Efficacy of Ivermectin Treatment on Disease Progression Among Adults With Mild to Moderate COVID-19 and Comorbidities
Steven Chee Loon Lim, Chee Peng Hor, Kim Heng Tay, Anilawati Mat Jelani, MMed Wen Hao Tan, Hong Bee Ker, Ting Soo Chow, Masliza Zaid, Wee Kooi Cheah, Han Hua Lim, Khairil Erwan Khalid, Joo Thye Cheng, Hazfadzila Mohd Unit, Noralfazita An, Azraai Bahari Nasruddin, Lee Lee Low, Song Weng Ryan Khoo, Jia Hui Loh, Nor Zaila Zaidan, Suhaila Ab Wahab, Li Herng Song, Hui Moon Koh, Teck Long King, Nai Ming Lai, Suresh Kumar Chidambaram, Kalaiarasu M Peariasamy, Wen Yea Hwong, Ee Vien Low, Mohan Dass Pathmanathan, Muhammad Luqman Hamzah, Yew Chung Chan, James Yau Hon Voo, Chun Fei Yap, Yon Quan Chan, Lee Kuen Vun, Kent Kian Keong Kong, Yi Fang Lim, Yee Jie Teoh, Ammar Rashidi Abdullah, Anitha Ramadas, Chee Loon Leong, Noor Hidayu Wahab, Nadiah Ismail, Ismaliza Ismail, Tung Meng Lee, Pei Jie Khoo, Sook Hui Phua, Prethivan Pillai Gopalakrishnan, Sangeetha Jaya Selan, Iswaran Ampalakan, Jen Fai Khuan, Wan Nur Farra’ain Abdul Rashid, Siti Sha’ada Zakaria, Kalaiarasan Gemini, Haslina Burahan, Thaanveer Singh Santokh Singh, Noorfarzlina Jaafar, Nor Atikah Mohd Shukri, Syaza Izhar Hisham, Sheng Hao Teow, Chit Yeh Lim, Shageetha Rajantran, Siti Izzatul Annis Kamaruddin, Izarin Izmir Izhar, Nur Syuhada Mohd Mustapha, Zulkefli Mohamad, Seri Rabiatul Nur Abu Salim, Delarina Frimawati Othman Andu, Nurnadiah Kamarudin, Karamjit Kaur Sarban Singh, Eek Poei Tay, Siti Hir Huraizah Md Tahir, Shalini Vijayasingham, Yik Zhi Kum, Peter Andrew Natarajan, Yih Harng Soh, Syed Omar Farouk Syed Alwi, Hemaarubeni Murugan, Chuan Huan Chuah, Shin Wuei Tan, Kar Nim Leong, Peng Shyan Wong, Wendy Tyng Tyng Chen, Ru Shing Ng, Yen Li Lim, Farah Nadiah Bidin, Mann Leon Chin, Han Lin Guan, Mohd Hafiz Mohamad Rasli, Rafidah Abdullah, Mohd Akmal Jamaludin, Nabilah Mohd Shohaime, Syafiqah Mohd Mansor, Ruhaizad Rasliza, Lisa Mohamed Nor, Kah Mean Thong, Balasurindiran Muniandy, Pamela Varn Teing Saw, Kah Shuen Thong, Kee Cheong Wong, V Rubini Nair Muthi, Qhairyl Iylman Ahmad Shanizza, Lavanya Jeevaraj, Ee Lin Chew, Poh Ching Huang, Jasmine Retnasamy, Philip Rajan Devesahayam, Mei San Lim, Thilagavathi Thanusia Viswanathan, Muhammad Syafiq Mahamad Azazis, Gregory Domnic, Muhammad Fursanallah Tengku, Jeanette Qiu Yi Wong, Xin Hui Choo, Ambika Nair Prabhaharan, Nur Shakirah Zaharudin, Asma Usa’diyah Abu Bakar Sayuti, Nabilah Abdul Wahid, Nurul Hasanah Saat, Nurul Huda Othman, Aisyah Ahmad Zubaidi, Nurul Miza Shasheiha Abdul Mutalib, Viknesh Dev Lekh Raj Sharma, Daleni Gunaraj, Muhammad Na'imuddin'alim Hanafi, Nurul Atiqah Embok Ungah, Muhammad Ariffadilah Mohd Zahari, Chun Lian Chaw, Jennifer Arokisamy, Puteri Amira Mohd Hassan, Ainun Jariah Ayub, Azrin Nurfarahin Zainal Abidin, Khai Sin Choong, Lee Rhui Teoh, Huan Yean Kang, Kesavathy Krishnan, Peacchaima Purusothman, Mohamad Izwan Zainol, Mei Mei Tew, Mohd Fyzal Bahrudin, Kah Chuan Lim, Sharmila Mohd Nadzir, Lavanya Narayanan, Amira Naziffa Shamsuddin, Kok Tong Tan, Shaharudeen Kamaludeen, Nur Munirah Ibrahim, Pearly Kim Aik Sim, Irdina Aminuddi, Raja Nurulain Raja Nahar Putra, Lin Ye Yah, Boon Seng Liew, Tharmini Ravi, Syarifah Nurul Ain Syed Badaruddin, Nur Suriana Mah Hassan, Zulaika Roslan, Reshaini Nadarajan, Jian-Gang Ang, Minalosani Arumugam, Kin Wei Chua, Calvin Gim Seong Ooi, Siew Huang Lee, Way Ti Ooi, Xing Yi Tang, Kunaraj Perumalu, Muhammad Hazazi Razali, Mohamad Shamirul Afiq Murat, Nor Syahirah Hamdan, Muhammad Syafiq Hamidi, Amalina Anuar, Wei Chern Ang, Chee Kong Wong, Irma Liyana Mushaddik, Shafarul Halimi Mohamed, Raja Ahmad Reza Raja Lope Ahmad, Wan Mohd Khairul Wan Zainudin, Ahmad Fikhri Mohd Zin, Sze Kye Teoh, Mohd Yusran Yusoff, Siti Norizan Abdul Rani, Mazilah Ab Rahman, Maizatul Akmal Mohd Noor, Tuan Norhafiza Tuan Mat, Mohd Khairi Othman, Mohammad Sayed Sahul Hamid Gani, Ching Zin Ngua, Andrew Kean Wei Chang, Zhun Han Wong, Andy Tze Yang Ko, Su Fui Thung, Xun Ting Tiong, Hock Hin Chua, Kiam Seong Goh, Shanthini Muthusamy, Wai Yang Loo, Thamarai Supramaniam, Rakesh Lingam, Logadharshini Chandra Kumar, Siew Theng Chun, Dariel R Selvarajah, Darshinnee Mohan Raja, One Ling Low, Prathiv Supparmaniam, Husna Ad Suhadak, Boon Cong Beh, Yi Lin Lee, Cheng Lee Ooi, Khairul Nisa' Ishak, Rozila Harun, Soon Leng Lee, Kok Soon Lee, Ji Ken Ow, Neerusha Kaisbain, Caryn Jia Wern Leong, Yun Lee Chee, Keng Long Teh, Kam Veng Chan, Kee Tat Lee, E Jinq Wong, Ibtisam Ismail, Mohd Azri Mohd Suan, Ahmad Lutfi Mohamed Yusoff, Tuan Muhd Fairuz Tuan Ismail @tuan Manah, Khairul Azmi Ibrahim, Hazfadzila Mohd Unit, Norsima Nazifah Sidek, Noraini Seman
JAMA Internal Medicine, doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2022.0189
IMPORTANCE Ivermectin, an inexpensive and widely available antiparasitic drug, is prescribed to treat COVID-19. Evidence-based data to recommend either for or against the use of ivermectin are needed. OBJECTIVE To determine the efficacy of ivermectin in preventing progression to severe disease among high-risk patients with COVID-19. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS The Ivermectin Treatment Efficacy in COVID-19 High-Risk Patients (I-TECH) study was an open-label randomized clinical trial conducted at 20 public hospitals and a COVID-19 quarantine center in Malaysia between May 31 and October 25, 2021. Within the first week of patients' symptom onset, the study enrolled patients 50 years and older with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19, comorbidities, and mild to moderate disease. INTERVENTIONS Patients were randomized in a 1:1 ratio to receive either oral ivermectin, 0.4 mg/kg body weight daily for 5 days, plus standard of care (n = 241) or standard of care alone (n = 249). The standard of care consisted of symptomatic therapy and monitoring for signs of early deterioration based on clinical findings, laboratory test results, and chest imaging.
MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary outcome was the proportion of patients who progressed to severe disease, defined as the hypoxic stage requiring supplemental oxygen to maintain pulse oximetry oxygen saturation of 95% or higher. Secondary outcomes of the trial included the rates of mechanical ventilation, intensive care unit admission, 28-day in-hospital mortality, and adverse events. RESULTS Among 490 patients included in the primary analysis (mean [SD] age, 62.5 [8.7] years; 267 women [54.5%]), 52 of 241 patients (21.6%) in the ivermectin group and 43 of 249 patients (17.3%) in the control group progressed to severe disease (relative risk [RR], 1.25; 95% CI, 0.87-1.80; P = .25). For all prespecified secondary outcomes, there were no significant differences between groups. Mechanical ventilation occurred in 4 (1.7%) vs 10 (4.0%) (RR, 0.41; 95% CI, 0.13-1.30; P = .17), intensive care unit admission in 6 (2.4%) vs 8 (3.2%) (RR, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.27-2.20; P = .79), and 28-day in-hospital death in 3 (1.2%) vs 10 (4.0%) (RR, 0.31; 95% CI, 0.09-1.11; P = .09). The most common adverse event reported was diarrhea (14 [5.8%] in the ivermectin group and 4 [1.6%] in the control group).
CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this randomized clinical trial of high-risk patients with mild to moderate COVID-19, ivermectin treatment during early illness did not prevent progression to severe disease. The study findings do not support the use of ivermectin for patients with COVID-19.
Conflict of Interest
Additional Contributions: The authors thank all the investigators at the 21 study sites and the Institute for Clinical Research, Ministry of Health Malaysia, for their immense contribution and support. In addition, we are grateful for the participation of the patients enrolled in this study. We also thank the members of the independent Data and Safety Monitoring Board, namely Petrick Periyasamy, MMed, National University Medical Centre, Malaysia; Lai Hui Pang, BPharm, Institute for Clinical Research, Malaysia; Mohamad Adam Bujang, PhD, Institute for Clinical Research, Malaysia; Wei Hong Lai, PhD, Institute for Clinical Research, Malaysia; and Nurakmal Baharum, BSc, Institute for Clinical Research, Malaysia. They did not receive compensation for their contribution to this study. We also thank Noor Hisham Abdullah, M Surg, Director-General of Health Malaysia, for his permission to publish this study.
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{
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{
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{
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"name": "for the I-TECH Study Group"
}
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{
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"name": "for the I-TECH Study Group"
}
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"family": "Abu Salim",
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{
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"name": "for the I-TECH Study Group"
}
],
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{
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"name": "for the I-TECH Study Group"
}
],
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{
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"name": "for the I-TECH Study Group"
}
],
"family": "Sarban Singh",
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},
{
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"name": "for the I-TECH Study Group"
}
],
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{
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"name": "for the I-TECH Study Group"
}
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},
{
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"name": "for the I-TECH Study Group"
}
],
"family": "Vijayasingham",
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{
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"name": "for the I-TECH Study Group"
}
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{
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}
],
"family": "Natarajan",
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{
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"name": "for the I-TECH Study Group"
}
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"family": "Soh",
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{
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"name": "for the I-TECH Study Group"
}
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"family": "Syed Alwi",
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{
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"name": "for the I-TECH Study Group"
}
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"family": "Murugan",
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{
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"name": "for the I-TECH Study Group"
}
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"family": "Chuah",
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{
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"name": "for the I-TECH Study Group"
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"family": "Tan",
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{
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"name": "for the I-TECH Study Group"
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"family": "Leong",
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{
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"name": "for the I-TECH Study Group"
}
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"family": "Wong",
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{
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"name": "for the I-TECH Study Group"
}
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"family": "Chen",
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},
{
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{
"name": "for the I-TECH Study Group"
}
],
"family": "Ng",
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{
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{
"name": "for the I-TECH Study Group"
}
],
"family": "Lim",
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{
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"name": "for the I-TECH Study Group"
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"family": "Bidin",
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{
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"name": "for the I-TECH Study Group"
}
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"family": "Chin",
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{
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"name": "for the I-TECH Study Group"
}
],
"family": "Guan",
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{
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"name": "for the I-TECH Study Group"
}
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"family": "Mohamad Rasli",
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{
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"name": "for the I-TECH Study Group"
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{
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"name": "for the I-TECH Study Group"
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"family": "Jamaludin",
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{
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"name": "for the I-TECH Study Group"
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{
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"name": "for the I-TECH Study Group"
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"family": "Mohd Mansor",
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{
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"name": "for the I-TECH Study Group"
}
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"family": "Rasliza",
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},
{
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"name": "for the I-TECH Study Group"
}
],
"family": "Mohamed Nor",
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{
"affiliation": [
{
"name": "for the I-TECH Study Group"
}
],
"family": "Thong",
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{
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"name": "for the I-TECH Study Group"
}
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"family": "Muniandy",
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},
{
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"name": "for the I-TECH Study Group"
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"family": "Saw",
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{
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"name": "for the I-TECH Study Group"
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{
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{
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"name": "for the I-TECH Study Group"
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"family": "Muthi",
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{
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"name": "for the I-TECH Study Group"
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"family": "Ahmad Shanizza",
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{
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"name": "for the I-TECH Study Group"
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"family": "Jeevaraj",
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{
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"name": "for the I-TECH Study Group"
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"family": "Chew",
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{
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"name": "for the I-TECH Study Group"
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"family": "Huang",
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{
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"name": "for the I-TECH Study Group"
}
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"family": "Retnasamy",
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{
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"name": "for the I-TECH Study Group"
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"family": "Devesahayam",
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{
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"name": "for the I-TECH Study Group"
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],
"family": "Lim",
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{
"affiliation": [
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"name": "for the I-TECH Study Group"
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"family": "Viswanathan",
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{
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"name": "for the I-TECH Study Group"
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"family": "Mahamad Azazis",
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{
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"name": "for the I-TECH Study Group"
}
],
"family": "Domnic",
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{
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"name": "for the I-TECH Study Group"
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"family": "Tengku",
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{
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"name": "for the I-TECH Study Group"
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"family": "Wong",
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{
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"name": "for the I-TECH Study Group"
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"family": "Choo",
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{
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"name": "for the I-TECH Study Group"
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"family": "Prabhaharan",
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{
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"name": "for the I-TECH Study Group"
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{
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"family": "Abu Bakar Sayuti",
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{
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"name": "for the I-TECH Study Group"
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{
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"name": "for the I-TECH Study Group"
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{
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{
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"name": "for the I-TECH Study Group"
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"family": "Ahmad Zubaidi",
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{
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{
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"name": "for the I-TECH Study Group"
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"family": "Lekh Raj Sharma",
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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],
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{
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"name": "for the I-TECH Study Group"
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"family": "Teoh",
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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"name": "for the I-TECH Study Group"
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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],
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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],
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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"name": "for the I-TECH Study Group"
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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"name": "for the I-TECH Study Group"
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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