Outcomes of COVID-19 During the First Wave in Saudi Arabia: An Observational Study of ICU Cases from a Single Hospital

DOI record: { "DOI": "10.3390/jcm14061915", "ISSN": [ "2077-0383" ], "URL": "http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm14061915", "abstract": "<jats:p>Background/Objectives: Mortality from COVID-19 in intensive care units (ICUs) was not clearly reported in many regions during the first wave. We aimed to assess the characteristics and outcomes of ICU patients with COVID-19 in Saudi Arabia. Methods: This was a secondary data analysis of the Convalescent Plasma Trial. All patients who were recruited from King Fahad Hospital of the University (KFHU) in the Eastern Region of Saudi Arabia between 13 March 2020 and 13 September 2020 were included. Characteristics and outcomes, differences in characteristics and outcomes between Saudi and non-Saudi populations, and predictors of mortality were assessed. Results: The KFHU recruited 185 ICU patients with COVID-19. Of those, 90 (48.6%) were Saudi, and 95 (51.4%) were non-Saudi. The overall mean age was 56.7 years, and 71.9% were males. Compared with Saudis, non-Saudis were younger, with a mean age of 54.4 years, were more likely to be males (81.1%), and had a higher median respiratory rate (28.0 breaths/min vs. 24.0), a lower percentage of blood-oxygen saturation (86.0% vs. 91.0%), and higher median levels of ferritin per µg/L (820 vs. 550). The overall mortality rate was 33.0% (n = 61). The mortality rate in non-Saudis (42.1%) was higher than that in Saudis (23.3%). The variables associated with increased mortality included non-Saudi status (odds ratio [OR] 2.66; 95% CI: 1.05, 6.72), ferritin (OR 1.01; 95% CI: 1.00, 1.02), and intubation (OR 8.55; 95% CI: 2.92, 24.97). Conclusions: Since the mortality rate in non-Saudis was greater than that in Saudis, more efforts should be made to improve social determinants of health across non-Saudis in our region.</jats:p>", "alternative-id": [ "jcm14061915" ], "author": [ { "affiliation": [ { "name": "Department of Emergency Medical Care, Prince Sultan Military College of Health Sciences, Dhahran 34313, Saudi Arabia" } ], "family": "Alqahtani", "given": "Saeed A.", "sequence": "first" }, { "ORCID": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5643-1075", "affiliation": [ { "name": "Department of Emergency Medical Care, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 34212, Saudi Arabia" } ], "authenticated-orcid": false, "family": "Alshammari", "given": "Talal M.", "sequence": "additional" }, { "ORCID": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1444-7132", "affiliation": [ { "name": "Department of Emergency Medical Care, Prince Sultan Military College of Health Sciences, Dhahran 34313, Saudi Arabia" } ], "authenticated-orcid": false, "family": "Alzahrani", "given": "Eidan M.", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [ { "name": "Department of Emergency Medical Care, Prince Sultan Military College of Health Sciences, Dhahran 34313, Saudi Arabia" } ], "family": "Alaohali", "given": "Abeer A.", "sequence": "additional" }, { "ORCID": "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1795-5092", "affiliation": [ { "name": "Department of Emergency Medical Care, Prince Sultan Military College of Health Sciences, Dhahran 34313, Saudi Arabia" } ], "authenticated-orcid": false, "family": "Alqahtani", "given": "Jaber S.", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [ { "name": "Department of Emergency Medical Care, Prince Sultan Military College of Health Sciences, Dhahran 34313, Saudi Arabia" } ], "family": "Alzahrani", "given": "Yahya A.", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [ { "name": "Department of Paramedics, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Ar-Ramtha 3030, Jordan" } ], "family": "Alrawashdeh", "given": "Ahmad A.", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [ { "name": "Department of Paramedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing, and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia" } ], "family": "Williams", "given": "Brett", "sequence": "additional" }, { "ORCID": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0360-1632", "affiliation": [ { "name": "Department of Emergency Medical Care, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 34212, Saudi Arabia" }, { "name": "Department of Emergency Medicine, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 34212, Saudi Arabia" } ], "authenticated-orcid": false, "family": "Aljumaan", "given": "Mohammed A.", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [ { "name": "Department of Intensive Care, King Fahad Hospital of the University of Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal, Dammam 34212, Saudi Arabia" } ], "family": "Alsulaibikh", "given": "Amal H.", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [ { "name": "Department of Emergency Medicine, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 34212, Saudi Arabia" } ], "family": "Alghamdi", "given": "Mohannad A.", "sequence": "additional" }, { "ORCID": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0027-4947", "affiliation": [ { "name": "Department of Emergency Medicine, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 34212, Saudi Arabia" } ], "authenticated-orcid": false, "family": "Almulhim", "given": "Mohammed A.", "sequence": "additional" }, { "ORCID": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8038-9700", "affiliation": [ { "name": "Department of Internal and Critical Care Medicine, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 34212, Saudi Arabia" } ], "authenticated-orcid": false, "family": "Alqahtani", "given": "Shaya Y.", "sequence": "additional" }, { "ORCID": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0204-781X", "affiliation": [ { "name": "Department of Emergency Medicine, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 34212, Saudi Arabia" } ], "authenticated-orcid": false, "family": "Al-Ahmadi", "given": "Sarah", "sequence": "additional" }, { "ORCID": "https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5946-2128", "affiliation": [ { "name": "Department of Emergency Medicine, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 34212, Saudi Arabia" }, { "name": "Department of Intensive Care, King Fahad Hospital of the University of Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal, Dammam 34212, Saudi Arabia" }, { "name": "Department of Internal and Critical Care Medicine, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 34212, Saudi Arabia" } ], "authenticated-orcid": false, "family": "Alshahrani", "given": "Mohammed S.", "sequence": "additional" } ], "container-title": "Journal of Clinical Medicine", "container-title-short": "JCM", "content-domain": { "crossmark-restriction": false, "domain": [] }, "created": { 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