R3a for COVID-19
c19early.org
COVID-19 Treatment Clinical Evidence
COVID-19 involves the interplay of 400+ viral and host proteins and factors, providing many therapeutic targets.
c19early analyzes 6,000+ studies for 210+ treatments—over 17 million hours of research.
Only three high-profit early treatments are approved in the US.
In reality, many treatments reduce risk,
with 25 low-cost treatments approved across 163 countries.
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Naso/
oropharyngeal treatment Effective Treatment directly to the primary source of initial infection. -
Healthy lifestyles Protective Exercise, sunlight, a healthy diet, and good sleep all reduce risk.
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Immune support Effective Vitamins A, C, D, and zinc show reduced risk, as with other viruses.
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Thermotherapy Effective Methods for increasing internal body temperature, enhancing immune system function.
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Systemic agents Effective Many systemic agents reduce risk, and may be required when infection progresses.
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High-profit systemic agents Conditional Effective, but with greater access and cost barriers.
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Monoclonal antibodies Limited Utility Effective but rarely used—high cost, variant dependence, IV/SC admin.
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Acetaminophen Harmful Increased risk of severe outcomes and mortality.
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Remdesivir Harmful Increased mortality with longer followup. Increased kidney and liver injury, cardiac disorders.
R3a may be beneficial for
COVID-19 according to the study below.
COVID-19 involves the interplay of 400+ viral and host proteins and factors providing many therapeutic targets.
Scientists have proposed 11,000+ potential treatments.
c19early.org analyzes
210+ treatments.
We have not reviewed R3a in detail.
, In Vivo Safety Assessment of AZT-derived Organochalcogen Compounds with Promising Antiviral Effects against SARS-Cov-2, Current Medicinal Chemistry, doi:10.2174/0109298673367163250417065816
Background: Developing new COVID-19 antivirals requires understanding viral proteins, oxidative stress, and drug repositioning. Safety assessments of organochalcogen molecules derived from AZT in Caenorhabditis elegans offer promising prospects for new treatments. Objective: In this work, we evaluated the safety and antioxidant effect of eight organochalcogen AZT-derivatives using the free-living nematode C. elegans through chronic exposure [48h]. In addition, we used in silico computational modelling analyses to predict protein targets for these compounds. Methods: This study used survival, litter size, brood size as toxicological and safety parameters, subcellular localization of DAF-16, expression of SOD-3 and GST-4, and ROS levels to evaluate the antioxidant effects and target prediction by similarity set approach [SEA], protein-protein interaction [PPI] network analysis, and comparative phylogenetic analysis to predict protein targets for these compounds. Results: The molecules were safe at concentrations of 1-500 μM. AZT, R3a, and R3f promoted DAF-16 nuclear translocation without affecting SOD-3 levels. R3f reduced GST-4 levels, while R3a increased ROS levels. In silico analyses identified 16 human protein targets of AZT and its derivatives, linked to nucleotide metabolism, DNA replication, and anti-inflammatory pathways, showing high homology to C. elegans. Conclusion: We hypothesize that Se and Te atom insertion may alter pharmacological properties by modulating DAF-16, GST-4, and ROS-related pathways. in silico data suggest these derivatives are promising for antiviral activity, targeting nucleotide metabolism and DNA replication while also potentially modulating the anti-inflammatory response, an appealing feature for COVID-19 treatment.