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@CovidAnalysis

COVID-19 early treatment: real-time analysis of 5,135 studies

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109
COVID-19 treatments
8,334
potential treatments
118
countries with approvals
Recently added (more..)  Vitamin D  Ivermectin  Azvudine  Propolis
Chen
In Vitro study showing that calcifediol inhibits SARS-CoV-2 papain-like protease (PLpro) activity through targeted binding. Authors conducted a FRET..
Huerta León
Analysis of ivermectin in Peru showing significant variability in quality and concentration, with several formulations falling below the required..
Zhang
209 patients azvudine late treatment: 43% lower progression (p=0.03) and 14% faster viral clearance (p=0.02)
Anshori
In Silico study showing that propolis extract may be beneficial for COVID-19. Authors used network pharmacology and bioinformatics to identify 25..
$0 $1,000 $2,000+ -25+% 0% 25% 50% Treatment cost (US$) Efficacy vs. cost for COVID-19 treatments Donidalorsen -151% >$2,000 Glenzocimab -60% >$2,000 Olokizumab -50% >$2,000 PPIs -46% BMS mAbs -36% >$2,000 Acetaminophen -28% Lufotrelvir >$2,000 Trimodulin >$2,000 Losartan Sargramostim >$2,000 Cannabidiol Vitamin B9 Conv. Plasma $5,000 Remdesivir $3,120 Sarilumab >$2,000 Acebilustat >$2,000 Ibuprofen Aspirin Molnupiravir mutagenic/teratogenic Favipiravir Paxlovid Famotidine Vitamin C Amubarvimab/r.. NAC Vilobelimab $6,350 Sotrovimab $2,100 Colchicine Budesonide Probiotics HCQ Zinc Metformin Antiandro.. Azvudine Nitric Oxide Sleep Bebtelovimab Vitamin A Vitamin D Sunlight H. Peroxide Exercise Fluvox. H1RAs Curcumin Casirivimab/i.. $2,100 Tixagevimab/c.. N. Sativa NaHCO₃ Melatonin Ensovibep >$2,000 Bamlanivimab/e.. pH+ Quercetin Diet PVP-I Thermotherapy Ivermectin Regdanvimab $2,100 Lifestyle / free No prescription Prescription required High-cost Lowerrisk Higherrisk c19early.org November 2024 COVID-19 involves the interplay of 50+ host/viral proteins/factors, modulated by many treatments. 0.6% of 8,000+proposed treatments show efficacy with ≥3 studies.Protocols combine treatments, none are 100% effective.c19early analyzes over 5,100 studies for 109 treatments.
$0 $1,000 $2,000+ -20+% 0% 25% 50% Treatment cost (US$) Efficacy vs. cost for COVID-19 treatments Donidalorsen -151% Glenzocimab -60% Olokizumab -50% PPIs -46% BMS mAbs -36% Acetaminophen -28% Lufotrelvir -22% Trimodulin Losartan Sargramostim CBD Vit. B9 C. Plasma Remdesivir Sarilumab Acebilustat Ibuprofen Aspirin Molnupiravir mutagenic/teratogenic Favipiravir Paxlovid Famotidine Vitamin C Amubarvimab/r.. NAC Vilobelimab Sotrovimab Colchicine Budesonide Probiotics HCQ Zinc Metformin Antiandro.. Azvudine Nitric Oxide Sleep Bebtelovimab Vitamin A Vitamin D Sunlight H. Peroxide Exercise Fluvox. H1RAs Curcumin Casirivim.. Tixagevimab/c.. N. Sativa NaHCO₃ Melatonin Ensovibep Bamlan.. pH+ Quercetin Diet PVP-I Thermotherapy Ivermectin Regdanvimab Lifestyle / free No prescription Prescription required High-cost Lowerrisk Higherrisk c19early.org November 2024 COVID-19 involves the interplay of50+ host/viral proteins/factors.0.6% of 8,000+ treatments showefficacy. Protocols combinetreatments. c19early analyzes5,100+ studies for 109 treatments.
Azvudine Evusheld Sodium Bicarbonate Paxlovid Regdanvimab Vitamin B12 Sunlight Phthalocyanine Montelukast Alkalinization Fluvoxamine Famotidine Molnupiravir Quercetin Diet Bamlanivimab/e.. Hydrogen Peroxide Budesonide Probiotics Casirivimab/i.. Sleep Curcumin Povidone-Iodine Nigella Sativa Melatonin Antihistamine H1RAs Acetaminophen ↑risk Exercise Vitamin D Antiandrogens Vitamin C PPIs ↑risk Colchicine Ivermectin Metformin Zinc HCQ 2020 2021 2023 2024 Pooled outcomes Specific outcome RCT pooled RCT specific Statistically significant ≥10% improvement ≥3 studies c19early.org November 2024 Time when COVID-19 studies showed efficacy
Azvudine Evusheld Sodium Bicarb.. Paxlovid Regdanvimab Vitamin B12 Sunlight Phthalocyanine Montelukast Alkalinization Fluvoxamine Famotidine Molnupiravir Quercetin Diet Bamlanivimab/e.. Hydrogen Peroxide Budesonide Probiotics Casirivimab/i.. Sleep Curcumin Povidone-Iodine Nigella Sativa Melatonin H1RAs Acetaminophen ↑risk Exercise Vitamin D Antiandrogens Vitamin C PPIs ↑risk Colchicine Ivermectin Metformin Zinc HCQ 2020 2021 2023 2024 Pooled outcomes Specific outcome RCT pooled RCT specific Statistically significant ≥10% improvement ≥3 studies c19early.org November 2024 Time when COVID-19 studies showed efficacy
Timeline for when studies showed efficacy - details and limitations. 0.5% of treatments show efficacy.
Top journals that accept positive studies for low cost treatments: Nutrients, PLOS ONE, Journal of Clinical Medicine, International Journal of Infectious Diseases, Scientific Reports, Cureus, more...
November 2024
c19early.org
Cost per life saved from NNT in
studies to date
Melatonin
9
48%
  $8
Vitamin D
69
36%
  $11
Alkalinization
8
46%
  $11
Zinc
21
30%
  $15
Vitamin C
44
20%
  $18
Colchicine
43
28%
  $26
HCQ
250
26%
  $26
Ivermectin
53
47%
  $26
Aspirin
65
10%
  $41
Vitamin A
5
30%
  $45
Curcumin
8
63%
  $59
Famotidine
21
18%
  $94
Quercetin
5
61%
  $127
Metformin
68
35%
  $133
Probiotics
10
59%
  $172
Antiandrogens
32
37%
  $179
Nigella Sativa
5
57%
  $187
Fluvoxamine
10
44%
  $411
Budesonide
12
26%
  $574
Azvudine
19
33%
  $1,259
Favipiravir
40
11%
  $1,935
Tixagev../c..
10
42%
  $74,506
Regdanvimab
7
63%
  $139,860
Paxlovid
37
25%
  $206,705
Bamlaniv../e..
13
54%
  $301,549
Sotrovimab
12
51%
  $355,740
Casirivimab/..
10
17%
  $700,980
Bebtelovimab
4
60%
  $737,601
Remdesivir
66
1%
  $1,558,440
Molnupiravir
24
15%
  $2,400,867
Conv. Plasma
52
-2%
N/A
Acetaminophen
14
-24%
N/A
PPIs
20
-40%
N/A
Brensocatib
1
-41%
N/A
Treatment cost times median NNT - details and limitations. 0.5% of treatments show efficacy.
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All clinical results for selected treatments. 0.5% of treatments show efficacy.
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0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2+ Iota-carragee.. 80% [22-95%] 1 $1 394 very limited data Cost Studies Patients Improvement Relative Risk Chlorhexidine 79% [66-87%] 3 $1 509 limited data Proxalutamide 78% [70-83%] 4 $500 1,953 limited data Indomethacin 74% [-20-94%] 4 $5 605 limited data Cetylpyridin.. 68% [-620-99%] 1 $1 23 very limited data Regdanvimab 63% [51-71%] 11 $2,100 7,430 Ivermectin 60% [52-67%] 105 $1 220,423 Chlorphenira.. 56% [46-64%] 3 $5 806 very limited data Thermotherapy 56% [9-78%] 4 $0 217 very limited data Povidone-Iod.. 51% [38-61%] 21 $1 3,249 Diet 50% [41-57%] 29 $0 693,504 Quercetin 49% [21-68%] 11 $5 1,436 Alkalinization 49% [36-59%] 14 $1 6,383 HH-120 49% [-60-84%] 2 $500 345 very limited data Bemnifosbuvir 47% [-57-82%] 3 $500 359 very limited data Bamlaniv../e.. 47% [25-62%] 21 $1,250 35,320 variant dependent Ensovibep 46% [-173-89%] 2 $2,100 885 limited data Adintrevimab 43% [-169-88%] 2 $2,100 2,483 intramuscular Melatonin 43% [30-54%] 18 $1 14,301 Bromhexine 43% [-5-69%] 7 $5 875 very limited data Sodium Bicar.. 43% [24-57%] 7 $1 1,092 Nigella Sativa 43% [24-57%] 14 $5 3,333 Tixagev../c.. 43% [26-56%] 17 $855 29,530 variant dependent Casirivimab/i.. 42% [22-57%] 31 $2,100 59,449 variant dependent Propolis 41% [-13-69%] 3 $1 410 very limited data Curcumin 41% [30-51%] 27 $5 14,886 H1RAs 39% [23-52%] 15 $5 71,705 Fluvoxamine 39% [21-52%] 21 $4 38,283 Montelukast 39% [14-56%] 9 $2 2,943 limited data Exercise 39% [33-44%] 68 $0 1,939,060 Hydrogen Per.. 38% [5-59%] 7 $1 835 very limited data Phthalocyan.. 38% [20-51%] 4 $5 5,245 Xiannuoxin 38% [-46-73%] 2 $106 1,027 very limited data Sunlight 37% [22-50%] 5 $0 19,665 Vitamin D 37% [31-42%] 122 $1 195,710 Vitamin A 36% [6-56%] 14 $2 22,297 Nitazoxanide 35% [-8-61%] 14 $4 3,632 Selenium 34% [-40-69%] 4 $1 21,452 Bebtelovimab 34% [-24-65%] 6 $1,200 13,329 intravenous Sleep 31% [23-39%] 16 $0 429,222 Azvudine 31% [19-41%] 26 $25 25,201 Spironolactone 31% [15-44%] 12 $5 28,019 Nitric Oxide 31% [-1-52%] 12 $11 2,236 Antiandrogens 30% [21-38%] 49 $5 120,172 Vitamin B12 30% [5-48%] 4 $1 11,407 Metformin 30% [26-34%] 97 $10 292,912 Zinc 28% [18-36%] 46 $1 55,762 Hydroxychlor.. 28% [24-31%] 419 $1 538,895 Probiotics 28% [18-36%] 28 $5 19,646 Budesonide 28% [18-36%] 15 $4 28,194 Colchicine 27% [18-36%] 56 $1 33,066 Ibuzatrelvir 27% [15-38%] 1 $1,390 126 very limited data Sotrovimab 27% [11-40%] 25 $2,100 54,533 variant dependent Andrographol.. 27% [-8-50%] 7 $5 1,245 Ensitrelvir 26% [-14-52%] 3 $500 1,450 very limited data Vilobelimab 26% [-4-48%] 1 $6,350 368 intravenous N-acetylcys.. 25% [14-35%] 24 $1 26,243 Amubarv../r.. 25% [-70-66%] 4 $1,380 1,568 intravenous Lactoferrin 24% [-24-53%] 8 $5 1,419 Vitamin C 21% [15-28%] 73 $1 89,000 Niclosamide 21% [-47-57%] 6 $50 2,091 very limited data Leritrelvir 21% [3-35%] 2 $1,000 1,399 very limited data UDCA 20% [-2-38%] 19 $15 43,512 Camostat 18% [-3-34%] 16 $1 2,020 Famotidine 17% [8-24%] 30 $5 114,119 Paxlovid 16% [12-19%] 72 $1,390 161,182 independent trials refused Favipiravir 15% [5-24%] 70 $20 34,275 worse w/longer followup Vitamin K 14% [0-25%] 2 $1 7,806 very limited data Molnupiravir 11% [3-19%] 46 $707 151,398 mutagenic/teratogenic Deuremidevir 11% [-1-21%] 2 $112 1,432 very limited data Aspirin 9% [3-15%] 76 $1 187,919 Peg.. Lambda 7% [-138-63%] 4 $500 2,143 subcutaneous Ibuprofen 0% [-9-9%] 13 $1 54,707 Acebilustat 0% [-1462-94%] 1 $2,000 120 very limited data Levilimab 0% [-289-74%] 1 $2,000 206 subcutaneous Sarilumab -0% [-21-17%] 11 $2,000 2,231 intravenous/subcutaneous Remdesivir -1% [-9-7%] 79 $3,120 202,845 worse w/longer followup Conv. Plasma -2% [-6-2%] 54 $5,000 31,210 intravenous Apremilast -3% [-42-25%] 2 $2,000 594 limited data Ravulizumab -5% [-45-24%] 2 $2,000 481 intravenous Lanadelumab -7% [-135-52%] 1 $10,000 55 very limited data Plasma-activ.. -9% [-234-64%] 1 $100 23 very limited data Razuprotafib -10% [-116-44%] 2 $2,000 134 subcutaneous Vitamin B9 -11% [-47-15%] 11 $1 54,354 Cannabidiol -12% [-86-33%] 8 $25 16,883 Sargramostim -13% [-85-31%] 4 $2,000 870 very limited data Brexanolone -14% [-129-43%] 1 $34,000 28 very limited data Losartan -15% [-127-42%] 5 $5 665 very limited data Trimodulin -17% [-116-37%] 1 $2,000 166 intravenous Lufotrelvir -22% [-198-50%] 1 $2,000 58 intravenous Pacritinib -28% [-210-47%] 1 $2,000 200 very limited data Cenicriviroc -28% [-66-1%] 3 $2,000 1,000 limited data Acetaminoph.. -28% [-41--17%] 27 $1 543,459 Crizanlizumab -29% [-103-18%] 2 $2,500 463 intravenous BMS mAbs -36% [-492-69%] 1 $2,100 210 subcutaneous Brensocatib -41% [-88--6%] 1 $2,000 404 very limited data Danicopan -43% [-168-24%] 1 $2,000 201 very limited data PPIs -46% [-67--27%] 39 $5 222,688 Olokizumab -50% [-309-45%] 1 $2,000 248 subcutaneous TRV027 -54% [-202-22%] 2 $2,000 318 intravenous Glenzocimab -60% [-236-24%] 1 $2,000 62 intravenous Siltuximab -64% [-252-23%] 1 $2,000 149 intravenous rNAPc2 -65% [-304-32%] 1 $2,000 156 very limited data Emvododstat -132% [-628-26%] 1 $2,000 187 very limited data Goflikicept -135% [-492-7%] 1 $2,000 247 subcutaneous Pemivibart -150% [-6014-90%] 1 $5,775 477 intravenous Donidalorsen -151% [-602-11%] 1 $2,000 103 intravenous/subcutaneous Astodrimer So.. -205% [-7302-87%] 1 $10 197 very limited data All studies (pooled effects, all stages) c19early.org November 2024 Favors treatment Favors control
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2+ Iota-carragee.. 80% 1 very limited data Studies, Improvement Relative Risk Chlorhexidine 79% 3 limited data Proxalutamide 78% 4 limited data Indomethacin 74% 4 limited data Cetylpyridin.. 68% 1 very limited data Regdanvimab 63% 11 Ivermectin 60% 105 Chlorphenira.. 56% 3 very limited data Thermotherapy 56% 4 very limited data Povidone-Iod.. 51% 21 Diet 50% 29 Quercetin 49% 11 Alkalinization 49% 14 HH-120 49% 2 very limited data Bemnifosbuvir 47% 3 very limited data Bamlaniv../e.. 47% 21 variant dependent Ensovibep 46% 2 limited data Adintrevimab 43% 2 intramuscular Melatonin 43% 18 Bromhexine 43% 7 very limited data Sodium Bicar.. 43% 7 Nigella Sativa 43% 14 Tixagev../c.. 43% 17 variant dependent Casirivimab/.. 42% 31 variant dependent Propolis 41% 3 very limited data Curcumin 41% 27 H1RAs 39% 15 Fluvoxamine 39% 21 Montelukast 39% 9 limited data Exercise 39% 68 Hydrogen Per.. 38% 7 very limited data Phthalocyan.. 38% 4 Xiannuoxin 38% 2 very limited data Sunlight 37% 5 Vitamin D 37% 122 Vitamin A 36% 14 Nitazoxanide 35% 14 Selenium 34% 4 Bebtelovimab 34% 6 intravenous Sleep 31% 16 Azvudine 31% 26 Spironolactone 31% 12 Nitric Oxide 31% 12 Antiandrogens 30% 49 Vitamin B12 30% 4 Metformin 30% 97 Zinc 28% 46 Hydroxychlor.. 28% 419 Probiotics 28% 28 Budesonide 28% 15 Colchicine 27% 56 Ibuzatrelvir 27% 1 very limited data Sotrovimab 27% 25 variant dependent Andrographol.. 27% 7 Ensitrelvir 26% 3 very limited data Vilobelimab 26% 1 intravenous N-acetylcys.. 25% 24 Amubarv../r.. 25% 4 intravenous Lactoferrin 24% 8 Vitamin C 21% 73 Niclosamide 21% 6 very limited data Leritrelvir 21% 2 very limited data UDCA 20% 19 Camostat 18% 16 Famotidine 17% 30 Paxlovid 16% 72 independent trials refused Favipiravir 15% 70 worse w/longer followup Vitamin K 14% 2 very limited data Molnupiravir 11% 46 mutagenic/teratogenic Deuremidevir 11% 2 very limited data Aspirin 9% 76 Peg.. Lambda 7% 4 subcutaneous Ibuprofen 0% 13 Acebilustat 0% 1 very limited data Levilimab 0% 1 subcutaneous Sarilumab -0% 11 intravenous/subcutaneous Remdesivir -1% 79 worse w/longer followup Conv. Plasma -2% 54 intravenous Apremilast -3% 2 limited data Ravulizumab -5% 2 intravenous Lanadelumab -7% 1 very limited data Plasma-activ.. -9% 1 very limited data Razuprotafib -10% 2 subcutaneous Vitamin B9 -11% 11 Cannabidiol -12% 8 Sargramostim -13% 4 very limited data Brexanolone -14% 1 very limited data Losartan -15% 5 very limited data Trimodulin -17% 1 intravenous Lufotrelvir -22% 1 intravenous Pacritinib -28% 1 very limited data Cenicriviroc -28% 3 limited data Acetaminoph.. -28% 27 Crizanlizumab -29% 2 intravenous BMS mAbs -36% 1 subcutaneous Brensocatib -41% 1 very limited data Danicopan -43% 1 very limited data PPIs -46% 39 Olokizumab -50% 1 subcutaneous TRV027 -54% 2 intravenous Glenzocimab -60% 1 intravenous Siltuximab -64% 1 intravenous rNAPc2 -65% 1 very limited data Emvododstat -132% 1 very limited data Goflikicept -135% 1 subcutaneous Pemivibart -150% 1 intravenous Donidalorsen -151% 1 intravenous/subcutaneous Astodrimer S.. -205% 1 very limited data All studies (pooled effects, all stages) c19early.org November 2024 Rotate device for details Favors treatment Favors control
Random effects meta-analysis of all studies (pooled effects, all stages). Treatments with ≤3 studies with distinct authors or with <50 control events are shown in grey. Pooled results across all stages and outcomes depend on the distribution of stages and outcomes tested - for example late stage treatment may be less effective and if the majority of studies are late stage this may obscure the efficacy of early treatment. Please see the specific stage and outcome analyses. Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and synergistic, and the SOC in studies often includes other treatments. 0.5% of proposed treatments show efficacy in clinical studies.
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Random effects meta-analysis of early treatment studies (pooled effects). Treatments with ≤3 studies with distinct authors or with <50 control events are shown in grey. Pooled results across all outcomes are affected by the distribution of outcomes tested, please see detail pages for specific outcome analysis. Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and synergistic, and the SOC in studies often includes other treatments. 0.5% of proposed treatments show efficacy in clinical studies.
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Random effects meta-analysis of all mortality results (all stages). Treatments with ≤3 studies with distinct authors or with <25 control events are shown in grey. Pooled results across all stages depend on the distribution of stages tested - for example late stage treatment may be less effective and if the majority of studies are late stage this may obscure the efficacy of early treatment. Please see the specific stage analyses. Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and synergistic, and the SOC in studies often includes other treatments. 0.5% of proposed treatments show efficacy in clinical studies.
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Random effects meta-analysis of early treatment mortality results. Treatments with ≤3 studies with distinct authors or with <25 control events are shown in grey. Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and synergistic, and the SOC in studies often includes other treatments. 0.5% of proposed treatments show efficacy in clinical studies.
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Random effects meta-analysis of prophylaxis studies (pooled effects). Treatments with ≤3 studies with distinct authors or with <50 control events are shown in grey. Pooled results across all outcomes are affected by the distribution of outcomes tested, please see detail pages for specific outcome analysis. Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and synergistic, and the SOC in studies often includes other treatments. 0.5% of proposed treatments show efficacy in clinical studies.
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Random effects meta-analysis of prophylaxis mortality results. Treatments with ≤3 studies with distinct authors or with <25 control events are shown in grey. Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and synergistic, and the SOC in studies often includes other treatments. 0.5% of proposed treatments show efficacy in clinical studies.
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Random effects meta-analysis of long covid results. Treatments with ≤3 studies with distinct authors or with <50 control events are shown in grey. Pooled results across all stages and outcomes depend on the distribution of stages and outcomes tested - for example late stage treatment may be less effective and if the majority of studies are late stage this may obscure the efficacy of early treatment. Please see the specific stage and outcome analyses. Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and synergistic, and the SOC in studies often includes other treatments. 0.5% of proposed treatments show efficacy in clinical studies.
LATE TREATMENT
Physician / TeamLocationPatients HospitalizationHosp. MortalityDeath
Dr. David Uip (*) Brazil 2,200 38.6% (850) Ref. 2.5% (54) Ref.
EARLY TREATMENT - 40 physicians/teams
Physician / TeamLocationPatients HospitalizationHosp. ImprovementImp. MortalityDeath ImprovementImp.
Dr. Roberto Alfonso Accinelli
0/360 deaths for treatment within 3 days		 Peru 1,265 0.6% (7) 77.5%
Dr. Mohammed Tarek Alam
patients up to 84 years old		 Bangladesh 100 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Dr. Oluwagbenga Alonge Nigeria 310 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Dr. Raja Bhattacharya
up to 88yo, 81% comorbidities		 India 148 1.4% (2) 44.9%
Dr. Flavio Cadegiani Brazil 3,450 0.1% (4) 99.7% 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Dr. Alessandro Capucci Italy 350 4.6% (16) 88.2%
Dr. Shankara Chetty South Africa 8,000 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Dr. Deborah Chisholm USA 100 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Dr. Ryan Cole USA 400 0.0% (0) 100.0% 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Dr. Marco Cosentino
vs. 3-3.8% mortality during period; earlier treatment better		 Italy 392 6.4% (25) 83.5% 0.3% (1) 89.6%
Dr. Jeff Davis USA 6,000 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Dr. Dhanajay India 500 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Dr. Bryan Tyson & Dr. George Fareed USA 20,000 0.0% (6) 99.9% 0.0% (4) 99.2%
Dr. Raphael Furtado Brazil 170 0.6% (1) 98.5% 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Rabbi Yehoshua Gerzi Israel 860 0.1% (1) 99.7% 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Dr. Heather Gessling USA 1,500 0.1% (1) 97.3%
Dr. Ellen Guimarães Brazil 500 1.6% (8) 95.9% 0.4% (2) 83.7%
Dr. Syed Haider USA 4,000 0.1% (5) 99.7% 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Dr. Mark Hancock USA 24 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Dr. Sabine Hazan USA 1,000 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Dr. Mollie James USA 3,500 1.1% (40) 97.0% 0.0% (1) 98.8%
Dr. Roberta Lacerda Brazil 550 1.5% (8) 96.2% 0.4% (2) 85.2%
Dr. Katarina Lindley USA 100 5.0% (5) 87.1% 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Dr. Ben Marble USA 150,000 0.0% (4) 99.9%
Dr. Edimilson Migowski Brazil 2,000 0.3% (7) 99.1% 0.1% (2) 95.9%
Dr. Abdulrahman Mohana Saudi Arabia 2,733 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Dr. Carlos Nigro Brazil 5,000 0.9% (45) 97.7% 0.5% (23) 81.3%
Dr. Benoit Ochs Luxembourg 800 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Dr. Ortore Italy 240 1.2% (3) 96.8% 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Dr. Valerio Pascua
one death for a patient presenting on the 5th day in need of supplemental oxygen		 Honduras 415 6.3% (26) 83.8% 0.2% (1) 90.2%
Dr. Sebastian Pop Romania 300 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Dr. Brian Proctor USA 869 2.3% (20) 94.0% 0.2% (2) 90.6%
Dr. Anastacio Queiroz Brazil 700 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Dr. Didier Raoult France 8,315 2.6% (214) 93.3% 0.1% (5) 97.6%
Dr. Karin Ried
up to 99yo, 73% comorbidities, av. age 63		 Turkey 237 0.4% (1) 82.8%
Dr. Roman Rozencwaig
patients up to 86 years old		 Canada 80 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Dr. Vipul Shah India 8,000 0.1% (5) 97.5%
Dr. Silvestre Sobrinho Brazil 116 8.6% (10) 77.7% 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Dr. Unknown Brazil 957 1.7% (16) 95.7% 0.2% (2) 91.5%
Dr. Vladimir Zelenko USA 2,200 0.5% (12) 98.6% 0.1% (2) 96.3%
Mean improvement with early treatment protocols 238,381 HospitalizationHosp. 94.4% MortalityDeath 94.9%
Physician results with early treatment protocols compared to no early treatment. These results are subject to selection and ascertainment bias and more accurate analysis requires details of the patient populations and followup, however results are consistently better across many teams, and consistent with the extensive controlled trial evidence that shows a significant reduction in risk with many early treatments, and improved results with the use of multiple treatments in combination.
Vitamin D
Chen
In Vitro study showing that calcifediol inhibits SARS-CoV-2 papain-like protease (PLpro) activity through targeted binding. Authors conducted a FRET..
Ivermectin
Huerta León
Analysis of ivermectin in Peru showing significant variability in quality and concentration, with several formulations falling below the required..
Azvudine
Zhang
209 patients late treatment: 43% lower progression (p=0.03) and 14% faster viral clearance (p=0.02)
Ren
32,864 patients late treatment PSM: 32% lower mortality (p<0.0001) and 12% lower progression (p=0.01)
Propolis
Anshori
In Silico study showing that propolis extract may be beneficial for COVID-19. Authors used network pharmacology and bioinformatics to identify 25..
Vitamin A
Saleh
Retrospective 120 cases showing that topical mometasone furoate, vitamin A, or intranasal theophylline shortened time to recovery from post-COVID-19..
Fluvoxamine
Zhang
In Vitro study showing that the NSP6 protein from SARS-CoV-2 wild-type and Delta variant strains induces smaller autophagosomes and affects lysosome..
Paxlovid
Lopez
Review of resistance mutations in SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro and nsp12 that could reduce efficacy of antiviral therapies including nirmatrelvir, ensitrelvir,..
Favipiravir
Lopez
Review of resistance mutations in SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro and nsp12 that could reduce efficacy of antiviral therapies including nirmatrelvir, ensitrelvir,..
Ensitrelvir
Lopez
Review of resistance mutations in SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro and nsp12 that could reduce efficacy of antiviral therapies including nirmatrelvir, ensitrelvir,..
Remdesivir
Lopez
Review of resistance mutations in SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro and nsp12 that could reduce efficacy of antiviral therapies including nirmatrelvir, ensitrelvir,..
Indomethacin
Metwaly
In Silico study showing potential inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 papain-like protease (PLpro) by 7 FDA-approved drugs including indomethacin. Authors..
Recent studies (see the individual treatment pages for all studies):
Dec 31
 Morad, R., Elsevier BV, doi:10.2139/ssrn.5021494 Coating of Remdesivir and Ivermectin on Silver Nanoparticles: First Principle Study
In Silico study showing that silver nanoparticles could be used as a therapeutic drug delivery mechanism for remdesivir and ivermectin against SARS-CoV-2. Using Density Functional Theory calculations, authors find that both drugs bond str..
Nov 26
 Chen et al., Journal of Medical Virology, doi:10.1002/jmv.70085 In Vitro Characterization of Inhibition Function of Calcifediol to the Protease Activity of SARS-COV-2 PLpro
In Vitro study showing that calcifediol inhibits SARS-CoV-2 papain-like protease (PLpro) activity through targeted binding. Authors conducted a FRET-based screening experiment, supported by in vitro interaction studies, demonstrating calc..
Nov 25
 Huerta León et al., Revista Cubana de Medicina Militar, 53:4 Content and characteristics of ivermectin in master formulations
Analysis of ivermectin in Peru showing significant variability in quality and concentration, with several formulations falling below the required dosage standards (36.2%-95.8%). Dosage inconsistencies were identified in products from priv..
Nov 22
 Anshori et al., Chemistry & Biodiversity, doi:10.1002/cbdv.202401947 Uncovering the Therapeutic Potential of Propolis Extract in Managing Hyperinflammation and Long COVID‐19: A Comprehensive Bioinformatics Study
In Silico study showing that propolis extract may be beneficial for COVID-19. Authors used network pharmacology and bioinformatics to identify 25 inflammation-associated targets relevant to COVID-19, including STAT1, NOS2, and BTK, throug..
Nov 22
 Zhang et al., Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, doi:10.3389/fcimb.2024.1390098 Efficacy of azvudine plus dexamethasone in severe hospitalized patients with Omicron infection: a prospective multicenter study
43% lower progression (p=0.03) and 14% faster viral clearance (p=0.02). Prospective multicenter study of 209 severe hospitalized COVID-19 patients in China showing improved 28-day composite outcomes, faster viral clearance, and higher PaO2/FiO2 levels with azvudine plus dexamethasone compared to dexamethasone..
Nov 21
 Haque et al., Discover Molecules, doi:10.1007/s44345-024-00005-5 Exploring potential therapeutic candidates against COVID-19: a molecular docking study
In Silico study showing potential inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 proteins by various compounds including dactinomycin, itraconazole, ivermectin, vitamin D, quercetin, curcumin, montelukast, bromhexine, hesperidin, EGCG and raloxifene. Authors p..
Nov 20
 Tong et al., Research Square, doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-5317838/v1 Ursodeoxycholic acid reduces ACE-2 activity in COVID-19 patients and Calu- 3 cells
Retrospective 142 COVID-19 patients (89 treated with UDCA, 53 UDCA-free) showing reduced ACE2 levels in serum, plasma, and blood cells, a shorter time to fever resolution, and no significant difference in respiratory improvement with UDCA..
Nov 19
 Zhang et al., Journal of Virology, doi:10.1128/jvi.00754-24 SARS-CoV-2 NSP6 reduces autophagosome size and affects viral replication via sigma-1 receptor
In Vitro study showing that the NSP6 protein from SARS-CoV-2 wild-type and Delta variant strains induces smaller autophagosomes and affects lysosome function in A549 cells. Authors find that NSP6 activates autophagy through the Akt-mTOR-U..
Nov 19
 Saleh et al., Indian Journal of Otolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery, doi:10.1007/s12070-024-05213-6 Different Modalities in the Management of Post-COVID-19 Olfactory Dysfunction
Retrospective 120 cases showing that topical mometasone furoate, vitamin A, or intranasal theophylline shortened time to recovery from post-COVID-19 olfactory dysfunction compared to olfactory training alone. Final smell scores after four..
Nov 18
 Taufer et al., Microorganisms, doi:10.3390/microorganisms12112353 In Silico Analysis of Probiotic Bacteria Changes Across COVID-19 Severity Stages
Reanalysis of publicly available microbiome datasets from 7 studies totaling 581 COVID-19 patients and controls, showing significant differential abundance of beneficial bacterial genera, particularly Bifidobacterium and Bacteroides, acro..
Nov 18
 Pashaei et al., Journal of Comprehensive Pediatrics, doi:10.5812/jcp-149127 The Association Between COVID-19 Infection Severity and Micronutrient Deficiencies in Children
33% lower severe cases (p=0.21). Analysis of 85 pediatric patients (33 healthy controls, 25 mild COVID-19, 27 severe COVID-19), showing significantly lower serum zinc levels in severe COVID-19 patients compared to healthy controls. Severe cases had higher prevalence of z..
Nov 17
 Ren et al., Journal of Infection, doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2024.106355 Real-world effectiveness and safety of Azvudine in hospitalized patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection: a multicenter, retrospective cohort study
32% lower mortality (p<0.0001) and 12% lower progression (p=0.01). PSM retrospective 32,864 hospitalized COVID-19 patients in China showing lower all-cause mortality and disease progression with azvudine treatment.
Nov 15
 Metwaly et al., Journal of Chemical Research, doi:10.1177/17475198241298547 Discovery of potential FDA-approved SARS-CoV-2 Papain-like protease inhibitors: A multi-phase in silico approach
In Silico study showing potential inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 papain-like protease (PLpro) by 7 FDA-approved drugs including indomethacin. Authors screened 3,009 drugs and identified indomethacin, vismodegib, celecoxib, ketoprofen, naphazoli..
Nov 14
 Schmidt et al., New England Journal of Medicine, doi:10.1056/NEJMc2404555 Immunobridging for Pemivibart, a Monoclonal Antibody for Prevention of Covid-19
Discussion of immunobridging data for the monoclonal antibody pemivibart for prevention of COVID-19 in immunocompromised individuals. Pemivibart received Emergency Use Authorization from the FDA based on safety and immunobridging data fro..
Nov 14
 Wang et al., New England Journal of Medicine, doi:10.1056/NEJMc2410203 Activity of Research-Grade Pemivibart against Recent SARS-CoV-2 JN.1 Sublineages
In Vitro study showing that a laboratory-synthesized version of the monoclonal antibody pemivibart had reduced neutralization activity against recent SARS-CoV-2 JN.1 sublineages. Pemivibart was authorized for COVID-19 pre-exposure prophyl..
Nov 13
 Lee et al., Scientific Reports, doi:10.1038/s41598-024-78538-5 Elimination of olfactory sensory neurons by zinc sulfate inoculation prevents SARS-CoV-2 infection of the brain in K18-hACE2 transgenic mice
Mouse study showing that zinc sulfate protects K18-hACE2 transgenic mice from lethal SARS-CoV-2 infection by preventing viral transmission to the brain via the olfactory nerve pathway. Authors found that mice lacking olfactory sensory neu..
Nov 13
 Wolfe et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2024.11.11.24317127 Safety and Efficacy of Pemivibart, a Long-Acting Monoclonal Antibody, for Prevention of Symptomatic COVID-19: Interim Results From the CANOPY Clinical Trial
75% lower hospitalization (p=0.34), 74% lower progression (p<0.0001), and 76% fewer symptomatic cases (p<0.0001). Phase 3 trial of 306 immunocompromised adults and 484 non-immunocompromised adults showing pre-exposure prophylaxis with pemivibart was generally well-tolerated and provided protection against symptomatic COVID-19 through 6 months in..
Nov 13
 Powers et al., bioRxiv, doi:10.1101/2024.11.11.623127 Neutralization of recent SARS-CoV-2 variants by genetically and structurally related mAbs of the pemivibart lineage
In Vitro study showing continued activity of pemivibart and 15 pemivibart-like monoclonal antibodies against recent SARS-CoV-2 variants KP.3, KP.3.1.1, and XEC. Authors found that all 15 antibodies maintained activity against KP.3.1.1, wi..
Nov 13
 Uz et al., Inflammopharmacology, doi:10.1007/s10787-024-01597-7 Role of intravenous vitamin C on outcomes in hospitalized patients with moderate or severe COVID-19: a real life data of Turkish patients
84% lower mortality (p=0.05). Retrospective 270 moderate/severe hospitalized COVID-19 patients, showing lower mortality with high (25 g/day) or low-dose (2 g/day) intraveneous vitamin C.
Nov 12
 Patrick-Brown et al., Communications Medicine, doi:10.1038/s43856-024-00650-4 The effects of remdesivir on long-term symptoms in patients hospitalised for COVID-19: a pre-specified exploratory analysis
Long-term results for the NOR-Solidarity RCT showing worse long-term outcomes at 3 months with remdesivir compared to SoC with or without HCQ. The CAT total score was 16.8 vs. 11.4, p = 0.06, close to statistical significance for harm. Se..
Nov 12
 Kim et al., Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety, doi:10.1002/pds.70043 Investigating the Safety Profile of Fast‐Track COVID‐19 Drugs Using the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System Database: A Comparative Observational Study
FAERS adverse event analysis for remdesivir, bebtelovimab, molnupiravir, and paxlovid. Top 10 signals for serious adverse drug reactions for remdesivir included death and acute kidney injury, for paxlovid: disease recurrence and rebound, ..
Nov 11
 Hammond et al., Clinical Infectious Diseases, doi:10.1093/cid/ciae551 Alleviation of COVID-19 Symptoms and Reduction in Healthcare Utilization Among High-Risk Patients Treated With Nirmatrelvir/Ritonavir (NMV/R): A phase 3 randomized trial
Additional analysis of [Hammond]. Results are shown with the main paper [Hammond].
Nov 11
 Fazli et al., Journal of Medical Bacteriology, 12:4 Possible Link between Gut Microbiota, Diet, and COVID-19 Infection
Review of the relationship between gut microbiota, diet, and COVID-19 infection. Authors analyze how SARS-CoV-2 infection affects gut microbiota composition and how dietary factors may influence disease outcomes. Studies show COVID-19 pat..
Nov 11
 Qin et al., Nutrition Reviews, doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuae154 Effects of Vitamin C Supplements on Clinical Outcomes and Hospitalization Duration for Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
36% lower mortality (p=0.0001) and 41% lower severe cases (p=0.0006). Meta analysis of 22 studies with 6,831 patients showing significantly lower COVID-19 mortality and severity with vitamin C treatment.
Nov 10
 Yao et al., bioRxiv, doi:10.1101/2024.11.08.622746 Neutralizing Activity and Viral Escape of Pemivibart by SARS-CoV-2 JN.1 sublineages
In Vitro study showing that the monoclonal antibody pemivibart retains broad neutralizing activity against recent SARS-CoV-2 JN.1 sublineages but has reduced potency against KP.3.1.1 and XEC variants, with IC50 values ~22-fold higher than..
Nov 9
 Somasundaram et al., Annals of Medicine, doi:10.1080/07853890.2024.2425829 Metformin use and its association with various outcomes in COVID-19 patients with diabetes mellitus: a retrospective cohort study in a tertiary care facility
89% lower mortality (p<0.0001). Retrospective 421 hospitalized COVID-19 patients with type 2 diabetes in India, showing significantly lower mortality with metformin use compared to other antidiabetic medications.
Nov 8
 Wang et al., Journal of Global Health, doi:10.7189/jogh.14.05032 Low antiviral uptake of nirmatrelvir/ritonavir and molnupiravir in adult patients with COVID-19 in Taiwan in 2022
Retrospective 96,398 adult COVID-19 patients in Taiwan showing very low use of approved antivirals nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (5.1%) and molnupiravir (1.9%) in 2022, especially in moderate-to-high risk groups eligible for treatment per WHO gu..
Nov 8
 Focosi et al., Intervirology, doi:10.1159/000540282 The fitness of molnupiravir-signed SARS-CoV-2 variants: imputation analysis based on prescription counts and GISAID analyses by country
Analysis of GISAID SARS-CoV-2 sequences showing a strong correlation between molnupiravir prescriptions and putative molnupiravir-generated variants by country. Authors identify 1,094 sequences with a molnupiravir mutational signature, pr..
Nov 8
 Xie et al., Cellular & Molecular Biology Letters, doi:10.1186/s11658-024-00659-6 The role of reactive oxygen species in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV-2) infection-induced cell death
Review of the effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS) on cell death pathways in SARS-CoV-2 infection. SARS-CoV-2 induces oxidative stress and ROS generation which can lead to several types of regulated cell death including NETosis, ferro..
Nov 7
 Xu et al., Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, doi:10.3389/fcimb.2024.1453234 Systematic evaluation of therapeutic effectiveness of Azvudine in treating COVID-19 hospitalized patients: a retrospective cohort study
75% lower mortality (p=0.02) and 63% lower progression (p=0.02). Retrospective 264 hospitalized COVID-19 patients in China showing lower risk of composite disease progression and all-cause mortality with azvudine treatment.
Nov 7
 Prasanchaimontri et al., Pharmacology Research & Perspectives, doi:10.1002/prp2.1233 Favipiravir pharmacokinetics in Thai adults with mild COVID‐19: A sub‐study of interpatient variability and ethnic differences in exposure
Pharmacokinetic study of 8 Thai adults with mild COVID-19 showing higher favipiravir plasma concentrations compared to studies in other populations, suggesting regional/ethnic differences in pharmacokinetics. 7 of 8 adults achieved plasma..
Nov 6
 Mirkarimi et al., Health Science Reports, doi:10.1002/hsr2.70181 Clinical and Epidemiological Features of Pediatric COVID‐19: A Retrospective Study
63% fewer moderate/severe cases (p<0.0001). Retrospective 600 hospitalized pediatric COVID-19 patients, showing vitamin D insufficiency/deficiency associated with COVID-19 severity.
Nov 5
 Sartini et al., Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu16223794 The Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation Post COVID-19 Infection and Related Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Meta analysis of 29 studies showing significantly lower ICU admission and intubation rates with vitamin D treatment in COVID-19 patients. Mortality was significantly reduced in observational studies but without statistical significance in..
Nov 5
 Darand et al., BMC Infectious Diseases, doi:10.1186/s12879-024-10115-7 The association between adherence to unhealthy plant-based diet and risk of COVID-19: a cross-sectional study
37% fewer cases (p=0.03). Analysis of 8,157 adults showing significantly higher risk of COVID-19 with higher adherence to an unhealthy diet, characterized by higher intake of less healthy foods such as fruit juices, refined grains, potatoes, and sugar-sweetened be..
Nov 5
 Sundaresh et al., Ophthalmology Journal, doi:10.5603/oj.93780 Ocular safety of hydroxychloroquine when used as prophylaxis against COVID-19 in healthcare workers at a tertiary care center in India
Analysis of 61 healthcare workers in India showing no significant correlation between short-term high-dose hydroxychloroquine use for COVID-19 prophylaxis and adverse effects on color vision, contrast sensitivity, macular thickness, retin..
Nov 5
 Šeškutė et al., International Journal of Molecular Sciences, doi:10.3390/ijms252211872 Antiviral Effect of Melatonin on Caco-2 Cell Organoid Culture: Trick or Treat?
In Vitro study showing that melatonin exhibits antiviral properties in gastrointestinal epithelial cells through modulation of type III interferon responses and cellular protection. Authors found that melatonin's effects varied based on t..
Nov 2
 Mortezavi et al., Clinical Infectious Diseases, doi:10.1093/cid/ciae529 Virologic Response and Safety of Ibuzatrelvir, a Novel SARS-CoV-2 Antiviral, in Adults With COVID-19
27% improved viral clearance (p=0.0001). RCT 240 outpatients showing significant viral load reduction with ibuzatrelvir (an oral SARS-CoV-2 Mpro inhibitor) compared to placebo. The study enrolled non-hospitalized adults aged 18-65 with symptomatic COVID-19 (≤5 days) and positive..
Nov 1
 Wang et al., Medicine, doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000040245 Vitamin D levels in children and adolescents are associated with coronavirus disease-2019 outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Systematic review and meta-analysis of 9 studies with 1,262 children showing higher risk of COVID-19 infection and severe illness with vitamin D insufficiency.
Oct 30
 Bianconi et al., Annals of Medicine, doi:10.1080/07853890.2024.2399761 Treatment with proton pump inhibitors is associated with secondary bacterial infections and sepsis in patients with COVID-19: a retrospective analysis of their joint impact on in-hospital prognosis
37% higher combined mortality/ICU admission (p=0.09) and 96% worse results (p=0.0001). Retrospective 1,087 hospitalized COVID-19 patients showing significantly increased risk of secondary bacterial infections (SBIs) and secondary bacterial sepsis (SBS) sepsis with pre-admission proton pump inhibitor (PPI) use. Combined ICU..
Oct 29
 Bhimraj et al., Clinical Infectious Diseases, doi:10.1093/cid/ciae435 2024 Clinical Practice Guideline Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America on the Management of COVID-19: Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibody Pemivibart for Pre-exposure Prophylaxis
Update to IDSA clinical practice guidelines on the treatment and management of COVID-19, providing a conditional recommendation for pre-exposure prophylaxis with pemivibart, an anti-SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody, in moderately or sever..
Oct 28
 Vogel et al., Research Square, doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-5314583/v1 A randomized trial of at-home COVID-19 tests, telemedicine, and rapid prescription delivery for immunocompromised individuals
RCT 671 immunocompromised or aged 65+ participants in the US showing significantly reduced ICU admissions and cost of COVID care with access to at-home COVID tests, telemedicine, and rapid paxlovid delivery. There was no significant diffe..
We aim to cover the most promising early treatments for COVID-19. We use pre-specified effect extraction criteria that prioritizes more serious outcomes, for details see methods. For specific outcomes and different treatment stages see the individual pages. Not all treatments are covered here, effectiveness has been reported for many other treatments in studies. Of the 5,135 studies, 2,491 present results comparing with a control group, 2,282 are treatment studies, and 209 analyze outcomes based on serum levels. There are 97 animal studies, 186 in silico studies, 341 in vitro studies, 390 reviews, and 228 meta analyses.
Please send us corrections, updates, or comments. c19early involves the extraction of 100,000+ datapoints from thousands of papers. Community updates help ensure high accuracy. Treatments and other interventions are complementary. All practical, effective, and safe means should be used based on risk/benefit analysis. No treatment or intervention is 100% available and effective for all current and future variants. We do not provide medical advice. Before taking any medication, consult a qualified physician who can provide personalized advice and details of risks and benefits based on your medical history and situation. FLCCC and WCH provide treatment protocols.
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