γ-terpinene for COVID-19
c19early.org
COVID-19 Treatment Clinical Evidence
COVID-19 involves the interplay of 400+ viral and host proteins and factors, providing many therapeutic targets.
c19early analyzes 6,000+ studies for 210+ treatments—over 17 million hours of research.
Only three high-profit early treatments are approved in the US.
In reality, many treatments reduce risk,
with 25 low-cost treatments approved across 163 countries.
-
Naso/
oropharyngeal treatment Effective Treatment directly to the primary source of initial infection. -
Healthy lifestyles Protective Exercise, sunlight, a healthy diet, and good sleep all reduce risk.
-
Immune support Effective Vitamins A, C, D, and zinc show reduced risk, as with other viruses.
-
Thermotherapy Effective Methods for increasing internal body temperature, enhancing immune system function.
-
Systemic agents Effective Many systemic agents reduce risk, and may be required when infection progresses.
-
High-profit systemic agents Conditional Effective, but with greater access and cost barriers.
-
Monoclonal antibodies Limited Utility Effective but rarely used—high cost, variant dependence, IV/SC admin.
-
Acetaminophen Harmful Increased risk of severe outcomes and mortality.
-
Remdesivir Harmful Increased mortality with longer followup. Increased kidney and liver injury, cardiac disorders.
γ-terpinene may be beneficial for
COVID-19 according to the studies below.
COVID-19 involves the interplay of 400+ viral and host proteins and factors providing many therapeutic targets.
Scientists have proposed 11,000+ potential treatments.
c19early.org analyzes
210+ treatments.
We have not reviewed γ-terpinene in detail.
, GC/MS Analysis, Cytotoxicity, and Antimicrobial Properties of Six Moroccan Essential Oils Traditionally Used for COVID-19 Prevention, Molecules, doi:10.3390/molecules30214179
The COVID-19 pandemic has reignited interest in traditional medicinal plants as potential therapeutic agents. This study examined the chemical composition, cytotoxicity, and antimicrobial activity of essential oils from six Moroccan medicinal plants, namely, Eucalyptus globulus, Artemisia absinthium, Syzygium aromaticum, Thymus vulgaris, Artemisia alba, and Santolina chamaecyparissus, which are commonly used by the Moroccan population for COVID-19 prevention. The chemical composition of each essential oil was determined using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) to identify key compounds. Cytotoxicity was evaluated in the Vero E6 cell line, which is frequently used in SARS-CoV-2 research, using the neutral red assay, with oil concentrations ranging from 25 to 100 µg/mL. Antimicrobial activity was tested against standard reference strains, including Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Candida albicans (ATCC 10231), and Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 6633), using the disc diffusion method. GC–MS analysis revealed significant components such as spathulenol (15%) and caryophyllene oxide (7.67%) in Eucalyptus globulus and eugenol (54.96%) in Syzygium aromaticum. Cytotoxicity assays indicated that higher concentrations of essential oils significantly reduced cell viability, with Thymus vulgaris showing the highest IC50 (8.324 µM) and Artemisia absinthium the lowest (18.49 µM). In terms of antimicrobial activity, Eucalyptus globulus had the strongest effect, with a 20 ± 0.00 mm inhibition zone against Bacillus subtilis, whereas both Syzygium aromaticum and Artemisia herba-alba had a 12.25 ± 0.1 mm inhibition zone against the same strain. These findings suggest that these essential oils have significant therapeutic potential, particularly in combating antimicrobial resistance and exerting cytotoxic effects on viral cell lines. Further research is necessary to explore their mechanisms of action and ensure their safety for therapeutic use.