COVID-19 early treatment: real-time analysis of 2,475 studies
All studies
Early treatment
Mortality
Early mortality
Prophylaxis
Prophylaxis mortality
Recent
Select treatment...
Analysis of 48 COVID early treatments,
approvals in 80 countries, database of
2,214 treatments
Rathod | Prospective study of 766 hospitalized patients in India, showing higher vitamin D levels associated with lower COVID-19 severity and mortality. |
Vaezi | 77 patient favipiravir early treatment RCT: 105% higher hospitalization [p=0.43] |
Pinchera | 43 patients metformin prophylaxis: 15% lower severe cases [p=0.05] |
Sanderson | Identification of SARS-CoV-2 variants likely to have been created by molnupiravir treatment. Authors find a class of long phylogenetic branches.. |
Pastor-Fernández | K18-hACE2 mouse study showing reduced COVID-19 severity with quercetin and dasatinib, for both prophylaxis and early treatment. |
Treatment cost times median NNT - details and limitations
Timeline for when studies showed efficacy - details and limitations
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Random effects meta-analysis of all studies (pooled effects, all stages). Treatments with ≤3 studies with distinct authors or with <50 control events are shown in grey. Pooled results across all stages and outcomes depend on the distribution of stages and outcomes tested - for example late stage treatment may be less effective and if the majority of studies are late stage this may obscure the efficacy of early treatment. Please see the specific stage and outcome analyses. Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and synergistic, and the SOC in studies often includes other treatments. | |||||
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Random effects meta-analysis of early treatment studies (pooled effects). Treatments with ≤3 studies with distinct authors or with <50 control events are shown in grey. Pooled results across all outcomes are affected by the distribution of outcomes tested, please see detail pages for specific outcome analysis. Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and synergistic, and the SOC in studies often includes other treatments. | |||||
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Random effects meta-analysis of all mortality results (all stages). Treatments with ≤3 studies with distinct authors or with <25 control events are shown in grey. Pooled results across all stages depend on the distribution of stages tested - for example late stage treatment may be less effective and if the majority of studies are late stage this may obscure the efficacy of early treatment. Please see the specific stage analyses. Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and synergistic, and the SOC in studies often includes other treatments. | |||||
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Random effects meta-analysis of early treatment mortality results. Treatments with ≤3 studies with distinct authors or with <25 control events are shown in grey. Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and synergistic, and the SOC in studies often includes other treatments. | |||||
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Random effects meta-analysis of prophylaxis studies (pooled effects). Treatments with ≤3 studies with distinct authors or with <50 control events are shown in grey. Pooled results across all outcomes are affected by the distribution of outcomes tested, please see detail pages for specific outcome analysis. Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and synergistic, and the SOC in studies often includes other treatments. | |||||
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Random effects meta-analysis of prophylaxis mortality results. Treatments with ≤3 studies with distinct authors or with <25 control events are shown in grey. Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and synergistic, and the SOC in studies often includes other treatments. |
LATE TREATMENT | ||||||
Physician / Team | Location | Patients | HospitalizationHosp. | MortalityDeath | ||
Dr. David Uip (*) | Brazil | 2,200 | 38.6% (850) | Ref. | 2.5% (54) | Ref. |
EARLY TREATMENT - 36 physicians/teams | ||||||
Physician / Team | Location | Patients | HospitalizationHosp. | ImprovementImp. | MortalityDeath | ImprovementImp. |
Dr. Roberto Alfonso Accinelli 0/360 deaths for treatment within 3 days |
Peru | 1,265 | 0.6% (7) | 77.5% | ||
Dr. Mohammed Tarek Alam patients up to 84 years old |
Bangladesh | 100 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
Dr. Oluwagbenga Alonge | Nigeria | 310 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
Dr. Raja Bhattacharya up to 88yo, 81% comorbidities |
India | 148 | 1.4% (2) | 44.9% | ||
Dr. Flavio Cadegiani | Brazil | 3,450 | 0.1% (4) | 99.7% | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% |
Dr. Alessandro Capucci | Italy | 350 | 4.6% (16) | 88.2% | ||
Dr. Shankara Chetty | South Africa | 8,000 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
Dr. Deborah Chisholm | USA | 100 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
Dr. Ryan Cole | USA | 400 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% |
Dr. Marco Cosentino vs. 3-3.8% mortality during period; earlier treatment better |
Italy | 392 | 6.4% (25) | 83.5% | 0.3% (1) | 89.6% |
Dr. Jeff Davis | USA | 6,000 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
Dr. Dhanajay | India | 500 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
Dr. Bryan Tyson & Dr. George Fareed | USA | 20,000 | 0.0% (6) | 99.9% | 0.0% (4) | 99.2% |
Dr. Heather Gessling | USA | 1,500 | 0.1% (1) | 97.3% | ||
Dr. Ellen Guimarães | Brazil | 500 | 1.6% (8) | 95.9% | 0.4% (2) | 83.7% |
Dr. Syed Haider | USA | 4,000 | 0.1% (5) | 99.7% | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% |
Dr. Mark Hancock | USA | 24 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
Dr. Mollie James | USA | 3,500 | 1.1% (40) | 97.0% | 0.0% (1) | 98.8% |
Dr. Roberta Lacerda | Brazil | 550 | 1.5% (8) | 96.2% | 0.4% (2) | 85.2% |
Dr. Katarina Lindley | USA | 100 | 5.0% (5) | 87.1% | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% |
Dr. Ben Marble | USA | 150,000 | 0.0% (4) | 99.9% | ||
Dr. Edimilson Migowski | Brazil | 2,000 | 0.3% (7) | 99.1% | 0.1% (2) | 95.9% |
Dr. Abdulrahman Mohana | Saudi Arabia | 2,733 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
Dr. Carlos Nigro | Brazil | 5,000 | 0.9% (45) | 97.7% | 0.5% (23) | 81.3% |
Dr. Benoit Ochs | Luxembourg | 800 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
Dr. Ortore | Italy | 240 | 1.2% (3) | 96.8% | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% |
Dr. Valerio Pascua one death for a patient presenting on the 5th day in need of supplemental oxygen |
Honduras | 415 | 6.3% (26) | 83.8% | 0.2% (1) | 90.2% |
Dr. Sebastian Pop | Romania | 300 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
Dr. Brian Proctor | USA | 869 | 2.3% (20) | 94.0% | 0.2% (2) | 90.6% |
Dr. Anastacio Queiroz | Brazil | 700 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
Dr. Didier Raoult | France | 8,315 | 2.6% (214) | 93.3% | 0.1% (5) | 97.6% |
Dr. Karin Ried up to 99yo, 73% comorbidities, av. age 63 |
Turkey | 237 | 0.4% (1) | 82.8% | ||
Dr. Roman Rozencwaig patients up to 86 years old |
Canada | 80 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
Dr. Vipul Shah | India | 8,000 | 0.1% (5) | 97.5% | ||
Dr. Silvestre Sobrinho | Brazil | 116 | 8.6% (10) | 77.7% | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% |
Dr. Vladimir Zelenko | USA | 2,200 | 0.5% (12) | 98.6% | 0.1% (2) | 96.3% |
Mean improvement with early treatment protocols | 235,394 | HospitalizationHosp. | 93.8% | MortalityDeath | 94.5% |
Physician results with early treatment protocols compared to
no early treatment. These results are subject to selection and ascertainment
bias and more accurate analysis requires details of the patient populations
and followup, however results are consistently better across many teams, and consistent
with the extensive controlled trial evidence that shows a significant
reduction in risk with many early treatments, and improved results with the
use of multiple treatments in combination.
Treatment |
Improvement (early) |
Studies (early) |
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BUBudesonide | 82% | 1 |
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PXProxalutamide | 71% | 3 |
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BLBamlaniv../e.. | 69% | 8 |
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(H)CQHydroxychlor.. | 62% | 36 |
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IVMIvermectin | 62% | 37 |
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RDRemdesivir | 61% | 4 |
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V.DVitamin D | 60% | 11 |
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FVFluvoxamine | 56% | 6 |
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CICasirivimab/i.. | 47% | 20 |
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PLPaxlovid | 44% | 21 |
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ZnZinc | 41% | 6 |
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SSotrovimab | 33% | 13 |
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FPVFavipiravir | 26% | 17 |
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V.CVitamin C | 24% | 5 |
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MPMolnupiravir | 19% | 25 |
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ACEAcetaminophen | -17% | 3 |
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IBIbuprofen | -52% | 2 |
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Early treatments approved by >2 countries. 80 countries have officially approved treatments.
Details.
Rathod | Prospective study of 766 hospitalized patients in India, showing higher vitamin D levels associated with lower COVID-19 severity and mortality. |
Batur | 194 patients ICU: 72% lower mortality [p<0.0001] and 23% improvement [p=0.03] |
Argano | Meta analysis: 51% lower mortality [p=0.0002] and 72% lower ICU admission [p<0.0001] |
Mostafa | 186 patients sufficiency: 93% lower mortality [p<0.0001], 95% lower ventilation [p<0.0001], and 91% lower ICU admission [p<0.0001] |
Din Ujjan | 50 patient early treatment RCT: 29% improved recovery [p=0.11] and 91% improved viral clearance [p=0.05] |
Vaezi | 77 patient early treatment RCT: 105% higher hospitalization [p=0.43] |
Sanderson | Identification of SARS-CoV-2 variants likely to have been created by molnupiravir treatment. Authors find a class of long phylogenetic branches.. |
Pastor-Fernández | K18-hACE2 mouse study showing reduced COVID-19 severity with quercetin and dasatinib, for both prophylaxis and early treatment. |
Din Ujjan | 50 patient early treatment RCT: 29% improved recovery [p=0.11] and 91% improved viral clearance [p=0.05] |
Viglione | Retrospective 479 high risk outpatients in the USA treated with a protocol including intravenous vitamin C, vitamin D, zinc, quercetin, bromelain,.. |
Sáenz-Aldea | 86,692 patients prophylaxis: 8% higher hospitalization [p=0.68] and 12% more cases [p=0.68] |
Sunil Naik | 105 patient late treatment RCT: 7% improved recovery [p=0.21] |
Kasiri | 110 patient late treatment RCT: 7% lower mortality [p=1], 7% lower ventilation [p=1], 24% higher ICU admission [p=0.63], and 28% improved recovery [p=0.59] |
Zheng | 7,683 patients early treatment: 4% lower combined mortality/hospitalization [p=0.91] |
Recent studies (see the individual treatment pages for all studies):
Jan 28 |
et al., Advances in Respiratory Medicine, doi:10.3390/arm91010004 | Favipiravir in the Treatment of Outpatient COVID-19: A Multicenter, Randomized, Triple-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial |
105% higher hospitalization [p=0.43]. RCT 77 outpatients in Iran, showing increased hospitalization with treatment, without statistical significance. Favipiravir 1600mg daily for five days. 21% of favipiravir patients did not complete treatment. | ||
Jan 27 |
et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2023.01.26.23284998 (Preprint) | Identification of a molnupiravir-associated mutational signature in SARS-CoV-2 sequencing databases |
Identification of SARS-CoV-2 variants likely to have been created by molnupiravir treatment. Authors find a class of long phylogenetic branches almost exclusively matching the time period, location, and age groups of widespread molnupirav.. | ||
Jan 26 |
et al., Aging Cell, doi:10.1111/acel.13771 | Treatment with the senolytics dasatinib/quercetin reduces |
K18-hACE2 mouse study showing reduced COVID-19 severity with quercetin and dasatinib, for both prophylaxis and early treatment. | ||
Jan 25 |
et al., Emergent: Journal of Educational Discoveries and Lifelong Learning | Applications of quercetin for the prevention of COVID-19 in healthcare workers |
73% lower mortality [p=0.11] and 33% fewer symptomatic cases [p=0.03]. Prospective study of healthcare workers in Uzbekistan showing lower cases with vitamin C prophylaxis. Very minimal details are provided, there is no baseline information, and control mortality is very high. | ||
Jan 25 |
et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2023.01.24.23284916 (Preprint) | Real-world effectiveness of molnupiravir, nirmatrelvir-ritonavir, and sotrovimab on preventing hospital admission among higher-risk patients with COVID-19 in Wales: a retrospective cohort study |
51% lower combined mortality/hospitalization [p=0.008]. Retrospective high risk outpatients in the UK, showing lower hospitalization/death with molnupiravir treatment. Residual confounding is likely with adjustments having no detail on specific comorbidities. | ||
Jan 22 |
et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2023.01.20.23284849 (Preprint) | Comparative effectiveness of Paxlovid versus sotrovimab and molnupiravir for preventing severe COVID-19 outcomes in non-hospitalised patients: observational cohort study using the OpenSAFELY platform |
285% higher combined mortality/hospitalization [p=0.004]. OpenSAFELY retrospective 5,638 outpatients in the UK, showing significantly higher hospitalization/death for molnupiravir compared with paxlovid. | ||
Jan 21 |
et al., Contemporary Clinical Trials Communications, doi:10.1016/j.conctc.2023.101070 | Effect of colchicine and aspirin given together in patients with moderate COVID-19 |
7% improved recovery [p=0.21]. RCT 122 hospitalized patients in India, showing improved recovery with colchicine treatment. All patients received aspirin. There was one death and higher progression in the colchicine arm, however 3 patients in the colchicine arm had bas.. | ||
Jan 19 |
et al., MDPI AG, doi:10.20944/preprints202301.0359.v1 (Preprint) | Preliminary Evidence of Good Safety Profile and Outcomes of Early Treatment With Tixagevimab/Cilgavimab Compared to Previously Employed Monoclonal Antibodies for COVID-19 in Immunocompromised Patients |
368% higher mortality [p=0.32], 33% lower hospitalization [p=1], and 24% worse viral clearance [p=0.3]. Retrospective immunocompromised patients, showing no significant difference between tixagevimab/cilgavimab and other mAbs. | ||
Jan 18 |
et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2023.01.16.23284634 (Preprint) | Prediction of Long COVID Based on Severity of Initial COVID-19 Infection: Differences in predictive feature sets between hospitalized versus non-hospitalized index infections |
N3C retrospective identifying plant hardiness zone as a predictive variable for long COVID. Authors note that this may be due to sunlight/climate affecting the risk of long COVID, and plan more detailed analysis in future work. | ||
Jan 18 |
et al., Frontiers in Nutrition, doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.1023997 | The possible therapeutic role of curcumin and quercetin in the early-stage of COVID-19—Results from a pragmatic randomized clinical trial |
29% improved recovery [p=0.11] and 91% improved viral clearance [p=0.05]. Small RCT with 50 outpatients, 25 treated with curcumin, quercetin, and vitamin D, showing improved recovery and viral clearance with treatment. 168mg curcumin, 260mg, 360IU vitamin D3 daily for 14 days. | ||
Jan 16 |
et al., The Gazette of Medical Sciences, doi:10.46766/thegms.pubheal.22120905 | Intravenous high dose vitamin C and ozonated saline effective treatment for Covid -19: The Evolution of Local Standard of Care |
Retrospective 479 high risk outpatients in the USA treated with a protocol including intravenous vitamin C, vitamin D, zinc, quercetin, bromelain, lactoferrin, HCQ, ivermectin, ozonated saline, azithromycin, ceftriaxone, methylprednisolon.. | ||
Jan 16 |
et al., Pharmaceuticals, doi:10.3390/ph16010130 | Protective Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on COVID-19-Related Intensive Care Hospitalization and Mortality: Definitive Evidence from Meta-Analysis and Trial Sequential Analysis |
51% lower mortality [p=0.0002] and 72% lower ICU admission [p<0.0001]. Meta analysis and trial sequential analysis of 5 vitamin D RCTs, showing significantly lower mortality and ICU admission with treatment. | ||
Jan 16 |
et al., Journal of Pharmaceutical Policy and Practice, doi:10.1186/s40545-023-00511-w | Effectiveness of different treatment regimens on patients with COVID-19, hospitalized in Sanandaj hospitals: a retrospective cohort study |
Retrospective 660 hospitalized patients in Iran comparing 6 different drug regimens: 1. HCQ or CQ+AZ, 2. interferons (ReciGen/Ziphron) or interferon + Kaletra (lopinavir/ritonavir), 3. atazanavir, 4. remdesivir, 5. favipiravir, and 6. cor.. | ||
Jan 16 |
et al., Journal of Investigative Medicine, doi:10.1177/10815589221141815 | The effects of colchicine on hospitalized COVID-19 patients: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial |
7% lower mortality [p=1], 7% lower ventilation [p=1], 24% higher ICU admission [p=0.63], and 28% improved recovery [p=0.59]. Very late treatment (10 days from onset) RCT 110 patients in Iran, showing no significant difference in outcomes with colchicine. Colchicine 2mg loading dose followed by 0.5mg bid for 7 days. | ||
Jan 15 |
et al., Research Square, doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2451986/v1 (Preprint) | Real-world data concerning the efficacy of molnupiravir in patients vaccinated against COVID-19 during the Omicron surge in Japan |
127% higher combined mortality/hospitalization [p=0.22] and 127% higher hospitalization [p=0.22]. Retrospective 294 consecutive patients in Japan, showing higher risk of hospitalization/death with molnupiravir, without statistical significance. | ||
Jan 14 |
et al., Clinical Microbiology and Infection, doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2023.01.010 | Efficacy and safety of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in COVID-19 management: A systematic review and meta-analysis |
28% lower mortality [p<0.0001] and 21% lower hospitalization [p=0.03]. Meta analysis of 6 fluvoxamine RCTs showing fluvoxamine associated with lower mortality and hospitalization. 100mg bid showed lower mortality and hospitalization, but 50mg bid did not. Authors use the Hartung-Knapp adjustment and they inc.. | ||
Jan 14 |
et al., Phytotherapy Research, doi:10.1002/ptr.7724 | Curcumin for the treatment of COVID-19 patients: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials |
62% lower mortality [p=0.003]. Meta analysis of 13 curcumin RCTs showing lower mortality with treatment. Authors note that subgroup analysis suggested improved efficacy with early treatment and with combined treatment. | ||
Jan 13 |
et al., Journal of Aerosol Medicine and Pulmonary Drug Delivery, doi:10.1089/jamp.2022.0062 | Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetics of Nebulized Hydroxychloroquine: A Pilot Study in Healthy Volunteers |
Analysis of a nebulized HCQ formulation with 12 healthy patients, showing low systemic concentrations and supporting efficacy, safety, and tolerability. | ||
Jan 13 |
et al., Journal of Medical Virology, doi:10.1002/jmv.28496 | Colchicine and risk of hospitalisation due to COVID-19: a population-based study |
8% higher hospitalization [p=0.68] and 12% more cases [p=0.68]. Retrospective 86,652 patients in Spain, showing no significant difference in cases and hospitalization with colchicine use. The different risk for patients prescribed colchicine may not be fully adjusted for. | ||
Jan 13 |
et al., Frontiers in Pharmacology, doi:10.3389/fphar.2022.1096853 | Quercetin as a possible complementary agent for early-stage COVID-19: Concluding results of a randomized clinical trial |
37% improved recovery [p=0.007] and 58% improved viral clearance [p<0.0001]. RCT 100 outpatients in Pakistan, 50 treated with quercetin phytosome, showing faster viral clearance and improved recovery with treatment. Patients in the treatment group were significantly younger (41 vs. 54). | ||
Jan 11 |
et al., Science Translational Medicine, doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.abq7360 (In Vitro) | SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro mutations selected in a VSV-based system confer resistance to nirmatrelvir, ensitrelvir, and GC376 |
In Vitro and In Silico study showing selection of resistant mutations with nirmatrelvir use. Several mutations were identified that confer resistance to 3CLpro inhibitors nirmatrelvir, ensitrelvir, and GC376. Authors note that most of the.. | ||
Jan 10 |
et al., Work, doi:10.3233/WOR-220387 | Vitamin D status and COVID-19 prevention in a worker subgroup in Italy |
Report on vitamin D supplementation with 139 employees in Italy from April to June 2021, showing only one confirmed COVID-19 case (0.7%) and 4 cases of flu-like symptoms, compared to ~7-9% COVID-19 incidence for the same Italian district .. | ||
Jan 10 |
et al., Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu15020340 | Association of Serum Zinc and Inflammatory Markers with the Severity of COVID-19 Infection in Adult Patients |
Prospective study of 123 COVID+ patients and 48 controls, showing significantly lower zinc levels in COVID-19 patients, and a negative correlation between zinc levels and COVID-19 severity. Moderate and severe cases were significantly old.. | ||
Jan 10 |
et al., mBio, doi:10.1128/mbio.02815-22 (In Vitro) | The Substitutions L50F, E166A, and L167F in SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro Are Selected by a Protease Inhibitor In Vitro and Confer Resistance To Nirmatrelvir |
In Vitro study showing selection of nirmatrelvir-resistant mutations with a protease inhibitor. | ||
Jan 7 |
et al., Scientific Reports, doi:10.1038/s41598-022-26053-w | The ‘myth of Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) as post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) for the prevention of COVID-19’ is far from reality |
27% fewer symptomatic cases [p=0.32] and 21% fewer cases [p=0.21]. Low dose low-risk patient HCQ PEP RCT, showing lower symptomatic cases with treatment, without statistical significance. There were no moderate or severe cases. HCQ 800mg on day one followed by 400mg once weekly for 3 weeks. | ||
Jan 6 |
et al., Microorganisms, doi:10.3390/microorganisms11010145 | Diabetes and SARS-CoV-2 Infection: The Potential Role of Antidiabetic Therapy in the Evolution of COVID-19 |
15% lower severe cases [p=0.05]. Retrospective 43 diabetes patients hospitalized for COVID-19 in Italy, showing lower risk of severe cases with metformin vs. insulin. | ||
Jan 5 |
Press Release (Preprint) | MedinCell announces positive results for the SAIVE clinical study in prevention of Covid-19 infection in a contact-based population |
72% fewer cases [p<0.0001]. PEP RCT 399 patients in Bulgaria showing significantly lower COVID-19 cases with ivermectin prophylaxis. Limited information is currently available. | ||
Jan 4 |
et al., Clinical and Translational Science, doi:10.1111/cts.13468 | Hydroxychloroquine for treatment of non‐hospitalized adults with COVID-19: A meta-analysis of individual participant data of randomized trials |
33% improved viral clearance [p=0.02]. Extremely high COI (includes authors of trials playing a key role in the suppression of treatment, and funded by the Gates Foundation) IPD meta analysis of 11 HCQ outpatient treatment and prophylaxis trials, showing significantly improved.. | ||
Jan 3 |
et al., Research Square, doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2309373/v1 (Preprint) | Evaluation of the recovery rate and prevention of hospitalization among covid-19 outpatients: a randomized clinical trial comparing N-acetylcysteine with Bromhexine |
83% higher hospitalization [p=0.3] and 18% slower recovery [p=0.09]. RCT 150 outpatients in Iran comparing N-acetylcysteine and bromhexine, showing lower hospitalization and faster recovery with bromhexine, without statistical significance. Baseline information per group is not provided, and Figure 1 appea.. | ||
Jan 3 |
et al., Research Square, doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2418159/v1 (Preprint) | Analysis of trace elements (Zn and Cu) levels in COVID-19 patients with ICU and Non-ICU hospitalization |
Prospective analysis of 122 hospitalized COVID-19 patients, showing significantly lower zinc levels in ICU patients compared with non-ICU patients. Zinc levels were lower in non-survivors compared with survivors, without statistical signi.. |
We aim to cover the most promising early treatments for
COVID-19. We use pre-specified effect extraction criteria that prioritizes
more serious outcomes, for details see methods. For specific
outcomes and different treatment stages see the individual pages. Not all
treatments are covered here, effectiveness has been reported for many other treatments in studies.
Of the 2,475 studies,
1,640 present results comparing with a control group,
1,495 are treatment studies, and
145 analyze outcomes based on serum levels. There are
29 animal studies,
60 in silico studies,
125 in vitro studies,
and 124 meta analyses.
Please send us corrections, updates, or comments. Vaccines and
treatments are complementary. All practical, effective, and safe means should
be used based on risk/benefit analysis. No treatment, vaccine, or intervention
is 100% available and effective for all current and future variants. We do not
provide medical advice. Before taking any medication, consult a qualified
physician who can provide personalized advice and details of risks and
benefits based on your medical history and situation. FLCCC and WCH
provide treatment protocols.
Thanks for your feedback! Please search before submitting papers and note
that studies are listed under the date they were first available, which may be
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