Fc-TNFR2 for COVID-19
c19early.org
COVID-19 Treatment Clinical Evidence
COVID-19 involves the interplay of 400+ viral and host proteins and factors, providing many therapeutic targets.
c19early analyzes 6,000+ studies for 210+ treatments—over 17 million hours of research.
Only three high-profit early treatments are approved in the US.
In reality, many treatments reduce risk,
with 25 low-cost treatments approved across 163 countries.
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Naso/
oropharyngeal treatment Effective Treatment directly to the primary source of initial infection. -
Healthy lifestyles Protective Exercise, sunlight, a healthy diet, and good sleep all reduce risk.
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Immune support Effective Vitamins A, C, D, and zinc show reduced risk, as with other viruses.
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Thermotherapy Effective Methods for increasing internal body temperature, enhancing immune system function.
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Systemic agents Effective Many systemic agents reduce risk, and may be required when infection progresses.
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High-profit systemic agents Conditional Effective, but with greater access and cost barriers.
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Monoclonal antibodies Limited Utility Effective but rarely used—high cost, variant dependence, IV/SC admin.
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Acetaminophen Harmful Increased risk of severe outcomes and mortality.
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Remdesivir Harmful Increased mortality with longer followup. Increased kidney and liver injury, cardiac disorders.
Fc-TNFR2 may be beneficial for
COVID-19 according to the study below.
COVID-19 involves the interplay of 400+ viral and host proteins and factors providing many therapeutic targets.
Scientists have proposed 11,000+ potential treatments.
c19early.org analyzes
210+ treatments.
We have not reviewed Fc-TNFR2 in detail.
, Development of a trispecific fusion protein based on angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, glycoprotein 130, and tumor necrosis factor receptor 2 as a promising therapeutic for COVID-19, Molecular Biomedicine, doi:10.1186/s43556-025-00320-4
Abstract Despite a substantial reduction in the incidence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infections, severe cases continue to pose a significant clinical burden, particularly among elderly individuals and patients with underlying medical conditions, due to high viral loads and cytokine storm syndrome. Elevated levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF), signaling through their respective receptors, glycoprotein 130 (GP130)/interleukin-6 receptor (IL-6R) and tumor necrosis factor receptor 2 (TNFR2), are independent predictors of disease severity and mortality. To address this challenge, a series of bifunctional and trifunctional decoy receptor fusion proteins were developed by fusing the extracellular domains of TNFR2 and/or GP130 to an engineered angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) protein, the entry receptor for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Five mutations (T27F, K31Y, L79W, R273Q, and N330Y) were introduced into the ACE2 domain to enhance its binding affinity and neutralizing activity against a broad range of SARS-CoV-2 variants, including the currently circulating JN.1 variant. The TNFR2 and GP130 domain confer strong binding to TNF and IL-6R-IL-6 complex, respectively, thereby effectively blocking pro-inflammatory signaling pathways. In a mouse model of acute lung inflammation induced by R848, treatment with the bifunctional and trifunctional fusion proteins markedly attenuated pulmonary pathology by dampening IL-6– and TNF–mediated inflammation. These findings demonstrate a promising therapeutic strategy for severe COVID-19 and offer a framework for designing multifunctional biologics against emerging viral infections.