COVID-19 early treatment: real-time analysis of 6,102 studies
COVID-19 involves the interplay of over 200 viral and host proteins and factors, providing many therapeutic targets.
c19early analyzes over 6,100 studies for 178 treatments—over 17 million hours of research.
US authorities believe only three high-profit early treatments
reduce risk (remdesivir, paxlovid, molnupiravir). In reality, many treatments reduce risk,
and 25 low-cost treatments have been approved across 163 countries.
0.5% of 10,000+ proposed treatments show reduced risk.
Treatment to the primary source of initial infection reduces progression and transmission.
Exercise, sunlight, a healthy diet, and good sleep all reduce risk.
Vitamins A, C, D, and zinc show reduced risk, as with other viruses.
Methods for increasing internal body temperature, comparable to natural fever, enhancing immune system function.
Many systemic agents reduce risk, and may be required when infection progresses beyond the upper respiratory tract.
High-profit systemic agents are also effective, but have greater access and cost barriers.
Highly effective but rarely used—variant dependence, high cost, IV/SC administration.
Increased risk of severe outcomes and mortality.
Studies show increased mortality with longer followup.
c19early.org
We do not provide medical advice. No treatment is 100% effective, and all may have side effects. Protocols combine multiple treatments. Consult a qualified physician for personalized risk/benefit analysis.
Timeline for when studies showed efficacy - details and limitations.
0.5% of treatments show efficacy.
Top journals that accept positive studies for low cost treatments:
Nutrients,
Scientific Reports,
PLOS ONE,
International Journal of Infectious Diseases,
Frontiers in Medicine,
Cureus,
more...
Treatment cost times median NNT - details and limitations.
0.5% of treatments show efficacy.
All clinical results for selected treatments. 0.5% of treatments show efficacy.
| Random effects meta-analysis of all studies (pooled effects, all stages). Treatments with ≤3 studies with distinct authors or with <50 control events are shown in grey. Pooled results across all stages and outcomes depend on the distribution of stages and outcomes tested - for example late stage treatment may be less effective and if the majority of studies are late stage this may obscure the efficacy of early treatment. Please see the specific stage and outcome analyses. Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and synergistic, and the SOC in studies often includes other treatments. 0.5% of proposed treatments show efficacy in clinical studies. | |||||
| Random effects meta-analysis of early treatment studies (pooled effects). Treatments with ≤3 studies with distinct authors or with <50 control events are shown in grey. Pooled results across all outcomes are affected by the distribution of outcomes tested, please see detail pages for specific outcome analysis. Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and synergistic, and the SOC in studies often includes other treatments. 0.5% of proposed treatments show efficacy in clinical studies. | |||||
| Random effects meta-analysis of all mortality results (all stages). Treatments with ≤3 studies with distinct authors or with <25 control events are shown in grey. Pooled results across all stages depend on the distribution of stages tested - for example late stage treatment may be less effective and if the majority of studies are late stage this may obscure the efficacy of early treatment. Please see the specific stage analyses. Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and synergistic, and the SOC in studies often includes other treatments. 0.5% of proposed treatments show efficacy in clinical studies. | |||||
| Random effects meta-analysis of early treatment mortality results. Treatments with ≤3 studies with distinct authors or with <25 control events are shown in grey. Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and synergistic, and the SOC in studies often includes other treatments. 0.5% of proposed treatments show efficacy in clinical studies. | |||||
| Random effects meta-analysis of prophylaxis studies (pooled effects). Treatments with ≤3 studies with distinct authors or with <50 control events are shown in grey. Pooled results across all outcomes are affected by the distribution of outcomes tested, please see detail pages for specific outcome analysis. Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and synergistic, and the SOC in studies often includes other treatments. 0.5% of proposed treatments show efficacy in clinical studies. | |||||
| Random effects meta-analysis of prophylaxis mortality results. Treatments with ≤3 studies with distinct authors or with <25 control events are shown in grey. Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and synergistic, and the SOC in studies often includes other treatments. 0.5% of proposed treatments show efficacy in clinical studies. | |||||
| Random effects meta-analysis of long covid results. Treatments with ≤3 studies with distinct authors or with <50 control events are shown in grey. Pooled results across all stages and outcomes depend on the distribution of stages and outcomes tested - for example late stage treatment may be less effective and if the majority of studies are late stage this may obscure the efficacy of early treatment. Please see the specific stage and outcome analyses. Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and synergistic, and the SOC in studies often includes other treatments. 0.5% of proposed treatments show efficacy in clinical studies. | |||||
| Random effects meta-analysis of transmission results. Treatments with ≤3 studies with distinct authors or with <50 control events are shown in grey. Pooled results across all stages and outcomes depend on the distribution of stages and outcomes tested - for example late stage treatment may be less effective and if the majority of studies are late stage this may obscure the efficacy of early treatment. Please see the specific stage and outcome analyses. Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and synergistic, and the SOC in studies often includes other treatments. 0.5% of proposed treatments show efficacy in clinical studies. |
| LATE TREATMENT | ||||||
| Physician / Team | Location | Patients | HospitalizationHosp. | MortalityDeath | ||
| Dr. David Uip (*) | Brazil | 2,200 | 38.6% (850) | Ref. | 2.5% (54) | Ref. |
| EARLY TREATMENT - 40 physicians/teams | ||||||
| Physician / Team | Location | Patients | HospitalizationHosp. | ImprovementImp. | MortalityDeath | ImprovementImp. |
| Dr. Roberto Alfonso Accinelli 0/360 deaths for treatment within 3 days |
Peru | 1,265 | 0.6% (7) | 77.5% | ||
| Dr. Mohammed Tarek Alam patients up to 84 years old |
Bangladesh | 100 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
| Dr. Oluwagbenga Alonge | Nigeria | 310 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
| Dr. Raja Bhattacharya up to 88yo, 81% comorbidities |
India | 148 | 1.4% (2) | 44.9% | ||
| Dr. Flavio Cadegiani | Brazil | 3,450 | 0.1% (4) | 99.7% | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% |
| Dr. Alessandro Capucci | Italy | 350 | 4.6% (16) | 88.2% | ||
| Dr. Shankara Chetty | South Africa | 8,000 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
| Dr. Deborah Chisholm | USA | 100 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
| Dr. Ryan Cole | USA | 400 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% |
| Dr. Marco Cosentino vs. 3-3.8% mortality during period; earlier treatment better |
Italy | 392 | 6.4% (25) | 83.5% | 0.3% (1) | 89.6% |
| Dr. Jeff Davis | USA | 6,000 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
| Dr. Dhanajay | India | 500 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
| Dr. Bryan Tyson & Dr. George Fareed | USA | 20,000 | 0.0% (6) | 99.9% | 0.0% (4) | 99.2% |
| Dr. Raphael Furtado | Brazil | 170 | 0.6% (1) | 98.5% | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% |
| Rabbi Yehoshua Gerzi | Israel | 860 | 0.1% (1) | 99.7% | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% |
| Dr. Heather Gessling | USA | 1,500 | 0.1% (1) | 97.3% | ||
| Dr. Ellen Guimarães | Brazil | 500 | 1.6% (8) | 95.9% | 0.4% (2) | 83.7% |
| Dr. Syed Haider | USA | 4,000 | 0.1% (5) | 99.7% | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% |
| Dr. Mark Hancock | USA | 24 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
| Dr. Sabine Hazan | USA | 1,000 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
| Dr. Mollie James | USA | 3,500 | 1.1% (40) | 97.0% | 0.0% (1) | 98.8% |
| Dr. Roberta Lacerda | Brazil | 550 | 1.5% (8) | 96.2% | 0.4% (2) | 85.2% |
| Dr. Katarina Lindley | USA | 100 | 5.0% (5) | 87.1% | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% |
| Dr. Ben Marble | USA | 150,000 | 0.0% (4) | 99.9% | ||
| Dr. Edimilson Migowski | Brazil | 2,000 | 0.3% (7) | 99.1% | 0.1% (2) | 95.9% |
| Dr. Abdulrahman Mohana | Saudi Arabia | 2,733 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
| Dr. Carlos Nigro | Brazil | 5,000 | 0.9% (45) | 97.7% | 0.5% (23) | 81.3% |
| Dr. Benoit Ochs | Luxembourg | 800 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
| Dr. Ortore | Italy | 240 | 1.2% (3) | 96.8% | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% |
| Dr. Valerio Pascua one death for a patient presenting on the 5th day in need of supplemental oxygen |
Honduras | 415 | 6.3% (26) | 83.8% | 0.2% (1) | 90.2% |
| Dr. Sebastian Pop | Romania | 300 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
| Dr. Brian Proctor | USA | 869 | 2.3% (20) | 94.0% | 0.2% (2) | 90.6% |
| Dr. Anastacio Queiroz | Brazil | 700 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
| Dr. Didier Raoult | France | 8,315 | 2.6% (214) | 93.3% | 0.1% (5) | 97.6% |
| Dr. Karin Ried up to 99yo, 73% comorbidities, av. age 63 |
Turkey | 237 | 0.4% (1) | 82.8% | ||
| Dr. Roman Rozencwaig patients up to 86 years old |
Canada | 80 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
| Dr. Vipul Shah | India | 8,000 | 0.1% (5) | 97.5% | ||
| Dr. Silvestre Sobrinho | Brazil | 116 | 8.6% (10) | 77.7% | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% |
| Dr. Unknown | Brazil | 957 | 1.7% (16) | 95.7% | 0.2% (2) | 91.5% |
| Dr. Vladimir Zelenko | USA | 2,200 | 0.5% (12) | 98.6% | 0.1% (2) | 96.3% |
| Mean improvement with early treatment protocols | 238,381 | HospitalizationHosp. | 94.4% | MortalityDeath | 94.9% | |
Physician results with early treatment protocols compared to
no early treatment. These results are subject to selection and ascertainment
bias and more accurate analysis requires details of the patient populations
and followup, however results are consistently better across many teams, and consistent
with the extensive controlled trial evidence that shows a significant
reduction in risk with many early treatments, and improved results with the
use of multiple treatments in combination.
(*) Dr. Uip reportedly prescribed early treatment for himself, but not for patients.
| Abiri | Cross-sectional study of 29 hospitalized COVID-19 patients four weeks post-infection showing increased DNA damage correlating with disease severity. |
| Bruno | Prospective study of 2,390 adults across 18 countries showing higher large-artery stiffness 6 months after COVID-19. |
| Yin | Review of thrombotic complications in COVID-19 patients and anticoagulation strategies. Authors note that COVID-19 induces a prethrombotic state.. |
| Hanson | Review of host immune response (HR) diagnostics for infectious diseases, which measure gene expression profiles or inflammatory protein.. |
| Jaurrieta-Largo | Retrospective 338 hospitalized COVID-19 patients in Spain showing that genetic polymorphisms in inflammation, vitamin D, and ACE2-related genes can.. |
| de la Puente | Bioequivalence study of 66 healthy Mexican volunteers comparing two oral ivermectin formulations, showing significant pharmacokinetic variability... |
Recent studies (see the individual treatment pages for all studies):
Aug 20 |
et al., Frontiers in Public Health, doi:10.3389/fpubh.2025.1462286 | Saline nasal irrigation and gargling in COVID-19: Part II. Outcomes in Omicron and risk–benefit for self-care |
| Systematic review of saline nasal irrigation (SNI) and gargling for COVID-19. Authors reviewed 14 studies with 2,389 patients with Omicron infection and found that early initiation of SNI and gargling consistently reduced viral loads and .. | ||
Aug 18 |
et al., International Journal of Molecular Sciences, doi:10.3390/ijms26167975 | A Machine Learning Approach to Understanding the Genetic Role in COVID-19 Prognosis: The Influence of Gene Polymorphisms Related to Inflammation, Vitamin D, and ACE2 |
| Retrospective 338 hospitalized COVID-19 patients in Spain showing that genetic polymorphisms in inflammation, vitamin D, and ACE2-related genes can predict COVID-19 pneumonia, mortality, and rehospitalization with high accuracy. | ||
Aug 14 |
et al., Clinical Microbiology and Infection, doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2025.08.003 | Peginterferon lambda for the treatment of patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19: a phase 2, placebo-controlled randomised trial |
| 32% worse 7-point scale results (p=0.49). RCT 97 hospitalized COVID-19 patients showing no significant benefit with peginterferon lambda. | ||
Aug 13 |
et al., Pharmaceuticals, doi:10.3390/ph18081193 | Variations in Plasma Levels of Orally Administered Ivermectin Could Hamper Its Potential Drug Repositioning: Results of a Bioequivalence Study in Mexican Population |
| Bioequivalence study of 66 healthy Mexican volunteers comparing two oral ivermectin formulations, showing significant pharmacokinetic variability. The study found high inter- and intra-subject variability (>50% coefficient of variation) i.. | ||
Aug 12 |
et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2025.08.08.25333305 | Metformin on the Presence of COVID-19 Symptoms Over 6 Months: The ACTIV-6 Randomized Clinical Trial |
| RCT 2,983 outpatients showing lower incidence of long COVID symptoms with metformin, without statistical significance. The primary endpoint of post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 or death at day 180 occurred in 2.3% of metformin patients vs 3.. | ||
Aug 7 |
et al., Nature Communication, doi:0.1038/s41467-025-62214-x | The efficacy and safety of inhaled peptide YKYY017 for COVID-19 patients with mild illness: a phase 2 randomized controlled trial |
| 31% improved recovery (p=0.003) and 13% improved viral load (p=0.08). RCT 239 mostly mild COVID-19 outpatients showing the primary endpoint of viral load reduction at day 4 was not met with inhaled peptide YKYY017. The 20mg group showed significantly faster time to recovery. The study population was low-ris.. | ||
Aug 5 |
et al., ACS Omega, doi:10.1021/acsomega.5c02121 | An In Silico Investigation of Brazilian Green Propolis Extracts as Potential Treatment for COVID-19 |
| In Silico study showing that Brazilian green propolis extracts demonstrate potential anti-COVID-19 activity through binding to SARS-CoV-2 proteins and anti-inflammatory effects. | ||
Aug 2 |
et al., Pathogens, doi:10.3390/pathogens14080765 | Influence of Sex and 1,25α Dihydroxyvitamin D3 on SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Viral Entry |
| In vitro study showing that calcitriol and 17β-estradiol (E2) inhibit SARS-CoV-2 in Vero E6 cells. Authors treated cells with 100 nM of E2 and calcitriol for 15 days before infection with VSV-based pseudovirus SARS-CoV-2 and wild-type D61.. | ||
Aug 1 |
et al., Nature Communications, doi:10.1038/s41467-025-62423-4 | A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of niclosamide nanohybrid for the treatment of patients with mild to moderate COVID-19 |
| 29% faster recovery (p=0.008) and 56% improved viral clearance (p=0.16). RCT 300 patients with mild to moderate COVID-19 showing significant symptom improvement with niclosamide nanohybrid (CP-COV03). The high-dose group showed no significant benefit in time to symptom improvement in the primary analysis, whic.. | ||
Aug 1 |
et al., Medicina, doi:10.3390/medicina61081402 | Nasal Irrigations: A 360-Degree View in Clinical Practice |
| Review of nasal irrigation as a safe, effective, and low-cost treatment for various upper respiratory conditions. High-volume, low-pressure saline irrigations are effective for removing infectious agents, allergens, and inflammatory media.. | ||
Jul 31 |
et al., Preprint, 2025 | Rapid recovery of peripheral oxygen saturation in hypoxic COVID-19 patients with ivermectin/doxycycline/zinc multidrug therapy |
| Retrospective 26 consecutive severe COVID-19 outpatients with hypoxia (25 with SpO2 ≤90%) showing rapid oxygen saturation recovery and survival with ivermectin/doxycycline/zinc/vitamin C/vitamin D combination therapy. All 24 patients comp.. | ||
Jul 31 |
et al., Phytomedicine Plus, doi:10.1016/j.phyplu.2025.100858 | Andrographis paniculata or Favipiravir in Mild COVID-19: A Randomized Control Trial |
| RCT 184 mild COVID-19 patients in Thailand showing no difference in pneumonia incidence or viral clearance between Andrographis paniculata and favipiravir. | ||
Jul 31 |
et al., Infection, doi:10.1007/s15010-025-02582-0 | Efficacy and safety of Ensitrelvir in asymptomatic or mild to moderate COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials |
| Meta-analysis of 6 RCTs with 2,793 participants showing significantly lower viral load with ensitrelvir. However, treatment was associated with significant adverse effects including decreased HDL levels, elevated triglycerides, increased .. | ||
Jul 31 |
et al., The Lancet Infectious Diseases, doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(24)00804-1 | Efficacy and safety of sipavibart for prevention of COVID-19 in individuals who are immunocompromised (SUPERNOVA): a randomised, controlled, double-blind, phase 3 trial |
| 236% higher mortality (p=0.09), 1% lower hospitalization (p=1), and 32% fewer cases (p=0.0005). RCT 3,349 immunocompromised patients showing lower symptomatic COVID-19 with sipavibart versus a combined comparator group. There was no significant difference for severe COVID-19 or hospitalization. All-cause mortality and adverse events.. | ||
Jul 31 |
et al., Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, doi:10.3389/fcimb.2025.1556344 | Heat-killed Lactobacillus acidophilus suppresses SARS-CoV-2 infection in the human intestinal epithelial cell line Caco-2 |
| In vitro study showing that heat-killed Lactobacillus acidophilus (HK-LA) reduces SARS-CoV-2 infection by approximately 30% in Caco-2 human intestinal epithelial cells. Authors found that HK-LA treatment significantly reduced viral genome.. | ||
Jul 29 |
et al., Viruses, doi:10.3390/v17081055 | SARS-CoV-2 Remdesivir Exposure Leads to Different Evolutionary Pathways That Converge in Moderate Levels of Drug Resistance |
| In vitro and hamster study showing that SARS-CoV-2 can develop resistance to remdesivir through multiple evolutionary pathways. | ||
Jul 29 |
et al., Inflammopharmacology, doi:10.1007/s10787-025-01876-x | Effect of N-Acetylcysteine on mortality in COVID-19 patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials |
| 51% lower mortality (p=0.03). Meta analysis of 10 RCTs with 1,424 patients, showing significantly lower mortality with N-acetylcysteine. | ||
Jul 29 |
et al., Scientific Reports, doi:10.1038/s41598-025-91154-1 | Exploring the influence of vitamin C concentrations on the dynamics of RT-PCR assay reactions |
| In vitro study showing that vitamin C may interfere with COVID-19 RT-PCR diagnostics by altering reaction kinetics. High vitamin C concentrations (50-100 mg/ml) significantly increased Ct values in samples with high viral load while decre.. | ||
Jul 29 |
et al., Jurnal Inovasi Bahan Lokal dan Pemberdayaan Masyarakat, doi:10.34011/jibpm.v4i1.3399 | Overview of Iron and Zinc Intake in COVID-19 and Non-COVID-19 Students at Poltekkes Kemenkes Bandung |
| 76% fewer cases (p=0.005). Case control study with 70 students in Indonesia. For zinc, 67% of those with deficient intake had COVID-19 compared to 32% with sufficient intake. | ||
Jul 27 |
et al., Innate Immunity, doi:10.1177/17534259251362023 | Immunity's core reset: Synbiotics and gut microbiota in the COVID-19 era |
| Review of synbiotics and gut microbiota modulation in COVID-19 and long COVID. Authors examine how gut microbiome dysbiosis during COVID-19 infection contributes to immune dysfunction, excessive inflammation, and cytokine storm, while syn.. | ||
Jul 26 |
et al. | The Association Between Metformin Use and Outcomes of Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients |
| 33% lower mortality (p=0.76) and 45% higher ventilation (p=0.52). Retrospective 285 hospitalized COVID-19 patients in Taiwan with 41 treated with metformin, showing no significant difference in mortality with metformin use. Authors note higher ventilation with use ≥17.5 days, however this requires hospi.. | ||
Jul 26 |
et al., Phytomedicine Plus, doi:10.1016/j.phyplu.2025.100850 | Potential of diterpenoid andrographolide in COVID-19 therapy: an insight on its antiviral-, immunomodulatory-, anti-inflammatory-, antioxidant- and antithrombotic- properties |
| Review of andrographolide's potential for COVID-19, examining its antiviral, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antithrombotic properties. Authors describe how andrographolide, a diterpenoid from Andrographis paniculata.. | ||
Jul 25 |
et al., NCT04615949 | Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of CardiolRx™ in Patients With COVID-19 and Cardiovascular Disease or Risk Factors A Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Trial |
| 80% lower mortality (p=0.49). Early terminated RCT showing lower mortality with cannabidiol treatment, without statistical significance. | ||
Jul 23 |
et al., Research Square, doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-7146347/v1 | Vitamin D blood levels and vitamin D receptor polymorphisms contribute to post-acute sequelae of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 severity in the pediatric patients |
| Analysis of 123 pediatric patients with post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 (PASC) showing that both low vitamin D levels and VDR genetic variants contribute to increased symptom severity. | ||
Jul 22 |
et al., Toxicological Sciences, doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfaf093 | Detection of developmental toxicity of the anti-COVID-19 drug molnupiravir using gastruloid-based in vitro assays |
| In Vitro study showing developmental toxicity with N4-hydroxycytidine (NHC), the active metabolite of molnupiravir, in mouse and human gastruloid models. Authors exposed P19C5 mouse embryonic-stem-cell gastruloids to 20 µM NHC, which seve.. | ||
Jul 22 |
et al., BMC Pulmonary Medicine, doi:10.1186/s12890-025-03824-5 | Efficacy and safety of combined nebulization of unfractionated heparin, acetylcysteine, budesonide and ipratropium bromide in hospitalised patients with COVID-19 pneumonia: a randomized controlled clinical trial |
| RCT 74 hospitalized COVID-19 pneumonia patients showing improved lung lesion absorption and oxygenation with combined nebulization of unfractionated heparin, acetylcysteine, budesonide, and ipratropium bromide. The treatment group demonst.. | ||
Jul 22 |
et al., ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, doi:10.3390/ijgi14080283 | Spatial and Temporal Correlations of COVID-19 Mortality in Europe with Atmospheric Cloudiness and Solar Radiation |
| Analysis of 37 European countries showing that COVID-19 mortality was significantly negatively correlated with solar radiation in the previous month and positively correlated with cloudiness in both the current month and previous month, a.. | ||
Jul 22 |
, C., Zenodo, doi:10.5281/zenodo.16325841 | Micronutrientes esenciales en la evolución clínica del SARS-CoV-2 en pacientes hospitalizados |
| Observational study of 15 hospitalized COVID-19 patients in Peru showing significant inverse correlations between the intake of zinc, selenium, and vitamin C with both lung damage and oxygen requirements. | ||
We aim to cover the most promising early treatments for
COVID-19. We use pre-specified effect extraction criteria that prioritizes
more serious outcomes, for details see methods. For specific
outcomes and different treatment stages see the individual pages. Not all
treatments are covered here, effectiveness has been reported for many other treatments in studies.
Of the 6,102 studies,
2,860 present results comparing with a control group,
2,637 are treatment studies, and
223 analyze outcomes based on serum levels. There are
123 animal studies,
227 in silico studies,
435 in vitro studies,
487 reviews,
and 249 meta analyses.
Please send us corrections, updates, or comments.
c19early involves the extraction of 200,000+ datapoints from
thousands of papers. Community updates
help ensure high accuracy.
Treatments and other interventions are complementary.
All practical, effective, and safe
means should be used based on risk/benefit analysis.
No treatment or intervention is 100% available and effective for all current
and future variants.
We do not provide medical advice. Before taking any medication,
consult a qualified physician who can provide personalized advice and details
of risks and benefits based on your medical history and situation. IMA and WCH
provide treatment protocols.
Thanks for your feedback! Please search before submitting papers and note
that studies are listed under the date they were first available, which may be
the date of an earlier preprint.