Analgesics
Antiandrogens
Antihistamines
Azvudine
Bromhexine
Budesonide
Colchicine
Conv. Plasma
Curcumin
Famotidine
Favipiravir
Fluvoxamine
Hydroxychlor..
Ivermectin
Lifestyle
Melatonin
Metformin
Minerals
Molnupiravir
Monoclonals
Naso/orophar..
Nigella Sativa
Nitazoxanide
PPIs
Paxlovid
Quercetin
Remdesivir
Thermotherapy
Vitamins
More

Other
Feedback
Home
Top
 
Feedback
Home
c19early.org COVID-19 treatment researchSelect treatment..Select..
Melatonin Meta
Metformin Meta
Antihistamines Meta
Azvudine Meta Molnupiravir Meta
Bromhexine Meta
Budesonide Meta
Colchicine Meta Nigella Sativa Meta
Conv. Plasma Meta Nitazoxanide Meta
Curcumin Meta PPIs Meta
Famotidine Meta Paxlovid Meta
Favipiravir Meta Quercetin Meta
Fluvoxamine Meta Remdesivir Meta
Hydroxychlor.. Meta Thermotherapy Meta
Ivermectin Meta

Clitorin for COVID-19

Clitorin has been reported as potentially beneficial for treatment of COVID-19. We have not reviewed these studies. See all other treatments.
Cao et al., Dual Functionality of Papaya Leaf Extracts: Anti-Coronavirus Activity and Anti-Inflammation Mechanism, Foods, doi:10.3390/foods13203274
Papaya leaves have been used as food and traditional herbs for the treatment of cancer, diabetes, asthma, and virus infections, but the active principle has not been understood. We hypothesized that the anti-inflammatory activity could be the predominant underlying principle. To test this, we extracted papaya leaf juice with different organic solvents and found that the ethyl acetate (EA) fraction showed the most outstanding anti-inflammatory activity by suppressing the production of nitric oxide (NO, IC50 = 24.94 ± 2.4 μg/mL) and the expression of pro-inflammatory enzymes, such as inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX-2), and cytokines including interleukins (IL-1β and IL-6), and a tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 cells. Transcriptomic analysis and Western blot results revealed its anti-inflammatory mechanisms were through the MAPK signaling pathway by inhibiting the phosphorylation of ERK1/2, JNKs, and p38 and the prevention of the cell surface expression of TLR4. Furthermore, we discovered that the EA fraction could inhibit the replication of alpha-coronavirus (HCoV-229E) and beta-coronavirus (HCoV-OC43 and SARS-CoV-2) and might be able to prevent cytokine storms caused by the coronavirus infection. From HPLC-QTOF-MS data, we found that the predominant phytochemicals that existed in the EA fraction were quercetin and kaempferol glycosides and carpaine. Counter-intuitively, further fractionation resulted in a loss of activity, suggesting that the synergistic effect of different components in the EA fraction contribute to the overall potent activity. Taken together, our results provide preliminary evidence for papaya leaf as a potential anti-inflammatory and anti-coronavirus agent, warranting further study for its use for human health promotion.
Please send us corrections, updates, or comments. c19early involves the extraction of 100,000+ datapoints from thousands of papers. Community updates help ensure high accuracy. Treatments and other interventions are complementary. All practical, effective, and safe means should be used based on risk/benefit analysis. No treatment or intervention is 100% available and effective for all current and future variants. We do not provide medical advice. Before taking any medication, consult a qualified physician who can provide personalized advice and details of risks and benefits based on your medical history and situation. FLCCC and WCH provide treatment protocols.
  or use drag and drop   
Thanks for your feedback! Please search before submitting papers and note that studies are listed under the date they were first available, which may be the date of an earlier preprint.
Submit