromycin in addition to standard of care versus standard of care alone in the treatment of patients admitted to the hospital with severe COVID-19 in Brazil (COALITION II): a randomised clinical trial |
| 8% higher mortality (p=0.63) and 30% improvement (p=0.08). Small RCT comparing the addition of AZ for very late stage patients on ventilation or oxygen. One notable result is that even within this extremely late stage population, results suggest increased efficacy with the addition of AZ for pati.. | ||
Aug 25 2020 |
et al., Experimental Hematology & Oncology, doi:10.1186/s40164-020-00177-z | Risk factors and outcome of COVID-19 in patients with hematological malignancies |
| 58% lower mortality (p=0.02). Retrospective study of 367 hematology patients with COVID-19 in Spain. Among 216 patients with very severe COVID-19, there was significantly lower mortality with azithromycin treatment. Mortality was also lower with HCQ, but without stati.. | ||
Jul 23 2020 |
et al., NEJM, doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2019014 | Hydroxychloroquine with or without Azithromycin in Mild-to-Moderate Covid-19 |
| 57% lower mortality (p=0.17), 54% higher ventilation (p=0.28), and 18% improved 7-point scale results (p=0.49). Late stage RCT of 667 hospitalized patients with up to 14 days of symptoms at enrollment and receiving up to 4 liters per minute supplemental oxygen, not finding a significant effect after 15 days. Authors note: "the trial cannot def.. | ||
Jul 16 2020 |
et al., Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, doi:10.1002/cpt.1955 | Impact of Disease on Plasma and Lung Exposure of Chloroquine, Hydroxychloroquine and Azithromycin: Application of PBPK Modeling |
| In Silico study using physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modeling to demonstrate that accumulation of chloroquine (CQ), hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), and azithromycin (AZ) in the lungs is sensitive to changes in lung pH, which can be affec.. | ||
May 28 2020 |
et al., Lancet, June 20, 2020, doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31187-9 (date from preprint) | Clinical impact of COVID-19 on patients with cancer (CCC19): a cohort study |
| 27% higher mortality (p=0.46). Retrospective 928 cancer patients, showing higher mortality with HCQ+AZ. The relative risks of different treatments suggest significant confounding by indication. Authors note that HCQ+AZ might not be the cause of increased mortality, but.. | ||
May 20 2020 |
et al., Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, doi:10.1002/cpt.1909 | Prioritization of Anti-SARS-Cov-2 Drug Repurposing Opportunities Based on Plasma and Target Site Concentrations Derived from their Established Human Pharmacokinetics |
| Pharmacokinetic analysis predicting that ivermectin, HCQ, CQ, and azithromycin will achieve lung concentrations well over 10 times higher than the reported EC50. Nitazoxanide had a lung tissue Cmax/EC50 of 7.8. | ||
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