Piper nigrum for COVID-19

There is currently no particular cure for coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19). However, studies suggest that certain medicinal plants, fruits, and vegetables possess bioactive substances capable of ameliorating the disease. This review aims to articulate fruits, vegetables, and medicinal plants that have anti-coronavirus properties. Relevant articles were collected from reputable academic repositories, namely SpringerLink, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus. Available information shows that alkaline-rich fruits and vegetables, such as mango, cabbage, lemon, onion, okra, carrot, cucumber, pepper, spinach, and avocado, have anti-coronavirus properties. The mentioned fruits and vegetables stimulate an unfavorable pH for the replication of the virus and normalize the acid-base imbalance induced in the lungs and kidneys of the infected. Fruits and vegetables also contain health-boosting substances such as proteins, amino acids, glycosides, vitamins, and minerals. Medicinal plants, including Clitoria ternatea L., Vitex trifolia L., Sphaeranthus indicus L., Clerodendrum inerme L. Gaertn., Glycyrrhiza glabra L., Strobilanthes cusia (Nees) Kuntze, Vitis vinifera var. aestivalis (Michx.) Kuntze, Hyoscyamus niger L., and Cedrela Sinensis Juss., also possess anti-coronavirus properties. Clitoria ternatea and Cedrela sinensis reduce the virus’s replication by shredding its receptor, called the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Vitex trifolia and Sphaeranthus indicus prevent hyper-inflammatory responses and cytokine storms. Glycyrrhiza glabra induces nitrous oxide synthase and blocks the virus’s replication. Clerodendrum inerme and Strobilanthes cusia inhibit the virus’s ribosome and protein translation. Vitis vinifera represses nucleocapsid protein and lowers apoptosis. Hyoscyamus niger inhibits Ca2+ channels and lessens breathing difficulties induced by the coronavirus. Thus, dietary supplements and drugs formulated with these medicinal plants, fruits, and vegetables may lessen the effects of COVID-19.

A unique extreme acute breathing syndrome emerged in China and spread rapidly globally due to a newly diagnosed human coronavirus and declared a pandemic. COVID-19 was formally named by WHO, and the Global Committee on Taxonomy referred to it as extreme Acute respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Currently there is no efficient method to control the extent of SARS-CoV-2 other than social distancing and hygiene activities. This study aims to present a simple medicinal strategy for combating fatal viral diseases like COVID-19 with minimum effort and intervention. Different Ayurveda medicines (Curcuma longa, green tea, andPiper nigrum) inhibit virus entrance and pathogen transmission while also enhancing immunity. Piperine (1-piperoylpiperidine), as well as curcumin, combine to create an intermolecular complex (ππ) that improves curcumin bioavailability by inhibiting glucuronidation of curcumin in the liver. The receptor-binding domains of the S-protein and also the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor of the recipient organism are directly occupied by curcumin and catechin, respectively, thereby preventing viruses from entering the cell. As a result, the infection will be tolerated by the animal host.

Abstract The rapid transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and its capability to spread in humans has brought about the development of new approaches for treatment against COVID-19. Drugs and vaccines available currently either target the virus ectodomain or endodomain. Thus, repurposing the use of natural products that target more than one part of the virus is the fastest option available for treatment. Plants are a repository of important constituents with proven significant efficacy against many human viruses. The present study focused on employing computational approaches for screening phytochemicals from 4 Indian medicinal plants, by targeting more than one part of SARS-CoV-2 for the identification of natural antiviral therapeutics to determine their feasibility as potential inhibitors of target viral proteins. Here, we used a multi-target, ligand virtual screening study on 9 target proteins important in SARS-CoV-2 lifecycle, namely Spike glycoprotein, Nucleocapsid phosphatase, Spike protein ACE-2, Non-structural protein 10 and 12, RdRp, Envelope protein, Main protease/3CL protease, and Papain like proteas. Out of the 58 plant phytochemicals screened, Z-5-methyl-6- heneicosen-11- one from Piper nigrum, Arjunetin from Terminalia arjuna, Rutin from Azadirachta indica and Makisterone A from Tinospora cordifolia exhibited highest binding affinity with 9 viral targets. In addition, ADMET analysis indicated Ursodeoxycholic acid, Ellagic Acid, Epicatechin and Isocolumbin, Ecdysterone, Columbin from Piper nigrum, Terminalia arjuna, Azadirachta indica, and Tinospora cordifolia have good binding energetics with the target viral proteins. The research thus enlightens the suitable pharmacological properties and the anti-viral activity of potential medicinal plant molecules for human administration using extensive in-silico techniques.

AbstractTo attain promising pharmacotherapies, researchers have applied drug repurposing (DR) techniques to discover the candidate medicines to combat the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak. Although many DR approaches have been introduced for treating different diseases, only structure-based DR (SBDR) methods can be employed as the first therapeutic option against the COVID-19 pandemic because they rely on the rudimentary information about the diseases such as the sequence of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 genome. Hence, to try out new treatments for the disease, the first attempts have been made based on the SBDR methods which seem to be among the proper choices for discovering the potential medications against the emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. Given the importance of SBDR approaches, in the present review, well-known SBDR methods are summarized, and their merits are investigated. Then, the databases and software applications, utilized for repurposing the drugs against COVID-19, are introduced. Besides, the identified drugs are categorized based on their targets. Finally, a comparison is made between the SBDR approaches and other DR methods, and some possible future directions are proposed.

In December 2019, an outbreak of a respiratory disease called the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by a new coronavirus known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) began in Wuhan, China. The SARS-CoV-2, an encapsulated positive-stranded RNA virus, spread worldwide with disastrous consequences for people’s health, economies, and quality of life. The disease has had far-reaching impacts on society, including economic disruption, school closures, and increased stress and anxiety. It has also highlighted disparities in healthcare access and outcomes, with marginalized communities disproportionately affected by the SARS-CoV-2. The symptoms of COVID-19 range from mild to severe. There is presently no effective cure. Nevertheless, significant progress has been made in developing COVID-19 vaccine for different therapeutic targets. For instance, scientists developed multifold vaccine candidates shortly after the COVID-19 outbreak after Pfizer and AstraZeneca discovered the initial COVID-19 vaccines. These vaccines reduce disease spread, severity, and mortality. The addition of rapid diagnostics to microscopy for COVID-19 diagnosis has proven crucial. Our review provides a thorough overview of the historical development of COVID-19 and molecular and biochemical characterization of the SARS-CoV-2. We highlight the potential contributions from insect and plant sources as anti-SARS-CoV-2 and present directions for future research.