Attenuation of clinical and immunological outcomes during SARS-CoV-2 infection by ivermectin
et al., EMBO Mol. Med., doi:10.15252/emmm.202114122, Nov 2020 (preprint)
Ivermectin for COVID-19
4th treatment shown to reduce risk in
August 2020, now with p < 0.00000000001 from 106 studies, recognized in 24 countries.
No treatment is 100% effective. Protocols
combine treatments.
6,300+ studies for
210+ treatments. c19early.org
|
Animal study showing that standard doses of ivermectin prevented clinical deterioration, reduced olfactory deficit, and limited inflammation in the upper and lower respiratory tracts of SARS-CoV-2-infected hamsters.
74 preclinical studies support the efficacy of ivermectin for COVID-19:
Ivermectin, better known for antiparasitic activity, is a broad spectrum antiviral with activity against many viruses including H7N771, Dengue37,72,73 , HIV-173, Simian virus 4074, Zika37,75,76 , West Nile76, Yellow Fever77,78, Japanese encephalitis77, Chikungunya78, Semliki Forest virus78, Human papillomavirus57, Epstein-Barr57, BK Polyomavirus79, and Sindbis virus78.
Ivermectin inhibits importin-α/β-dependent nuclear import of viral proteins71,73,74,80 , shows spike-ACE2 disruption at 1nM with microfluidic diffusional sizing38, binds to glycan sites on the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein preventing interaction with blood and epithelial cells and inhibiting hemagglutination41,81, shows dose-dependent inhibition of wildtype and omicron variants36, exhibits dose-dependent inhibition of lung injury61,66, may inhibit SARS-CoV-2 via IMPase inhibition37, may inhibit SARS-CoV-2 induced formation of fibrin clots resistant to degradation9, inhibits SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro54, may inhibit SARS-CoV-2 RdRp activity28, may minimize viral myocarditis by inhibiting NF-κB/p65-mediated inflammation in macrophages60, may be beneficial for COVID-19 ARDS by blocking GSDMD and NET formation82, may interfere with SARS-CoV-2's immune evasion via ORF8 binding4, may inhibit SARS-CoV-2 by disrupting CD147 interaction83-86, shows protection against inflammation, cytokine storm, and mortality in an LPS mouse model sharing key pathological features of severe COVID-1959,87, may be beneficial in severe COVID-19 by binding IGF1 to inhibit the promotion of inflammation, fibrosis, and cell proliferation that leads to lung damage8, may minimize SARS-CoV-2 induced cardiac damage40,48, may counter immune evasion by inhibiting NSP15-TBK1/KPNA1 interaction and restoring IRF3 activation88, may disrupt SARS-CoV-2 N and ORF6 protein nuclear transport and their suppression of host interferon responses1, reduces TAZ/YAP nuclear import, relieving SARS-CoV-2-driven suppression of IRF3 and NF-κB antiviral pathways35, increases Bifidobacteria which play a key role in the immune system89, has immunomodulatory51 and anti-inflammatory70,90 properties, and has an extensive and very positive safety profile91.
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de Melo et al., 22 Nov 2020, peer-reviewed, 11 authors.
Attenuation of clinical and immunological outcomes during SARS‐CoV‐2 infection by ivermectin
EMBO Molecular Medicine, doi:10.15252/emmm.202114122
The devastating pandemic due to SARS-CoV-2 and the emergence of antigenic variants that jeopardize the efficacy of current vaccines create an urgent need for a comprehensive understanding of the pathophysiology of COVID-19, including the contribution of inflammation to disease. It also warrants for the search of immunomodulatory drugs that could improve disease outcome. Here, we show that standard doses of ivermectin (IVM), an antiparasitic drug with potential immunomodulatory activities through the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway, prevent clinical deterioration, reduce olfactory deficit, and limit the inflammation of the upper and lower respiratory tracts in SARS-CoV-2infected hamsters. Whereas it has no effect on viral load in the airways of infected animals, transcriptomic analyses of infected lungs reveal that IVM dampens type I interferon responses and modulates several other inflammatory pathways. In particular, IVM dramatically reduces the Il-6/Il-10 ratio in lung tissue and promotes macrophage M2 polarization, which might account for the more favorable clinical presentation of IVM-treated animals. Altogether, this study supports the use of immunomodulatory drugs such as IVM, to improve the clinical condition of SARS-CoV-2-infected patients.
Author contributions JPC and HB conceived the experimental hypothesis. GDM, FLaz, FLar, and HB designed the experiments. GDM, FLaz, FLar, LF, LK, SL, AM, and DH performed the experiments. GDM, FLaz, FLar, LF, EK, SL, AM, TC, PP, ML, and P-ML analyzed the data. GDM, J-PC, and HB wrote the manuscript, and all authors edited it.
Conflict of interest The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
For more information • COVID-19 section of the WHO website: https://covid19.who.int/
References Aamir K, Khan HU, Sethi G, Hossain MA, Arya A (2020) Wnt signaling mediates TLR pathway and promote unrestrained adipogenesis and
The paper explained
Problem The current pandemic of COVID-19 has caused more than 3.5 million deaths and more than 150 million laboratory-confirmed cases worldwide since December 2019 (as of May 2021). COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, commonly brings about upper airways and pulmonary symptoms and in severe cases can lead to respiratory distress and death. Different therapeutic approaches have been proposed to fight this disease but comprehensive therapeutic studies are still lacking.
Results We report that ivermectin, used at the standard anti-parasitic dose of 400 µg/kg, protects infected hamsters from developing clinical signs and from losing the sense of smell during SARS-CoV-2 infection. The treated animals exhibited a specific inflammatory response, presenting a reduced type I/III interferon stimulation and a modulation in several..
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