Analgesics
Antiandrogens
Azvudine
Bromhexine
Budesonide
Colchicine
Conv. Plasma
Curcumin
Famotidine
Favipiravir
Fluvoxamine
Hydroxychlor..
Ivermectin
Lactoferrin
Lifestyle
Melatonin
Metformin
Minerals
Molnupiravir
Monoclonals
Naso/orophar..
Nigella Sativa
Nitazoxanide
Paxlovid
Quercetin
Remdesivir
Vitamins
More

Other
Feedback
Home
Top
 
Feedback
Home
c19early.org COVID-19 treatment researchSelect treatment..Select..
Melatonin Meta
Azvudine Meta Metformin Meta
Bromhexine Meta
Budesonide Meta Molnupiravir Meta
Colchicine Meta
Conv. Plasma Meta
Curcumin Meta Nigella Sativa Meta
Famotidine Meta Nitazoxanide Meta
Favipiravir Meta Paxlovid Meta
Fluvoxamine Meta Quercetin Meta
Hydroxychlor.. Meta Remdesivir Meta
Ivermectin Meta
Lactoferrin Meta

FRAX-486 for COVID-19

FRAX-486 has been reported as potentially beneficial for treatment of COVID-19. We have not reviewed these studies. See all other treatments.
Liu et al., P21-activated kinase 1 (PAK1)-mediated cytoskeleton rearrangement promotes SARS-CoV-2 entry and ACE2 autophagic degradation, Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy, doi:10.1038/s41392-023-01631-0
AbstractSevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has had a significant impact on healthcare systems and economies worldwide. The continuous emergence of new viral strains presents a major challenge in the development of effective antiviral agents. Strategies that possess broad-spectrum antiviral activities are desirable to control SARS-CoV-2 infection. ACE2, an angiotensin-containing enzyme that prevents the overactivation of the renin angiotensin system, is the receptor for SARS-CoV-2. ACE2 interacts with the spike protein and facilitates viral attachment and entry into host cells. Yet, SARS-CoV-2 infection also promotes ACE2 degradation. Whether restoring ACE2 surface expression has an impact on SARS-CoV-2 infection is yet to be determined. Here, we show that the ACE2-spike complex is endocytosed and degraded via autophagy in a manner that depends on clathrin-mediated endocytosis and PAK1-mediated cytoskeleton rearrangement. In contrast, free cellular spike protein is selectively cleaved into S1 and S2 subunits in a lysosomal-dependent manner. Importantly, we show that the pan-PAK inhibitor FRAX-486 restores ACE2 surface expression and suppresses infection by different SARS-CoV-2 strains. FRAX-486-treated Syrian hamsters exhibit significantly decreased lung viral load and alleviated pulmonary inflammation compared with untreated hamsters. In summary, our findings have identified novel pathways regulating viral entry, as well as therapeutic targets and candidate compounds for controlling the emerging strains of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Please send us corrections, updates, or comments. c19early involves the extraction of over 100,000 datapoints from thousands of papers. Community updates help ensure high accuracy. Vaccines and treatments are complementary. All practical, effective, and safe means should be used based on risk/benefit analysis. No treatment, vaccine, or intervention is 100% available and effective for all current and future variants. We do not provide medical advice. Before taking any medication, consult a qualified physician who can provide personalized advice and details of risks and benefits based on your medical history and situation. FLCCC and WCH provide treatment protocols.
  or use drag and drop   
Thanks for your feedback! Please search before submitting papers and note that studies are listed under the date they were first available, which may be the date of an earlier preprint.
Submit