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c19early.org COVID-19 treatment researchSelect treatment..Select..
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@CovidAnalysis

COVID-19 early treatment: real-time analysis of 5,330 studies

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115
COVID-19 treatments
8,520
potential treatments
118
countries with approvals
Recently added (more..)  Vitamin D  Proton Pump Inhibitor  Metformin
Sümegi
148 patients vitamin D late treatment: 67% lower mortality (p=0.0002)
Nowak
5,824 patients proton pump inhibitor prophylaxis: 58% higher combined mortality/hospitalization (p=0.0002)
Bramante
Emulated target trial of Omicron-infected outpatients without diabetes or prediabetes, showing significantly lower long COVID or death with..
$0 $1,000 $2,000+ -25+% 0% 25% 50% Treatment cost (US$) Efficacy vs. cost for COVID-19 treatments Donidalorsen -151% >$2,000 Glenzocimab -60% >$2,000 Olokizumab -50% >$2,000 PPIs -46% BMS mAbs -36% >$2,000 Acetaminophen -28% Lufotrelvir >$2,000 Cannabidiol Trimodulin >$2,000 Plitidepsin >$2,000 Losartan Sargramostim >$2,000 Vitamin B9 Conv. Plasma $5,000 Remdesivir $3,120 Sarilumab >$2,000 Acebilustat >$2,000 Ibuprofen Aspirin Molnupiravir mutagenic/teratogenic Favipiravir Paxlovid Famotidine Vitamin C Amubarvimab/r.. Sotrovimab $2,100 NAC Vilobelimab $6,350 Colchicine Budesonide Probiotics Zinc HCQ Azvudine Antiandro.. Nitric Oxide Metformin Sleep Vitamin A Bebtelovimab H1RAs Vitamin D Sunlight H. Peroxide Exercise Fluvox. Curcumin Tixagevimab/c.. Casirivimab/i.. $2,100 N. Sativa NaHCO₃ Melatonin Ensovibep >$2,000 Quercetin Bamlanivimab/e.. pH+ Diet PVP-I Thermotherapy Ivermectin Regdanvimab $2,100 Lifestyle / free No prescription Prescription required High-cost Lowerrisk Higherrisk c19early.org February 2025 COVID-19 involves the interplay of 50+ host/viral proteins/factors, modulated by many treatments. 0.5% of 8,000+proposed treatments show efficacy with ≥3 studies.Protocols combine treatments, none are 100% effective.c19early analyzes over 5,300 studies for 115 treatments.
$0 $1,000 $2,000+ -20+% 0% 25% 50% Treatment cost (US$) Efficacy vs. cost for COVID-19 treatments Donidalorsen -151% Glenzocimab -60% Olokizumab -50% PPIs -46% BMS mAbs -36% Acetaminophen -28% Lufotrelvir -22% CBD -21% Trimodulin Plitidepsin Losartan Sargramostim Vit. B9 C. Plasma Remdesivir Sarilumab Acebilustat Ibuprofen Aspirin Molnupiravir mutagenic/teratogenic Favipiravir Paxlovid Famotidine Vitamin C Amubarvimab/r.. Sotrovimab NAC Vilobelimab Colchicine Budesonide Probiotics Zinc HCQ Azvudine Antiandro.. Nitric Oxide Metformin Sleep Vitamin A Bebtelovimab H1RAs Vitamin D Sunlight H. Peroxide Exercise Fluvox. Curcumin Tixagevimab/c.. Casirivim.. N. Sativa NaHCO₃ Melatonin Ensovibep Quercetin Bamlan.. pH+ Diet PVP-I Thermotherapy Ivermectin Regdanvimab Lifestyle / free No prescription Prescription required High-cost Lowerrisk Higherrisk c19early.org February 2025 COVID-19 involves the interplay of50+ host/viral proteins/factors.0.5% of 8,000+ treatments showefficacy. Protocols combinetreatments. c19early analyzes5,300+ studies for 115 treatments.
Azvudine Evusheld Sodium Bicarbonate Paxlovid Regdanvimab Vitamin B12 Sunlight Phthalocyanine Montelukast Alkalinization Fluvoxamine Famotidine Molnupiravir Quercetin Diet Bamlanivimab/e.. Hydrogen Peroxide Budesonide Probiotics Casirivimab/i.. Sleep Curcumin Povidone-Iodine Nigella Sativa Melatonin Antihistamine H1RAs Acetaminophen ↑risk Exercise Vitamin D Antiandrogens Vitamin C PPIs ↑risk Colchicine Ivermectin Metformin Zinc HCQ 2020 2021 2023 2024 Pooled outcomes Specific outcome RCT pooled RCT specific Statistically significant ≥10% improvement ≥3 studies c19early.org February 2025 Time when COVID-19 studies showed efficacy
Azvudine Evusheld Sodium Bicarb.. Paxlovid Regdanvimab Vitamin B12 Sunlight Phthalocyanine Montelukast Alkalinization Fluvoxamine Famotidine Molnupiravir Quercetin Diet Bamlanivimab/e.. Hydrogen Peroxide Budesonide Probiotics Casirivimab/i.. Sleep Curcumin Povidone-Iodine Nigella Sativa Melatonin H1RAs Acetaminophen ↑risk Exercise Vitamin D Antiandrogens Vitamin C PPIs ↑risk Colchicine Ivermectin Metformin Zinc HCQ 2020 2021 2023 2024 Pooled outcomes Specific outcome RCT pooled RCT specific Statistically significant ≥10% improvement ≥3 studies c19early.org February 2025 Time when COVID-19 studies showed efficacy
Timeline for when studies showed efficacy - details and limitations. 0.5% of treatments show efficacy.
Top journals that accept positive studies for low cost treatments: Nutrients, PLOS ONE, Cureus, Journal of Clinical Medicine, Scientific Reports, International Journal of Infectious Diseases, more...
February 2025
c19early.org
Cost per life saved from NNT in
studies to date
Melatonin
9
48%
  $8
Vitamin D
70
37%
  $10
Alkalinization
8
46%
  $11
Zinc
21
30%
  $15
Vitamin C
44
20%
  $18
Colchicine
43
28%
  $26
HCQ
251
27%
  $26
Ivermectin
53
47%
  $26
Aspirin
65
10%
  $33
Vitamin A
5
30%
  $45
Curcumin
8
63%
  $59
Famotidine
21
18%
  $94
Metformin
71
37%
  $121
Quercetin
5
61%
  $127
Probiotics
10
59%
  $172
Antiandrogens
32
37%
  $179
Nigella Sativa
5
57%
  $187
Fluvoxamine
10
44%
  $411
Budesonide
12
26%
  $574
Azvudine
21
31%
  $1,248
Favipiravir
40
11%
  $1,935
Tixagev../c..
10
42%
  $74,506
Regdanvimab
7
63%
  $139,860
Paxlovid
38
25%
  $206,705
Sotrovimab
14
46%
  $299,464
Bamlaniv../e..
13
54%
  $301,549
Casirivimab/..
10
17%
  $700,980
Bebtelovimab
4
60%
  $737,601
Remdesivir
66
1%
  $1,558,440
Molnupiravir
26
14%
  $2,400,867
Conv. Plasma
52
-2%
N/A
Acetaminophen
14
-24%
N/A
PPIs
20
-40%
N/A
Brensocatib
1
-41%
N/A
Treatment cost times median NNT - details and limitations. 0.5% of treatments show efficacy.
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All clinical results for selected treatments. 0.5% of treatments show efficacy.
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0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2+ Iota-carragee.. 80% [22-95%] 1 $1 394 very limited data Cost Studies Patients Improvement Relative Risk Chlorhexidine 79% [66-87%] 3 $1 509 limited data Proxalutamide 78% [70-83%] 4 $500 1,953 limited data Indomethacin 74% [-20-94%] 4 $5 605 limited data Cetylpyridin.. 68% [-620-99%] 1 $1 23 very limited data Regdanvimab 63% [51-71%] 11 $2,100 7,430 Ivermectin 60% [52-67%] 105 $1 220,423 Chlorphenira.. 56% [46-64%] 3 $5 806 very limited data Thermotherapy 56% [9-78%] 4 $0 217 very limited data Povidone-Iod.. 51% [38-61%] 21 $1 3,202 Diet 50% [41-57%] 29 $0 693,504 Alkalinization 49% [36-59%] 13 $1 6,304 HH-120 49% [-60-84%] 2 $500 345 very limited data pHOXWELL 47% [29-62%] 1 $10 556 very limited data Bemnifosbuvir 47% [-57-82%] 3 $500 359 very limited data Bamlaniv../e.. 47% [25-62%] 21 $1,250 35,320 variant dependent Quercetin 46% [20-64%] 12 $5 1,496 Ensovibep 46% [-173-89%] 2 $2,100 885 limited data Resveratrol 44% [-4-70%] 3 $1 360 limited data Adintrevimab 43% [-169-88%] 2 $2,100 2,483 intramuscular Melatonin 43% [30-54%] 18 $1 14,301 Bromhexine 43% [-5-69%] 7 $5 875 very limited data Sodium Bicar.. 43% [23-58%] 6 $1 1,013 Nigella Sativa 43% [24-57%] 14 $5 3,333 Casirivimab/i.. 42% [23-57%] 32 $2,100 59,577 variant dependent Tixagev../c.. 41% [24-55%] 18 $855 29,862 variant dependent Propolis 41% [-13-69%] 3 $1 410 very limited data Curcumin 41% [30-51%] 27 $5 14,886 Fluvoxamine 39% [21-52%] 21 $4 38,283 Montelukast 39% [14-56%] 9 $2 2,943 limited data Exercise 39% [33-44%] 68 $0 1,939,060 Hydrogen Per.. 38% [5-59%] 7 $1 835 very limited data Phthalocyan.. 38% [20-51%] 4 $5 5,245 Xiannuoxin 38% [-46-73%] 2 $106 1,027 very limited data Sunlight 37% [22-50%] 5 $0 19,665 Vitamin D 37% [32-42%] 123 $1 195,858 H1RAs 36% [20-48%] 17 $5 72,015 Nitazoxanide 35% [-8-61%] 14 $4 3,632 Selenium 34% [-40-69%] 4 $1 21,452 Bebtelovimab 34% [-24-65%] 6 $1,200 13,329 intravenous Vitamin A 31% [11-47%] 15 $2 22,297 Sleep 31% [23-39%] 16 $0 429,222 Metformin 31% [27-35%] 103 $10 350,869 Spironolactone 31% [15-44%] 12 $5 28,019 Nitric Oxide 31% [-1-52%] 12 $11 2,236 Antiandrogens 30% [21-38%] 49 $5 120,172 Vitamin B12 30% [5-48%] 4 $1 11,407 Azvudine 29% [19-39%] 28 $25 32,061 Hydroxychlor.. 28% [25-31%] 419 $1 591,536 Zinc 28% [18-36%] 46 $1 55,762 Probiotics 28% [18-36%] 28 $5 19,646 Budesonide 28% [18-36%] 15 $4 28,194 Colchicine 27% [18-36%] 56 $1 33,066 Ibuzatrelvir 27% [15-38%] 1 $1,390 126 very limited data Andrographol.. 27% [-8-50%] 7 $5 1,245 Ensitrelvir 26% [-14-52%] 3 $500 1,450 very limited data Vilobelimab 26% [-4-48%] 1 $6,350 368 intravenous N-acetylcys.. 25% [14-35%] 24 $1 26,243 Sotrovimab 25% [10-37%] 27 $2,100 56,351 variant dependent Amubarv../r.. 25% [-70-66%] 4 $1,380 1,568 intravenous Lactoferrin 24% [-24-53%] 8 $5 1,419 Vitamin C 21% [15-28%] 73 $1 89,000 Niclosamide 21% [-47-57%] 6 $50 2,091 very limited data Leritrelvir 21% [3-35%] 2 $1,000 1,399 very limited data Azelastine 21% [-3-39%] 3 $5 310 very limited data UDCA 20% [-2-38%] 19 $15 43,512 Camostat 18% [-3-34%] 16 $1 2,020 Famotidine 17% [8-24%] 30 $5 114,119 Paxlovid 16% [12-19%] 74 $1,390 164,085 independent trials refused Favipiravir 15% [5-24%] 71 $20 36,281 worse w/longer followup Vitamin K 14% [0-25%] 2 $1 7,806 very limited data Atilotrelvir 13% [1-23%] 1 $65 1,213 very limited data Deuremidevir 11% [-1-21%] 2 $112 1,432 very limited data Molnupiravir 11% [3-18%] 48 $707 183,723 mutagenic/teratogenic Aspirin 9% [3-15%] 76 $1 187,919 Peg.. Lambda 7% [-138-63%] 4 $500 2,143 subcutaneous Ibuprofen 0% [-9-9%] 13 $1 54,707 Acebilustat 0% [-1462-94%] 1 $2,000 120 very limited data Levilimab 0% [-289-74%] 1 $2,000 206 subcutaneous Sarilumab -0% [-21-17%] 11 $2,000 2,231 intravenous/subcutaneous Remdesivir -1% [-9-7%] 79 $3,120 202,845 worse w/longer followup Pomotrelvir -1% [-104-50%] 1 $1,390 230 very limited data Conv. Plasma -2% [-6-2%] 54 $5,000 31,210 intravenous Apremilast -3% [-42-25%] 2 $2,000 594 limited data Ravulizumab -5% [-45-24%] 2 $2,000 481 intravenous Lanadelumab -7% [-135-52%] 1 $10,000 55 very limited data Vitamin B9 -8% [-41-18%] 12 $1 54,954 Plasma-activ.. -9% [-234-64%] 1 $100 23 very limited data Razuprotafib -10% [-116-44%] 2 $2,000 134 subcutaneous Sargramostim -13% [-85-31%] 4 $2,000 870 very limited data Brexanolone -14% [-129-43%] 1 $34,000 28 very limited data Losartan -15% [-127-42%] 5 $5 665 very limited data Plitidepsin -16% [-356-71%] 2 $2,000 163 intravenous Trimodulin -17% [-116-37%] 1 $2,000 166 intravenous Cannabidiol -21% [-97-25%] 9 $25 17,978 Lufotrelvir -22% [-198-50%] 1 $2,000 58 intravenous Pacritinib -28% [-210-47%] 1 $2,000 200 very limited data Cenicriviroc -28% [-66-1%] 3 $2,000 1,000 limited data Acetaminoph.. -28% [-41--17%] 27 $1 543,459 Crizanlizumab -29% [-103-18%] 2 $2,500 463 intravenous BMS mAbs -36% [-492-69%] 1 $2,100 210 subcutaneous Brensocatib -41% [-88--6%] 1 $2,000 404 very limited data Danicopan -43% [-168-24%] 1 $2,000 201 very limited data PPIs -46% [-67--28%] 40 $5 228,512 Olokizumab -50% [-309-45%] 1 $2,000 248 subcutaneous TRV027 -54% [-202-22%] 2 $2,000 318 intravenous Glenzocimab -60% [-236-24%] 1 $2,000 62 intravenous Siltuximab -64% [-252-23%] 1 $2,000 149 intravenous rNAPc2 -65% [-304-32%] 1 $2,000 156 very limited data Emvododstat -132% [-628-26%] 1 $2,000 187 very limited data Goflikicept -135% [-492-7%] 1 $2,000 247 subcutaneous Pemivibart -150% [-6014-90%] 1 $5,775 477 intravenous Donidalorsen -151% [-602-11%] 1 $2,000 103 intravenous/subcutaneous Astodrimer So.. -205% [-7302-87%] 1 $10 197 very limited data All studies (pooled effects, all stages) c19early.org February 2025 Favors treatment Favors control
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2+ Iota-carragee.. 80% 1 very limited data Studies, Improvement Relative Risk Chlorhexidine 79% 3 limited data Proxalutamide 78% 4 limited data Indomethacin 74% 4 limited data Cetylpyridin.. 68% 1 very limited data Regdanvimab 63% 11 Ivermectin 60% 105 Chlorphenira.. 56% 3 very limited data Thermotherapy 56% 4 very limited data Povidone-Iod.. 51% 21 Diet 50% 29 Alkalinization 49% 13 HH-120 49% 2 very limited data pHOXWELL 47% 1 very limited data Bemnifosbuvir 47% 3 very limited data Bamlaniv../e.. 47% 21 variant dependent Quercetin 46% 12 Ensovibep 46% 2 limited data Resveratrol 44% 3 limited data Adintrevimab 43% 2 intramuscular Melatonin 43% 18 Bromhexine 43% 7 very limited data Sodium Bicar.. 43% 6 Nigella Sativa 43% 14 Casirivimab/.. 42% 32 variant dependent Tixagev../c.. 41% 18 variant dependent Propolis 41% 3 very limited data Curcumin 41% 27 Fluvoxamine 39% 21 Montelukast 39% 9 limited data Exercise 39% 68 Hydrogen Per.. 38% 7 very limited data Phthalocyan.. 38% 4 Xiannuoxin 38% 2 very limited data Sunlight 37% 5 Vitamin D 37% 123 H1RAs 36% 17 Nitazoxanide 35% 14 Selenium 34% 4 Bebtelovimab 34% 6 intravenous Vitamin A 31% 15 Sleep 31% 16 Metformin 31% 103 Spironolactone 31% 12 Nitric Oxide 31% 12 Antiandrogens 30% 49 Vitamin B12 30% 4 Azvudine 29% 28 Hydroxychlor.. 28% 419 Zinc 28% 46 Probiotics 28% 28 Budesonide 28% 15 Colchicine 27% 56 Ibuzatrelvir 27% 1 very limited data Andrographol.. 27% 7 Ensitrelvir 26% 3 very limited data Vilobelimab 26% 1 intravenous N-acetylcys.. 25% 24 Sotrovimab 25% 27 variant dependent Amubarv../r.. 25% 4 intravenous Lactoferrin 24% 8 Vitamin C 21% 73 Niclosamide 21% 6 very limited data Leritrelvir 21% 2 very limited data Azelastine 21% 3 very limited data UDCA 20% 19 Camostat 18% 16 Famotidine 17% 30 Paxlovid 16% 74 independent trials refused Favipiravir 15% 71 worse w/longer followup Vitamin K 14% 2 very limited data Atilotrelvir 13% 1 very limited data Deuremidevir 11% 2 very limited data Molnupiravir 11% 48 mutagenic/teratogenic Aspirin 9% 76 Peg.. Lambda 7% 4 subcutaneous Ibuprofen 0% 13 Acebilustat 0% 1 very limited data Levilimab 0% 1 subcutaneous Sarilumab -0% 11 intravenous/subcutaneous Remdesivir -1% 79 worse w/longer followup Pomotrelvir -1% 1 very limited data Conv. Plasma -2% 54 intravenous Apremilast -3% 2 limited data Ravulizumab -5% 2 intravenous Lanadelumab -7% 1 very limited data Vitamin B9 -8% 12 Plasma-activ.. -9% 1 very limited data Razuprotafib -10% 2 subcutaneous Sargramostim -13% 4 very limited data Brexanolone -14% 1 very limited data Losartan -15% 5 very limited data Plitidepsin -16% 2 intravenous Trimodulin -17% 1 intravenous Cannabidiol -21% 9 Lufotrelvir -22% 1 intravenous Pacritinib -28% 1 very limited data Cenicriviroc -28% 3 limited data Acetaminoph.. -28% 27 Crizanlizumab -29% 2 intravenous BMS mAbs -36% 1 subcutaneous Brensocatib -41% 1 very limited data Danicopan -43% 1 very limited data PPIs -46% 40 Olokizumab -50% 1 subcutaneous TRV027 -54% 2 intravenous Glenzocimab -60% 1 intravenous Siltuximab -64% 1 intravenous rNAPc2 -65% 1 very limited data Emvododstat -132% 1 very limited data Goflikicept -135% 1 subcutaneous Pemivibart -150% 1 intravenous Donidalorsen -151% 1 intravenous/subcutaneous Astodrimer S.. -205% 1 very limited data All studies (pooled effects, all stages) c19early.org February 2025 Rotate device for details Favors treatment Favors control
Random effects meta-analysis of all studies (pooled effects, all stages). Treatments with ≤3 studies with distinct authors or with <50 control events are shown in grey. Pooled results across all stages and outcomes depend on the distribution of stages and outcomes tested - for example late stage treatment may be less effective and if the majority of studies are late stage this may obscure the efficacy of early treatment. Please see the specific stage and outcome analyses. Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and synergistic, and the SOC in studies often includes other treatments. 0.5% of proposed treatments show efficacy in clinical studies.
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Random effects meta-analysis of early treatment studies (pooled effects). Treatments with ≤3 studies with distinct authors or with <50 control events are shown in grey. Pooled results across all outcomes are affected by the distribution of outcomes tested, please see detail pages for specific outcome analysis. Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and synergistic, and the SOC in studies often includes other treatments. 0.5% of proposed treatments show efficacy in clinical studies.
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Random effects meta-analysis of all mortality results (all stages). Treatments with ≤3 studies with distinct authors or with <25 control events are shown in grey. Pooled results across all stages depend on the distribution of stages tested - for example late stage treatment may be less effective and if the majority of studies are late stage this may obscure the efficacy of early treatment. Please see the specific stage analyses. Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and synergistic, and the SOC in studies often includes other treatments. 0.5% of proposed treatments show efficacy in clinical studies.
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Random effects meta-analysis of early treatment mortality results. Treatments with ≤3 studies with distinct authors or with <25 control events are shown in grey. Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and synergistic, and the SOC in studies often includes other treatments. 0.5% of proposed treatments show efficacy in clinical studies.
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Random effects meta-analysis of prophylaxis studies (pooled effects). Treatments with ≤3 studies with distinct authors or with <50 control events are shown in grey. Pooled results across all outcomes are affected by the distribution of outcomes tested, please see detail pages for specific outcome analysis. Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and synergistic, and the SOC in studies often includes other treatments. 0.5% of proposed treatments show efficacy in clinical studies.
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Random effects meta-analysis of prophylaxis mortality results. Treatments with ≤3 studies with distinct authors or with <25 control events are shown in grey. Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and synergistic, and the SOC in studies often includes other treatments. 0.5% of proposed treatments show efficacy in clinical studies.
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Random effects meta-analysis of long covid results. Treatments with ≤3 studies with distinct authors or with <50 control events are shown in grey. Pooled results across all stages and outcomes depend on the distribution of stages and outcomes tested - for example late stage treatment may be less effective and if the majority of studies are late stage this may obscure the efficacy of early treatment. Please see the specific stage and outcome analyses. Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and synergistic, and the SOC in studies often includes other treatments. 0.5% of proposed treatments show efficacy in clinical studies.
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Random effects meta-analysis of transmission results. Treatments with ≤3 studies with distinct authors or with <50 control events are shown in grey. Pooled results across all stages and outcomes depend on the distribution of stages and outcomes tested - for example late stage treatment may be less effective and if the majority of studies are late stage this may obscure the efficacy of early treatment. Please see the specific stage and outcome analyses. Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and synergistic, and the SOC in studies often includes other treatments. 0.5% of proposed treatments show efficacy in clinical studies.
LATE TREATMENT
Physician / TeamLocationPatients HospitalizationHosp. MortalityDeath
Dr. David Uip (*) Brazil 2,200 38.6% (850) Ref. 2.5% (54) Ref.
EARLY TREATMENT - 40 physicians/teams
Physician / TeamLocationPatients HospitalizationHosp. ImprovementImp. MortalityDeath ImprovementImp.
Dr. Roberto Alfonso Accinelli
0/360 deaths for treatment within 3 days		 Peru 1,265 0.6% (7) 77.5%
Dr. Mohammed Tarek Alam
patients up to 84 years old		 Bangladesh 100 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Dr. Oluwagbenga Alonge Nigeria 310 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Dr. Raja Bhattacharya
up to 88yo, 81% comorbidities		 India 148 1.4% (2) 44.9%
Dr. Flavio Cadegiani Brazil 3,450 0.1% (4) 99.7% 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Dr. Alessandro Capucci Italy 350 4.6% (16) 88.2%
Dr. Shankara Chetty South Africa 8,000 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Dr. Deborah Chisholm USA 100 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Dr. Ryan Cole USA 400 0.0% (0) 100.0% 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Dr. Marco Cosentino
vs. 3-3.8% mortality during period; earlier treatment better		 Italy 392 6.4% (25) 83.5% 0.3% (1) 89.6%
Dr. Jeff Davis USA 6,000 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Dr. Dhanajay India 500 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Dr. Bryan Tyson & Dr. George Fareed USA 20,000 0.0% (6) 99.9% 0.0% (4) 99.2%
Dr. Raphael Furtado Brazil 170 0.6% (1) 98.5% 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Rabbi Yehoshua Gerzi Israel 860 0.1% (1) 99.7% 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Dr. Heather Gessling USA 1,500 0.1% (1) 97.3%
Dr. Ellen Guimarães Brazil 500 1.6% (8) 95.9% 0.4% (2) 83.7%
Dr. Syed Haider USA 4,000 0.1% (5) 99.7% 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Dr. Mark Hancock USA 24 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Dr. Sabine Hazan USA 1,000 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Dr. Mollie James USA 3,500 1.1% (40) 97.0% 0.0% (1) 98.8%
Dr. Roberta Lacerda Brazil 550 1.5% (8) 96.2% 0.4% (2) 85.2%
Dr. Katarina Lindley USA 100 5.0% (5) 87.1% 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Dr. Ben Marble USA 150,000 0.0% (4) 99.9%
Dr. Edimilson Migowski Brazil 2,000 0.3% (7) 99.1% 0.1% (2) 95.9%
Dr. Abdulrahman Mohana Saudi Arabia 2,733 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Dr. Carlos Nigro Brazil 5,000 0.9% (45) 97.7% 0.5% (23) 81.3%
Dr. Benoit Ochs Luxembourg 800 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Dr. Ortore Italy 240 1.2% (3) 96.8% 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Dr. Valerio Pascua
one death for a patient presenting on the 5th day in need of supplemental oxygen		 Honduras 415 6.3% (26) 83.8% 0.2% (1) 90.2%
Dr. Sebastian Pop Romania 300 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Dr. Brian Proctor USA 869 2.3% (20) 94.0% 0.2% (2) 90.6%
Dr. Anastacio Queiroz Brazil 700 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Dr. Didier Raoult France 8,315 2.6% (214) 93.3% 0.1% (5) 97.6%
Dr. Karin Ried
up to 99yo, 73% comorbidities, av. age 63		 Turkey 237 0.4% (1) 82.8%
Dr. Roman Rozencwaig
patients up to 86 years old		 Canada 80 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Dr. Vipul Shah India 8,000 0.1% (5) 97.5%
Dr. Silvestre Sobrinho Brazil 116 8.6% (10) 77.7% 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Dr. Unknown Brazil 957 1.7% (16) 95.7% 0.2% (2) 91.5%
Dr. Vladimir Zelenko USA 2,200 0.5% (12) 98.6% 0.1% (2) 96.3%
Mean improvement with early treatment protocols 238,381 HospitalizationHosp. 94.4% MortalityDeath 94.9%
Physician results with early treatment protocols compared to no early treatment. These results are subject to selection and ascertainment bias and more accurate analysis requires details of the patient populations and followup, however results are consistently better across many teams, and consistent with the extensive controlled trial evidence that shows a significant reduction in risk with many early treatments, and improved results with the use of multiple treatments in combination.
Vitamin D
Sümegi
148 patients late treatment: 67% lower mortality (p=0.0002)
Alzahrani
In Silico study showing that cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) exhibits strong binding affinity to multiple cytokines involved in cytokine storm, with..
Atieh
RCT 151 long COVID outpatients showing improved long COVID Research Index, number of symptoms, inflammatory markers, and fungal translocation with..
Proton Pump Inhibitor
Nowak
5,824 patients prophylaxis: 58% higher combined mortality/hospitalization (p=0.0002)
Metformin
Bramante
Emulated target trial of Omicron-infected outpatients without diabetes or prediabetes, showing significantly lower long COVID or death with..
Keels
Meta analysis: 59% lower mortality (p=0.002)
Ivermectin
Wentzel
Analysis of 9 veterinary ivermectin products that were reportedly used off-label as a treatment for COVID-19. All tested products contained..
Sotrovimab
Horby
1,723 patient late treatment RCT: 5% lower mortality (p=0.64), 4% lower hospital discharge (p=0.51), and 2% lower combined mortality/ICU admission (p=0.82)
Andrographolide
Kongsomros
Syrian hamster study showing that Andrographis paniculata extract improves survival without reducing viral load in SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant..
Miscellaneous
Collins
400 patient late treatment RCT: 44% higher mortality (p=0.31) and 39% worse 7-point scale results (p=0.09)
Recent studies (see the individual treatment pages for all studies):
Jan 30
 Sümegi et al., Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu17030507 Effect of Moderately High-Dose Vitamin D3 Supplementation on Mortality in Patients Hospitalized for COVID-19 Infection
67% lower mortality (p=0.0002). Retrospective 148 hospitalized COVID-19 patients showing significantly lower mortality (67% reduction) with moderately high-dose vitamin D3 treatment (30,000 IU for 3 days or 12,000 IU for 7 days followed by 3,000 IU daily), regardless of..
Jan 29
 Bramante et al., Open Forum Infectious Diseases, doi:10.1093/ofid/ofae631.016 Metformin reduces the risk of Long COVID or Death over 6 months in an Emulated Target Trial of Primarily Omicron-infected Adults without Diabetes or Prediabetes: a New-User, Active-Comparator Analysis Using the National COVID Cohort Collaborative (N3C) Electronic Health Record Database. This research was supported in part by the Intramural/Extramural research program of the National Center for Advancing Translational Science, NIH
Emulated target trial of Omicron-infected outpatients without diabetes or prediabetes, showing significantly lower long COVID or death with metformin treatment.
Jan 29
 Chua et al., Open Forum Infectious Diseases, doi:10.1093/ofid/ofae631.2172 Evaluating the use of Monoclonal Antibodies - Sotrovimab, Casirivimab/Imedvimab (REGEN-COV) and Tixagevimab/Cilgavimab (EVUSHELD) for COVID-19 Treatment in Singapore
PSM retrospective 366 hospitalized COVID-19 patients in Singapore showing no statistically significant reduction in severe outcomes with monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), except for lower oxygen use in patients treated with sotrovimab during ..
Jan 29
 Nowak et al., Clinical Kidney Journal, doi:10.1093/ckj/sfaf030 COVID-19 among Kidney Transplant Recipients: Evaluating Risk Factors During the Initial Phase of the Pandemic
58% higher combined mortality/hospitalization (p=0.0002). Retrospective 5,824 kidney transplant recipients in Sweden showing proton pump inhibitor use associated with higher risk of severe COVID-19.
Jan 29
 Jorda et al., Open Forum Infectious Diseases, doi:10.1093/ofid/ofae631.2173 Nirmatrelvir-ritonavir and molnupiravir for the outpatient treatment of Covid-19: a population-based cohort study
27% higher mortality (p=0.5) and 1% higher hospitalization (p=0.93). Retrospective 113,399 outpatients in Austria showing lower hospitalization and mortality with paxlovid treatment in patients over 60, but no significant differences with molnupiravir. Viral rebound was observed after treatment with both a..
Jan 27
 Horby et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2025.01.24.25321081 Sotrovimab versus usual care in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19: a randomised, controlled, open-label, platform trial (RECOVERY)
5% lower mortality (p=0.64), 4% lower hospital discharge (p=0.51), and 2% lower combined mortality/ICU admission (p=0.82). RCT 1,723 hospitalized COVID-19 patients showing lower 28-day mortality with sotrovimab in patients with high serum nucleocapsid antigen levels, but no significant benefit in the overall population. Sotrovimab reduced mortality from 29% t..
Jan 24
 Moharram et al., PLOS ONE, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0313616 Secondary metabolites of Alternaria alternate appraisal of their SARS-CoV-2 inhibitory and anti-inflammatory potentials
In Silico and In Vitro study showing that compounds isolated from the fungus Alternaria alternate inhibit SARS-CoV-2 infection by blocking the ACE2-Spike protein interaction and reducing ACE2 expression and inflammatory cytokines. Quercet..
Jan 16
 Sanduzzi Zamparelli et al., Life, doi:10.3390/life15010113 Immune-Boosting and Antiviral Effects of Antioxidants in COVID-19 Pneumonia: A Therapeutic Perspective
Review of immune-boosting and antiviral effects of antioxidants in COVID-19 pneumonia. Authors provide an overview of the literature on the use of antioxidants, including vitamins, trace elements, ozone, glutathione, L-carnitine, melatoni..
Jan 16
 Atieh et al., Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu17020304 Vitamins K2 and D3 Improve Long COVID, Fungal Translocation, and Inflammation: Randomized Controlled Trial
RCT 151 long COVID outpatients showing improved long COVID Research Index, number of symptoms, inflammatory markers, and fungal translocation with vitamins D3 and K2 over 24 weeks. D3 2000IU daily and K2 240µg. Markers of inflammation (ox..
Jan 14
 Bramante et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2025.01.13.25320485 Metformin on Time to Sustained Recovery in Adults with COVID-19: The ACTIV-6 Randomized Clinical Trial
24% higher progression (p=0.28) and 4% worse recovery (p=0.28). RCT 2,991 outpatient adults with mild to moderate COVID-19 showing no significant difference in time to sustained recovery with metformin compared to placebo. Median days to symptom resolution was 9 days vs. 10 days for placebo, without s..
Jan 14
 Voloudakis et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2025.01.10.25320348 A genetically based computational drug repurposing framework for rapid identification of candidate compounds: application to COVID-19
19% fewer cases (p=0.0008). Computational drug repurposing study integrating genetically regulated gene expression (GReX) and pharmaceutical databases to identify 7 FDA-approved compounds that may reverse COVID-19-related gene expression. Analysis of 755,346 people ..
Jan 13
 Hemilä et al., Polish Archives of Internal Medicine, doi:10.20452/pamw.16926 Vitamin C for the common cold and pneumonia
Review of vitamin C for the common cold and pneumonia. Authors conclude that while regular vitamin C supplementation does not prevent common colds infections in the general population, it significantly reduces the severity and duration of..
Jan 11
 Benfathallah et al., Cureus, doi:10.7759/cureus.77288 Does the Consumption of Metformin Correlate With a Reduction in Mortality Among Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and COVID-19 in Morocco?
54% lower mortality (p=0.04). Retrospective 115 hospitalized type 2 diabetes patients in Morocco showing significantly lower mortality with metformin use.
Jan 10
 Hamdan et al., Turkish Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, doi:10.4274/tjps.galenos.2024.49768 In silico Evaluation of H1-Antihistamine as Potential Inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 RNA-dependent RNA Polymerase: Repurposing Study of COVID-19 Therapy
In Silico study showing that H1RA antihistamines, including bilastine, fexofenadine, mizolastine, rupatadine, terfenadine, and the leukotriene receptor antagonists montelukast and zafirlukast, may inhibit SARS-CoV-2 RNA-dependent RNA poly..
Jan 9
 Williams, R., Cureus, doi:10.7759/cureus.77188 COVID-19 Humic/Fulvic Acid Plus Epigallocatechin Gallate Treatment: A Retrospective Chart Review
97% lower mortality (p<0.0001). Retrospective 60 COVID-19 patients in a nursing home facility showing no mortality with EGCG (from green tea extract), humic/fulvic acid, and vitamin C treatment, compared to 55% mortality in the control group not receiving treatment.
Jan 6
 Songvut et al., Pharmaceutical Biology, doi:10.1080/13880209.2024.2444446 Non-linear oral bioavailability and clinical pharmacokinetics of high-dose Andrographis paniculata ethanolic extract: relevant dosage implications for COVID-19 treatment
Analysis of the pharmacokinetics and safety of high-dose Andrographis paniculata ethanolic extract. Authors observed non-linear oral bioavailability, with low plasma concentrations of key bioactive diterpenoids following ethanolic extract..
Jan 6
 Raval et al., Cureus, doi:10.7759/cureus.77011 Zinc Deficiency Associated With an Increase in Mortality in COVID-19 Patients: A Meta-Analysis
Meta-analysis showing significantly higher COVID-19 mortality and symptomatology with zinc deficiency.
Jan 6
 Keels et al., Frontiers in Endocrinology, doi:10.3389/fendo.2024.1482853 Antidiabetic agent use and clinical outcomes in patients with diabetes hospitalized for COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis
59% lower mortality (p=0.002). Systematic review and meta-analysis of 35 studies showing lower mortality with metformin and DPP-4 inhibitor treatment for COVID-19 patients with diabetes.
Jan 1
 Jiang et al., NCT05904067 Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital
Estimated 72 participant convalescent plasma prophylaxis RCT with results expected soon (estimated completion over 1 month ago).
Jan 1
 Alzahrani, A., Octahedron Drug Research, doi:10.21608/odr.2024.308273.1043 A new investigation into the molecular mechanism of cholecalciferol towards reducing cytokines storm
In Silico study showing that cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) exhibits strong binding affinity to multiple cytokines involved in cytokine storm, with binding energies exceeding -6.5 kcal/mol. Molecular dynamics simulations revealed remarkable..
We aim to cover the most promising early treatments for COVID-19. We use pre-specified effect extraction criteria that prioritizes more serious outcomes, for details see methods. For specific outcomes and different treatment stages see the individual pages. Not all treatments are covered here, effectiveness has been reported for many other treatments in studies. Of the 5,330 studies, 2,547 present results comparing with a control group, 2,336 are treatment studies, and 211 analyze outcomes based on serum levels. There are 100 animal studies, 196 in silico studies, 355 in vitro studies, 416 reviews, and 234 meta analyses.
Please send us corrections, updates, or comments. c19early involves the extraction of 100,000+ datapoints from thousands of papers. Community updates help ensure high accuracy. Treatments and other interventions are complementary. All practical, effective, and safe means should be used based on risk/benefit analysis. No treatment or intervention is 100% available and effective for all current and future variants. We do not provide medical advice. Before taking any medication, consult a qualified physician who can provide personalized advice and details of risks and benefits based on your medical history and situation. FLCCC and WCH provide treatment protocols.
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