Palmitoleic acid for COVID-19

Palmitoleic acid may be beneficial for COVID-19 according to the studies below. COVID-19 involves the interplay of 400+ viral and host proteins and factors providing many therapeutic targets. Scientists have proposed 11,000+ potential treatments. c19early.org analyzes 210+ treatments. We have not reviewed palmitoleic acid in detail.
Dalisay et al., Marine Streptomyces-Derived Lipids Inhibit SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro Through In Vitro and Predicted Multi-Site Binding Mechanisms, Pharmaceuticals, doi:10.3390/ph19020294
Background: The SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro is essential for viral replication and an attractive target for antiviral intervention. While most strategies target the catalytic site, recent studies suggest that the dimerization interface and cryptic allosteric pockets offer alternative mechanisms for inhibition. Objective: This study investigated lipid metabolites from the marine sediment-derived Streptomyces sp. DSD454T as potential multi-site 3CLpro inhibitors. Methods: Metabolites were extracted from cultured biomass and characterized using LCMS-QTOF, MS/MS (LCMS-TQ), and 1H NMR, with identities confirmed against authentic standards. 3CLpro inhibition was assessed using a FRET-based assay, and ligand–protein interactions were evaluated through molecular docking and MM/GBSA calculations. Lipid content and comparative lipidomic signatures were examined across bioactive Streptomyces strains through LCMS-TQ and BODIPYTM 493/503 staining. Results: Palmitoleic and linoleic acids were identified as major constituents and inhibited SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro with IC50 values of 1.59 µg/mL (6.25 µM) and 5.29 µg/mL (18.88 µM). Molecular docking predicted that both fatty acids bind not only to the catalytic site but also to the dimerization interface and cryptic allosteric pocket. Additional lipids, including 9-heptadecenoic acid, linolenic acid, 9-HODE, and monoacylglycerols such as aggrecerides A–C and glyceryl-based lipids, showed similarly favorable multi-site binding profiles. Streptomyces sp. DSD454T also exhibited substantial lipid accumulation (~63% of crude extract). Across bioactive Streptomyces strains, a conserved lipid signature correlated strongly with 3CLpro inhibition. Conclusions: This study highlights the potential of microbial lipids as promising scaffolds for developing catalytic and allosteric SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro inhibitors and underscore marine Streptomyces as a valuable source of structurally simple yet mechanistically versatile antiviral metabolites.
Amayindi et al., Role of Marine Natural Products in Combating SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19, medtigo Journal of Pharmacology, doi:10.63096/medtigo3061222
From the inception of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has plague-ridden several millions of human beings across the world in a short time interval and force the world to experience extraordinary economic and life loss. Consequently, it is compulsory to find operational cures against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), because it is the biological cause of COVID-19. Synthetic medicines, such as hydroxychloroquine, have acquired large attention. Though, the effectiveness of this drug is still under examination, and moreover, certain severe consequences are a source of distress. This underlines the urgency for treatment alternatives, which can be in cooperation with efficiency and safety. Until now, there are no specifically recognized drugs to fight this virus and the procedure for new drug development is prolonged. Most encouraging candidates, which emerged as prospective frontrunners, were abandoned later while still in the phase of clinical examinations. With no convinced therapeutics in the prospect, natural products are in wide use randomly as anti-viral remedy and immune promoters. For centuries it has been well-known that most marine natural products have effective anti-viral properties with SARS-CoV-2. It has been exposed that natural products show inhibitory activities on Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and SARS-CoV infections.
Okechukwu et al., Marine-Derived Bioactive Metabolites as a Potential Therapeutic Intervention in Managing Viral Diseases: Insights from the SARS-CoV-2 In Silico and Pre-Clinical Studies, Pharmaceuticals, doi:10.3390/ph17030328
Worldwide urbanization and subsequent migration have accelerated the emergence and spread of diverse novel human diseases. Among them, diseases caused by viruses could result in epidemics, typified by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) which hit the globe towards the end of December 2019. The global battle against SARS-CoV-2 has reignited interest in finding alternative treatments for viral infections. The marine world offers a large repository of diverse and unique bioactive compounds. Over the years, many antiviral compounds from marine organisms have been isolated and tested in vitro and in vivo. However, given the increasing need for alternative treatment, in silico analysis appears to provide a time- and cost-effective approach to identifying the potential antiviral compounds from the vast pool of natural metabolites isolated from marine organisms. In this perspective review, we discuss marine-derived bioactive metabolites as potential therapeutics for all known disease-causing viruses including the SARS-CoV-2. We demonstrate the efficacy of marine-derived bioactive metabolites in the context of various antiviral activities and their in silico, in vitro, and in vivo capacities.