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61 metformin COVID-19 controlled studies, 2 RCTs
58% improvement
for early treatment, RR
0.42
[0.23-0.77]
https://c19early.org/mfmeta.html
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
1.25
1.5
1.75
2+
TOGETHER
Reis (DB RCT)
27%
0.73 [0.28-1.94]
death
7/215
9/203
impossible data, see notes
Improvement, RR [CI]
Treatment
Control
TOGETHER
Reis (DB RCT)
6%
0.94 [0.55-1.61]
hosp.
24/215
24/203
impossible data, see notes
TOGETHER
Reis (DB RCT)
39%
0.61 [0.26-1.41]
hosp.
8/168
14/179
impossible data, see notes
TOGETHER
Reis (DB RCT)
-14%
1.14 [0.73-1.81]
hosp./ER
34/215
28/203
impossible data, see notes
TOGETHER
Reis (DB RCT)
12%
0.88 [0.45-1.71]
hosp./ER
14/168
17/179
impossible data, see notes
TOGETHER
Reis (DB RCT)
31%
0.69 [0.28-1.68]
progression
8/216
11/205
impossible data, see notes
TOGETHER
Reis (DB RCT)
26%
0.74 [0.29-1.90]
progression
7/171
10/181
impossible data, see notes
TOGETHER
Reis (DB RCT)
1%
0.99 [0.88-1.11]
viral+
215 (n)
203 (n)
impossible data, see notes
Hunt
67%
0.33 [0.25-0.43]
death
73/3,956
1,539/22,552
COVID-OUT
Bramante (DB RCT)
3%
0.97 [0.06-15.5]
death
1/408
1/396
OT​1 ​
COVID-OUT
Bramante (DB RCT)
-197%
2.97 [0.12-72.7]
death
1/408
0/396
OT​1 ​
COVID-OUT
Bramante (DB RCT)
52%
0.48 [0.20-1.11]
death/hosp.
8/652
18/655
OT​1 ​
COVID-OUT
Bramante (DB RCT)
40%
0.60 [0.37-0.94]
progression
27/652
48/655
OT​1 ​
COVID-OUT
Bramante (DB RCT)
12%
0.88 [0.73-1.06]
progression
154/652
179/653
OT​1 ​
Tamura
97%
0.03 [0.00-0.58]
death
115 (n)
73 (n)
Li
76%
0.24 [0.06-0.98]
death
2/37
21/94
Luo
75%
0.25 [0.07-0.84]
death
3/104
22/179
Choi (PSM)
-120%
2.20 [0.51-9.58]
progression
case control
Wang
58%
0.42 [0.01-1.98]
death
1/9
13/49
Chen
33%
0.67 [0.20-1.78]
death
4/43
15/77
Kim
64%
0.36 [0.10-1.23]
death
113 (n)
122 (n)
Kim
52%
0.48 [0.19-1.24]
progression
113 (n)
122 (n)
Li
78%
0.22 [0.09-0.54]
death
2/37
21/94
Li
-27%
1.27 [0.12-13.6]
ventilation
1/37
2/94
Goodall
3%
0.97 [0.75-1.25]
death
74/210
280/771
Gao
-225%
3.25 [1.03-7.41]
progression
16/56
4/54
Pérez-Bel.. (PSM)
-10%
1.10 [0.84-1.40]
death
79/249
79/249
Kolin
-30%
1.30 [0.97-1.73]
cases
n/a
n/a
Bramante
7%
0.93 [0.81-1.06]
death
394/2,333
791/3,923
Bramante
24%
0.76 [0.60-0.96]
death
1,129 (n)
2,173 (n)
Bramante
-3%
1.03 [0.84-1.27]
death
1,204 (n)
1,750 (n)
Lalau (PSM)
22%
0.78 [0.55-1.10]
death
671 (n)
419 (n)
Lalau (PSM)
18%
0.82 [0.61-1.11]
death/int.
671 (n)
419 (n)
Lalau (PSM)
7%
0.93 [0.64-1.35]
ventilation
671 (n)
419 (n)
Huh
-1%
1.01 [0.75-1.37]
progression
104/272
774/2,533
Huh
4%
0.96 [0.82-1.12]
cases
population-based cohort
Crouse
61%
0.39 [0.16-0.87]
death
8/76
34/144
Lally
52%
0.48 [0.28-0.84]
death
16/127
144/648
Oh
-26%
1.26 [0.81-1.95]
death
5,946 (n)
5,946 (n)
Oh (PSM)
28%
0.72 [0.63-0.81]
cases
390/5,946
541/5,946
CORONADO
Wargny
28%
0.72 [0.53-0.95]
death
247/1,553
330/1,241
CORONADO
Wargny
15%
0.85 [0.74-0.97]
no disch.
690/1,553
702/1,241
Bramante (PSM)
62%
0.38 [0.16-0.91]
death
342 (n)
342 (n)
Bramante
68%
0.32 [0.15-0.66]
death
676 (n)
8,879 (n)
Bramante (PSM)
-9%
1.09 [0.62-1.91]
ICU
342 (n)
342 (n)
Bramante
32%
0.68 [0.45-1.02]
ICU
676 (n)
8,879 (n)
Bramante
22%
0.78 [0.58-1.04]
hosp.
676 (n)
8,879 (n)
COVIDENCE UK
Holt
-27%
1.27 [0.72-2.22]
cases
12/429
434/14,798
Khunti
23%
0.77 [0.73-0.81]
death
population-based cohort
Jiang (PSM)
46%
0.54 [0.13-2.26]
death
3/74
10/74
Jiang (PSM)
80%
0.20 [0.05-0.77]
progression
8/74
17/74
Ghany
66%
0.34 [0.19-0.59]
death
392 (n)
747 (n)
Ghany
29%
0.71 [0.52-0.86]
hosp.
392 (n)
747 (n)
Ghany
68%
0.32 [0.22-0.45]
ARDS
392 (n)
747 (n)
Alamgir
27%
0.73 [0.63-0.84]
death
11,062 (n)
11,062 (n)
Alamgir
34%
0.66 [0.49-0.90]
death
5,369 (n)
5,369 (n)
Alamgir
30%
0.70 [0.53-0.95]
death
2,525 (n)
2,525 (n)
Gálvez-Barrón
-16%
1.16 [0.73-1.49]
death
20 (n)
83 (n)
Gálvez-Barrón
-16%
1.16 [0.73-1.49]
severe case
20 (n)
83 (n)
Ravindra
30%
0.70 [0.28-1.56]
death
5/53
57/313
Blanc
79%
0.21 [0.03-1.46]
death
1/14
25/75
Blanc
-44%
1.44 [1.00-2.07]
cases
11/16
78/163
Boye
10%
0.90 [0.86-0.94]
hosp.
2,067/4,250
3,196/5,281
Cheng (PSM)
-65%
1.65 [0.71-3.86]
death
678 (n)
535 (n)
Wang
12%
0.88 [0.81-0.97]
ICU
6,504 (n)
10,000 (n)
Ando
39%
0.61 [0.38-0.99]
hosp.
Wander
15%
0.85 [0.80-0.90]
death
Wander
2%
0.98 [0.92-1.06]
ICU
Wander
3%
0.97 [0.94-1.01]
hosp.
Saygili (PSM)
42%
0.58 [0.37-0.92]
death
120 (n)
120 (n)
Ong
47%
0.53 [0.31-0.87]
death
33/186
57/169
Ong
24%
0.76 [0.50-1.10]
death
28/109
57/169
Ong
85%
0.15 [0.04-0.55]
death
2/40
57/169
Ong
76%
0.24 [0.07-0.68]
death
3/37
57/169
Bliden
60%
0.40 [0.12-1.37]
death
3/34
9/41
Bliden
76%
0.24 [0.06-1.03]
ventilation
2/34
10/41
Al-Salameh
55%
0.45 [0.17-0.94]
death/ICU
9/47
22/50
Al-Salameh
-68%
1.68 [1.12-2.05]
death/ICU
34/43
22/50
Wallace (PSW)
72%
0.28 [0.21-0.37]
death
103/1,203
1,536/6,970
Ojeda-Fern.. (PSM)
16%
0.84 [0.79-0.89]
death
1,476/6,556
1,787/6,556
Ojeda-Fern.. (PSM)
22%
0.78 [0.72-0.84]
death
968/6,556
1,261/6,556
Ojeda-Fern.. (PSM)
22%
0.78 [0.64-0.95]
ICU
166/6,556
212/6,556
Ojeda-Fern.. (PSM)
3%
0.97 [0.94-1.00]
hosp.
3,551/6,556
3,670/6,556
Ojeda-Fern.. (PSM)
8%
0.92 [0.84-1.00]
death
793/3,297
876/3,297
Ojeda-Fern.. (PSM)
16%
0.84 [0.75-0.94]
death
512/3,297
618/3,297
Ojeda-Fern.. (PSM)
39%
0.61 [0.44-0.82]
ICU
64/3,297
102/3,297
Ojeda-Fern.. (PSM)
-2%
1.02 [0.97-1.07]
hosp.
1,822/3,297
1,792/3,297
Usman
60%
0.40 [0.12-1.37]
death
3/34
9/41
Usman
76%
0.24 [0.06-1.03]
ventilation
2/34
10/41
Usman
34%
0.66 [0.39-1.13]
hosp. time
34 (n)
41 (n)
Wong
51%
0.49 [0.43-0.57]
death
Wong
41%
0.59 [0.52-0.66]
ventilation
Wong
40%
0.60 [0.57-0.63]
hosp.
Wong (PSW)
59%
0.41 [0.22-0.80]
death
786 (n)
428 (n)
Wong (PSW)
61%
0.39 [0.21-0.75]
no recov.
786 (n)
428 (n)
Wong (PSW)
64%
0.36 [0.18-0.76]
improv.
786 (n)
428 (n)
Wong (PSW)
56%
0.44 [0.24-0.81]
no disch.
786 (n)
428 (n)
MacFadden
1%
0.99 [0.96-1.01]
cases
n/a
n/a
Ma (PSW)
74%
0.26 [0.07-0.89]
death
3/361
40/995
Ma (PSM)
25%
0.75 [0.36-1.56]
ventilation
12/360
16/360
Yeh
44%
0.56 [0.45-0.71]
progression
n/a
n/a
Yeh
37%
0.63 [0.53-0.75]
hosp.
n/a
n/a
Cousins (PSM)
54%
0.46 [0.25-0.82]
ventilation
2,498 (n)
2,497 (n)
Cousins (PSM)
56%
0.44 [0.32-0.61]
ICU
2,498 (n)
2,497 (n)
Shestakova
22%
0.78 [0.67-0.91]
death
Loucera
30%
0.70 [0.61-0.80]
death
1,896 (n)
14,072 (n)
Chan
59%
0.41 [0.12-1.44]
death
400 (n)
2,736 (n)
Chan
54%
0.46 [0.18-1.14]
severe case
400 (n)
2,736 (n)
Chan
42%
0.58 [0.17-1.91]
progression
51/400
798/2,736
Chan
37%
0.63 [0.23-1.71]
progression
400 (n)
2,736 (n)
Chan
41%
0.59 [0.31-1.13]
progression
196 (n)
86 (n)
Chan
34%
0.66 [0.39-1.09]
progression
196 (n)
86 (n)
Zaccardi
34%
0.66 [0.60-0.72]
death
Zaccardi
31%
0.69 [0.65-0.73]
hosp.
Yip (PSM)
7%
0.93 [0.72-1.22]
death/hosp.
8,604 (n)
3,727 (n)
Yip (PSM)
15%
0.85 [0.68-1.07]
progression
8,604 (n)
3,727 (n)
Yip (PSM)
15%
0.85 [0.68-1.05]
progression
8,604 (n)
3,727 (n)
Ouchi
10%
0.90 [0.77-1.05]
death
6,168 (n)
9,875 (n)
Ouchi
8%
0.92 [0.82-1.02]
death/hosp.
6,168 (n)
9,875 (n)
Morrison (PSM)
41%
0.59 [0.41-0.84]
death
2,684 (n)
2,684 (n)
Morrison (PSM)
-16%
1.16 [0.76-1.76]
ventilation
2,684 (n)
2,684 (n)
Morrison (PSM)
3%
0.97 [0.72-1.31]
ICU
2,684 (n)
2,684 (n)
Morrison (PSM)
-4%
1.04 [0.84-1.28]
hosp.
2,684 (n)
2,684 (n)
Mannucci
38%
0.62 [0.41-0.93]
death
n/a
n/a
Mannucci
15%
0.85 [0.64-1.12]
hosp.
n/a
n/a
Milosavljevic
33%
0.67 [0.47-0.95]
severe case
377 (n)
356 (n)
Miao (PSM)
1%
0.99 [0.85-1.15]
death
233/796
236/796
Miao (PSM)
5%
0.95 [0.88-1.03]
hosp. time
796 (n)
796 (n)
Servais
49%
0.51 [0.34-0.78]
death
n/a
n/a
Pinchera
15%
0.85 [0.71-0.96]
severe case
5/19
14/24
OT​1 ​
Metformin COVID-19 outcomes
c19 early.org/mf Mar 2023
​1 ​ OT: comparison with other treatment
Favors metformin
Favors control
Please send us corrections, updates, or comments. Vaccines and
treatments are complementary. All practical, effective, and safe means should
be used based on risk/benefit analysis. No treatment, vaccine, or intervention
is 100% available and effective for all current and future variants. We do not
provide medical advice. Before taking any medication, consult a qualified
physician who can provide personalized advice and details of risks and
benefits based on your medical history and situation.
FLCCC and
WCH
provide treatment protocols.
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