ZnO@Fe3O4 for COVID-19

c19early.org

COVID-19 Treatment Clinical Evidence

COVID-19 involves the interplay of 400+ viral and host proteins and factors, providing many therapeutic targets. c19early analyzes 6,000+ studies for 210+ treatments—over 17 million hours of research. Only three high-profit early treatments are approved in the US. In reality, many treatments reduce risk, with 25 low-cost treatments approved across 163 countries.

Naso/oropharyngeal treatment Effective Treatment directly to the primary source of initial infection.
Healthy lifestyles Protective Exercise, sunlight, a healthy diet, and good sleep all reduce risk.
Immune support Effective Vitamins A, C, D, and zinc show reduced risk, as with other viruses.
Thermotherapy Effective Methods for increasing internal body temperature, enhancing immune system function.
Systemic agents Effective Many systemic agents reduce risk, and may be required when infection progresses.
High-profit systemic agents Conditional Effective, but with greater access and cost barriers.
Monoclonal antibodies Limited Utility Effective but rarely used—high cost, variant dependence, IV/SC admin.
Acetaminophen Harmful Increased risk of severe outcomes and mortality.
Remdesivir Harmful Increased mortality with longer followup. Increased kidney and liver injury, cardiac disorders.

ZnO@Fe3O4 may be beneficial for COVID-19 according to the study below. COVID-19 involves the interplay of 400+ viral and host proteins and factors providing many therapeutic targets. Scientists have proposed 11,000+ potential treatments. c19early.org analyzes 210+ treatments. We have not reviewed ZnO@Fe3O4 in detail.

Study suggesting benefit with ZnO@Fe3O4

Meneceur et al., High-efficiency photocatalytic degradation of antibiotics and molecular docking study to treat the omicron variant of COVID-19 infection using biosynthesized ZnO@Fe₃O₄ nanocomposites, Physica Scripta, doi:10.1088/1402-4896/acff2d

Abstract In this study, ZnO@Fe3O4 nanocomposite (NC) was synthesized using a green synthesis method with Mentha pulegium leaf extract. Characterization techniques such as UV–vis, FTIR, SEM, TGA, and XRD were employed to confirm the formation of ZnO@Fe3O4 NC and thermogravimetric analysis to evaluate the breakdown of NC in the presence of heat. XRD analysis showed a crystallite size of about 25.59 nm and SEM images of ZnO@Fe3O4 NC revealed spherical-shaped agglomerated particles. The optical bandgap energy of the ZnO@Fe3O4 NC was estimated to be 2.51 eV for direct bandgap and 1.57 eV for allowable indirect bandgap. Photocatalytic activity of the ZnO@Fe3O4 NC was evaluated for the degradation of Amoxicillin, Cephalexin, and Metronidazole antibiotics under sunlight irradiation, showing degradation efficiencies of 71%, 69%, and 99%, respectively, suggesting the potential of ZnO@Fe3O4 NC for removal of antibiotics from waterways. First-principles theory was employed to establish the adsorption energy (Ead) of the antibiotic species, including Amoxicillin, Cephalexin, and Metronidazole, on the surface of ZnO@Fe3O4 nanocomposite, which was found to be −8.064, −8.791, and −21.385 eV, respectively, indicating strong adsorption. Furthermore, molecular docking studies were conducted to upgrade Fe3O4 nanoparticles to ZnO@Fe3O4 NC to enhance composite efficiency. Leveraging the FDA-approved use of Fe3O4 nanoparticles and their known antiviral activity, our docking experiment demonstrated promising results in the interaction between ZnO@Fe3O4 nanocomposite and the spike protein receptor-binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 S Omicron. These findings suggest that ZnO@Fe3O4 nanocomposite could potentially inhibit virus attachment to host cell receptors more stably, providing a promising avenue for further exploration in developing effective medications against SARS-CoV-2.