Azatadine-dimaleate for COVID-19
c19early.org
COVID-19 Treatment Clinical Evidence
COVID-19 involves the interplay of 400+ viral and host proteins and factors, providing many therapeutic targets.
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Only three high-profit early treatments are approved in the US.
In reality, many treatments reduce risk,
with 25 low-cost treatments approved across 163 countries.
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Naso/
oropharyngeal treatment Effective Treatment directly to the primary source of initial infection. -
Healthy lifestyles Protective Exercise, sunlight, a healthy diet, and good sleep all reduce risk.
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Immune support Effective Vitamins A, C, D, and zinc show reduced risk, as with other viruses.
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Thermotherapy Effective Methods for increasing internal body temperature, enhancing immune system function.
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Systemic agents Effective Many systemic agents reduce risk, and may be required when infection progresses.
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High-profit systemic agents Conditional Effective, but with greater access and cost barriers.
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Monoclonal antibodies Limited Utility Effective but rarely used—high cost, variant dependence, IV/SC admin.
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Acetaminophen Harmful Increased risk of severe outcomes and mortality.
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Remdesivir Harmful Increased mortality with longer followup. Increased kidney and liver injury, cardiac disorders.
Azatadine-dimaleate may be beneficial for
COVID-19 according to the study below.
COVID-19 involves the interplay of 400+ viral and host proteins and factors providing many therapeutic targets.
Scientists have proposed 11,000+ potential treatments.
c19early.org analyzes
210+ treatments.
We have not reviewed azatadine-dimaleate in detail.
, Preclinical Screening Platform Identifies Azatadine‐Dimaleate as a Potent Repurposed Therapeutic Against SARS‐CoV‐2 Infection, Journal of Medical Virology, doi:10.1002/jmv.70713
ABSTRACT The emergence of SARS‐CoV‐2 posed a major global public health threat, necessitating urgent development of therapeutics. Despite vaccine availability, continuous emergence of viral variants with enhanced transmissibility and immune escape capabilities, and consequential impacts on health services, requires effective antiviral therapeutics. Drug repurposing offers an expeditious strategy to identify therapeutics with established safety profiles. We implemented a comprehensive three‐tiered validation approach, screening 2,570 compounds against SARS‐CoV‐2 in vitro, followed by ex vivo validation in well‐differentiated primary human bronchial epithelial cell (WD‐PBEC) cultures, and rigorous in vivo assessment. This methodical progression identified Azatadine‐Dimaleate, a H1‐receptor antagonist, as an exceptional candidate with consistent efficacy across all systems. Azatadine‐Dimaleate demonstrated potent antiviral activity‐ EC50: 4.0 µM (95% CI: 3.2–4.8 µM), reducing viral replication by ~5,000‐fold at 25 µM in epithelial cultures and lowering peak viral titers in WD‐PBECs by 1.4 log 10 , and 2.33 log 10 at 48 and 96 hpi, respectively, compared to controls. There was also a concomitant reduction in expression of interferons and pro‐inflammatory genes, including IL‐6. Combination with Remdesivir synergistically enhanced antiviral activity, reducing the EC50 of both drugs by > 60%. In the K18‐hACE2 transgenic mouse model, Azatadine‐Dimaleate significantly reduced weight loss (4% vs. 12%, p ≤ 0.05), decreased viral loads, and halved viral antigen expression in lung tissues. Unlike many candidates that faltered in complex models, Azatadine‐Dimaleate maintained efficacy across all platforms. These findings support its clinical evaluation, alone or in combination with Remdesivir, as a versatile therapeutic with strong potential to address current and emerging SARS‐CoV‐2 variants.