Unveiling the Interplay—Vitamin D and ACE-2 Molecular Interactions in Mitigating Complications and Deaths from SARS-CoV-2

{ 'indexed': { 'date-parts': [[2024, 10, 19]], 'date-time': '2024-10-19T04:10:53Z', 'timestamp': 1729311053865, 'version': '3.27.0'}, 'reference-count': 314, 'publisher': 'MDPI AG', 'issue': '10', 'license': [ { 'start': { 'date-parts': [[2024, 10, 16]], 'date-time': '2024-10-16T00:00:00Z', 'timestamp': 1729036800000}, 'content-version': 'vor', 'delay-in-days': 0, 'URL': 'https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/'}], 'content-domain': {'domain': [], 'crossmark-restriction': False}, 'abstract': '<jats:p>The interaction of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein with membrane-bound ' 'angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2) receptors in epithelial cells facilitates viral entry ' 'into human cells. Despite this, ACE-2 exerts significant protective effects against ' 'coronaviruses by neutralizing viruses in circulation and mitigating inflammation. While ' 'SARS-CoV-2 reduces ACE-2 expression, vitamin D increases it, counteracting the virus’s ' 'harmful effects. Vitamin D’s beneficial actions are mediated through complex molecular ' 'mechanisms involving innate and adaptive immune systems. Meanwhile, vitamin D status [25(OH)D ' 'concentration] is inversely correlated with severity, complications, and mortality rates from ' 'COVID-19. This study explores mechanisms through which vitamin D inhibits SARS-CoV-2 ' 'replication, including the suppression of transcription enzymes, reduced inflammation and ' 'oxidative stress, and increased expression of neutralizing antibodies and antimicrobial ' 'peptides. Both hypovitaminosis D and SARS-CoV-2 elevate renin levels, the rate-limiting step ' 'in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAS); it increases ACE-1 but reduces ACE-2 ' 'expression. This imbalance leads to elevated levels of the pro-inflammatory, pro-coagulatory, ' 'and vasoconstricting peptide angiotensin-II (Ang-II), leading to widespread inflammation. It ' 'also causes increased membrane permeability, allowing fluid and viruses to infiltrate soft ' 'tissues, lungs, and the vascular system. In contrast, sufficient vitamin D levels suppress ' 'renin expression, reducing RAS activity, lowering ACE-1, and increasing ACE-2 levels. ACE-2 ' 'cleaves Ang-II to generate Ang(1–7), a vasodilatory, anti-inflammatory, and anti-thrombotic ' 'peptide that mitigates oxidative stress and counteracts the harmful effects of SARS-CoV-2. ' 'Excess ACE-2 molecules spill into the bloodstream as soluble receptors, neutralizing and ' 'facilitating the destruction of the virus. These combined mechanisms reduce viral ' 'replication, load, and spread. Hence, vitamin D facilitates rapid recovery and minimizes ' 'transmission to others. Overall, vitamin D enhances the immune response and counteracts the ' 'pathological effects of SARS-CoV-2. Additionally, data suggests that widely used ' 'anti-hypertensive agents—angiotensin receptor blockers and ACE inhibitors—may lessen the ' 'adverse impacts of SARS-CoV-2, although they are less potent than vitamin D.</jats:p>', 'DOI': '10.3390/biology13100831', 'type': 'journal-article', 'created': { 'date-parts': [[2024, 10, 16]], 'date-time': '2024-10-16T14:11:04Z', 'timestamp': 1729087864000}, 'page': '831', 'source': 'Crossref', 'is-referenced-by-count': 0, 'title': 'Unveiling the Interplay—Vitamin D and ACE-2 Molecular Interactions in Mitigating Complications ' 'and Deaths from SARS-CoV-2', 'prefix': '10.3390', 'volume': '13', 'author': [ { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1096-8595', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Sunil J.', 'family': 'Wimalawansa', 'sequence': 'first', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'CardioMetabolic and Endocrine Institute, North Brunswick, NJ ' '08902, USA'}]}], 'member': '1968', 'published-online': {'date-parts': [[2024, 10, 16]]}, 'reference': [ { 'key': 'ref_1', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Santaolalla, A., Beckmann, K., Kibaru, J., Josephs, D., Van Hemelrijck, ' 'M., and Irshad, S. (2020). Association between vitamin D and novel ' 'SARS-CoV-2 respiratory dysfunction—A scoping review of current evidence ' 'and Its implication for COVID-19 pandemic. Front. Physiol., 11.', 'DOI': '10.3389/fphys.2020.564387'}, { 'key': 'ref_2', 'first-page': '432', 'article-title': 'Global epidemic of coronavirus—COVID-19: What can we do to minimize ' 'risks?', 'volume': '7', 'author': 'Wimalawansa', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Eur. J. Biomed. Pharma Sci.'}, { 'key': 'ref_3', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '571', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.jsbmb.2004.03.037', 'article-title': 'Why “Vitamin D” is not a hormone, and not a synonym for ' '1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D, its analogs or deltanoids', 'volume': '89–90', 'author': 'Vieth', 'year': '2004', 'journal-title': 'J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol.'}, { 'key': 'ref_4', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Wimalawansa, S.J. (2023). Infections and autoimmunity-The immune system ' 'and vitamin D: A Systematic Review. Nutrients, 15.', 'DOI': '10.3390/nu15173842'}, { 'key': 'ref_5', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Wimalawansa, S.J. (2023). Physiological basis for using vitamin D to ' 'improve health. Biomedicines, 11.', 'DOI': '10.3390/biomedicines11061542'}, { 'key': 'ref_6', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Shu, J., Zhang, M., Dong, X., Long, J., Li, Y., Tan, P., He, T., ' 'Giovannucci, E.L., Zhang, X., and Zhou, Z. (2024). Vitamin D receptor ' 'gene polymorphisms, bioavailable 25-hydroxyvitamin D, and hepatocellular ' 'carcinoma survival. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., Online ahead of print.', 'DOI': '10.1093/jnci/djae116'}, { 'key': 'ref_7', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Ciocarlie, T., Motofelea, A.C., Motofelea, N., Dutu, A.G., Craciun, A., ' 'Costachescu, D., Roi, C.I., Silaghi, C.N., and Crintea, A. (2024). ' 'Exploring the role of vitamin D, vitamin D-dependent proteins, and ' 'vitamin D receptor gene variation in lung cancer risk. Int. J. Mol. ' 'Sci., 25.', 'DOI': '10.3390/ijms25126664'}, { 'key': 'ref_8', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Voltan, G., Cannito, M., Ferrarese, M., Ceccato, F., and Camozzi, V. ' '(2023). Vitamin D: An overview of gene regulation, ranging from ' 'metabolism to genomic effects. Genes, 14.', 'DOI': '10.3390/genes14091691'}, { 'key': 'ref_9', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Adamczak, D.M. (2017). The role of Toll-Like receptors and vitamin D in ' 'cardiovascular diseases-A review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.', 'DOI': '10.3390/ijms18112252'}, { 'key': 'ref_10', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '14975', 'DOI': '10.1074/jbc.M607277200', 'article-title': 'A critical role of toll-like receptor 2 in nerve injury-induced spinal ' 'cord glial cell activation and pain hypersensitivity', 'volume': '282', 'author': 'Kim', 'year': '2007', 'journal-title': 'J. Biol. Chem.'}, { 'key': 'ref_11', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1770', 'DOI': '10.1126/science.1123933', 'article-title': 'Toll-like receptor triggering of a vitamin D-mediated human ' 'antimicrobial response', 'volume': '311', 'author': 'Liu', 'year': '2006', 'journal-title': 'Science'}, { 'key': 'ref_12', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Koivisto, O., Hanel, A., and Carlberg, C. (2020). Key vitamin D target ' 'genes with functions in the immune system. Nutrients, 12.', 'DOI': '10.3390/nu12041140'}, { 'key': 'ref_13', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '37', 'DOI': '10.2147/PLMI.S373617', 'article-title': 'Overcoming infections including COVID-19, by maintaining circulating ' '25(OH)D concentrations above 50 ng/mL', 'volume': '14', 'author': 'Wimalawansa', 'year': '2022', 'journal-title': 'Pathol. Lab. Med. Int.'}, { 'key': 'ref_14', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '334', 'DOI': '10.1006/abbi.1999.1605', 'article-title': 'Expression of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) receptor in the immune system', 'volume': '374', 'author': 'Veldman', 'year': '2000', 'journal-title': 'Arch. Biochem. Biophys.'}, { 'key': 'ref_15', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1856', 'DOI': '10.1172/JCI111147', 'article-title': 'Metabolism of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 by cultured pulmonary alveolar ' 'macrophages in sarcoidosis', 'volume': '72', 'author': 'Adams', 'year': '1983', 'journal-title': 'J. Clin. Investig.'}, { 'key': 'ref_16', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '37', 'DOI': '10.1359/JBMR.050908', 'article-title': 'Immune regulation of 25-hydroxyvitamin-D3-1alpha-hydroxylase in human ' 'monocytes', 'volume': '21', 'author': 'Stoffels', 'year': '2006', 'journal-title': 'J. Bone Miner. Res.'}, { 'key': 'ref_17', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '953', 'DOI': '10.2174/1389557515666150519110830', 'article-title': 'Vitamin-D in the immune system: Genomic and non-genomic actions', 'volume': '15', 'author': 'Trochoutsou', 'year': '2015', 'journal-title': 'Mini Rev. Med. Chem.'}, { 'key': 'ref_18', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '2141', 'DOI': '10.1007/s40520-020-01677-y', 'article-title': 'Evidence for possible association of vitamin D status with cytokine ' 'storm and unregulated inflammation in COVID-19 patients', 'volume': '32', 'author': 'Daneshkhah', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Aging Clin. Exp. Res.'}, { 'key': 'ref_19', 'first-page': '2579', 'article-title': 'ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers reduce the ' 'complications associated with COVID-19 infection', 'volume': '10', 'author': 'Wimalawansa', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'World J. Pharma Res.'}, { 'key': 'ref_20', 'first-page': '1307', 'article-title': 'Rickets/osteomalacia. consensus on vitamin D deficiency and ' 'insufficiency in children', 'volume': '28', 'author': 'Michigami', 'year': '2018', 'journal-title': 'Clin. Calcium'}, { 'key': 'ref_21', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Gogulothu, R., Nagar, D., Gopalakrishnan, S., Garlapati, V.R., ' 'Kallamadi, P.R., and Ismail, A. (2020). Disrupted expression of genes ' 'essential for skeletal muscle fibre integrity and energy metabolism in ' 'vitamin D deficient rats. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol., 197.', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.105525'}, { 'key': 'ref_22', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': 'e144', 'DOI': '10.7861/clinmed.2021-0035', 'article-title': 'Perspective: Vitamin D supplementation prevents rickets and acute ' 'respiratory infections when given as daily maintenance but not as ' 'intermittent bolus: Implications for COVID-19', 'volume': '21', 'author': 'Griffin', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Clin. Med.'}, { 'key': 'ref_23', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '19', 'DOI': '10.4161/derm.2.1.12016', 'article-title': 'Fundamental questions to sun protection: A continuous education ' 'symposium on vitamin D, immune system and sun protection at the ' 'University of Zurich', 'volume': '2', 'author': 'Schlumpf', 'year': '2010', 'journal-title': 'Dermatoendocrinol'}, { 'key': 'ref_24', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '399', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.nut.2010.07.022', 'article-title': 'Current perspectives on vitamin D, immune system, and chronic diseases', 'volume': '27', 'author': 'Borges', 'year': '2011', 'journal-title': 'Nutrition'}, { 'key': 'ref_25', 'first-page': '198235', 'article-title': 'Putative roles of vitamin D in modulating immune response and ' 'immunopathology associated with COVID-19', 'volume': '292', 'author': 'Himani', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Virus Res.'}, { 'key': 'ref_26', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '825', 'DOI': '10.1007/s00421-019-04104-x', 'article-title': 'Mechanisms of vitamin D on skeletal muscle function: Oxidative stress, ' 'energy metabolism and anabolic state', 'volume': '119', 'author': 'Dzik', 'year': '2019', 'journal-title': 'Eur. J. Appl. Physiol.'}, { 'key': 'ref_27', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '211', 'DOI': '10.1111/jdi.12666', 'article-title': 'Role of vitamin D in energy and bone metabolism in postmenopausal women ' 'with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A 6-month follow-up evaluation', 'volume': '9', 'author': 'Ogata', 'year': '2018', 'journal-title': 'J. Diabetes Investig.'}, { 'key': 'ref_28', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '445', 'DOI': '10.1111/j.1365-2265.2010.03816.x', 'article-title': 'Effect of cholecalciferol and calcium supplementation on muscle ' 'strength and energy metabolism in vitamin D-deficient Asian Indians: A ' 'randomized, controlled trial', 'volume': '73', 'author': 'Gupta', 'year': '2010', 'journal-title': 'Clin. Endocrinol.'}, { 'key': 'ref_29', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Wimalawansa, S.J. (2023). Controlling chronic diseases and acute ' 'infections with vitamin D sufficiency. Nutrients, 15.', 'DOI': '10.3390/nu15163623'}, { 'key': 'ref_30', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '575', 'DOI': '10.1111/j.1365-2265.2011.04147.x', 'article-title': 'Vitamin D, cardiovascular disease and mortality', 'volume': '75', 'author': 'Pilz', 'year': '2011', 'journal-title': 'Clin. Endocrinol.'}, { 'key': 'ref_31', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '29', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.12.016', 'article-title': 'Vitamin D and cardiovascular diseases: Causality', 'volume': '175', 'author': 'Wimalawansa', 'year': '2018', 'journal-title': 'J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol.'}, { 'key': 'ref_32', 'first-page': '3675', 'article-title': 'How to optimize vitamin D supplementation to prevent cancer, based on ' 'cellular adaptation and hydroxylase enzymology', 'volume': '29', 'author': 'Vieth', 'year': '2009', 'journal-title': 'Anticancer. Res.'}, { 'key': 'ref_33', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Chen, X., Zhou, M., Yan, H., Chen, J., Wang, Y., and Mo, X. (2022). ' 'Association of serum total 25-hydroxy-vitamin D concentration and risk ' 'of all-cause, cardiovascular and malignancies-specific mortality in ' 'patients with hyperlipidemia in the United States. Front. Nutr., 9.', 'DOI': '10.3389/fnut.2022.971720'}, { 'key': 'ref_34', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '4', 'DOI': '10.7326/ACPJC-2006-145-1-004', 'article-title': 'Calcium plus vitamin D did not prevent hip fracture or colorectal ' 'cancer in postmenopausal women', 'volume': '145', 'author': 'Fletcher', 'year': '2006', 'journal-title': 'ACP J. Club'}, { 'key': 'ref_35', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '114', 'DOI': '10.1136/ebn.9.4.114', 'article-title': 'Calcium plus vitamin D did not prevent fractures or colorectal cancer ' 'in postmenopausal women', 'volume': '9', 'author': 'Riddell', 'year': '2006', 'journal-title': 'Evid. Based Nurs.'}, { 'key': 'ref_36', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': 'e220234', 'DOI': '10.1530/EC-22-0234', 'article-title': 'Vitamin D deficiency in British South Asians, a persistent but ' 'avoidable problem associated with many health risks (including rickets, ' 'T2DM, CVD, COVID-19 and pregnancy complications): The case for ' 'correcting this deficiency', 'volume': '11', 'author': 'Boucher', 'year': '2022', 'journal-title': 'Endocr. Connect.'}, { 'key': 'ref_37', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '113', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.mce.2017.01.039', 'article-title': 'Vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy: Improvements in birth ' 'outcomes and complications through direct genomic alteration', 'volume': '453', 'author': 'Hollis', 'year': '2017', 'journal-title': 'Mol. Cell. Endocrinol.'}, { 'key': 'ref_38', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Al-Musharaf, S., Fouda, M.A., Turkestani, I.Z., Al-Ajlan, A., Sabico, ' 'S., Alnaami, A.M., Wani, K., Hussain, S.D., Alraqebah, B., and ' 'Al-Serehi, A. (2018). Vitamin D deficiency prevalence and predictors in ' 'early pregnancy among Arab women. Nutrients, 10.', 'DOI': '10.3390/nu10040489'}, { 'key': 'ref_39', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '41', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.12.011', 'article-title': 'Vitamin D: Effects on human reproduction, pregnancy, and fetal ' 'well-being', 'volume': '180', 'author': 'Heyden', 'year': '2018', 'journal-title': 'J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol.'}, { 'key': 'ref_40', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Almuqbil, M., Almadani, M.E., Albraiki, S.A., Alamri, A.M., Alshehri, ' 'A., Alghamdi, A., Alshehri, S., and Asdaq, S.M.B. (2023). Impact of ' 'vitamin D deficiency on mental health in university students: A ' 'cross-sectionalstudy. Healthcare, 11.', 'DOI': '10.3390/healthcare11142097'}, { 'key': 'ref_41', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Jamilian, H., Amirani, E., Milajerdi, A., Kolahdooz, F., Mirzaei, H., ' 'Zaroudi, M., Ghaderi, A., and Asemi, Z. (2019). The effects of vitamin D ' 'supplementation on mental health, and biomarkers of inflammation and ' 'oxidative stress in patients with psychiatric disorders: A systematic ' 'review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Prog. ' 'Neuro-Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry, 94.', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.pnpbp.2019.109651'}, { 'key': 'ref_42', 'first-page': '383', 'article-title': 'Vitamin D receptor FokI genotype may modify the susceptibility to ' 'schizophrenia and bipolar mood disorder by regulation of dopamine D1 ' 'receptor gene expression', 'volume': '103', 'author': 'Ahmadi', 'year': '2012', 'journal-title': 'Minerva Med.'}, { 'key': 'ref_43', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Jahan-Mihan, A., Stevens, P., Medero-Alfonso, S., Brace, G., Overby, ' 'L.K., Berg, K., and Labyak, C. (2024). The role of water-soluble ' 'citamins and vitamin D in prevention and treatment of depression and ' 'seasonal affective disorder in adults. Nutrients, 16.', 'DOI': '10.3390/nu16121902'}, { 'key': 'ref_44', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'de Koning, E.J., van Schoor, N.M., Penninx, B.W., Elders, P.J., ' 'Heijboer, A.C., Smit, J.H., Bet, P.M., van Tulder, M.W., den Heijer, M., ' 'and van Marwijk, H.W. (2015). Vitamin D supplementation to prevent ' 'depression and poor physical function in older adults: Study protocol of ' 'the D-Vitaal study, a randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial. BMC ' 'Geriatr., 15.', 'DOI': '10.1186/s12877-015-0148-3'}, { 'key': 'ref_45', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': 'i6583', 'DOI': '10.1136/bmj.i6583', 'article-title': 'Vitamin D supplementation to prevent acute respiratory tract ' 'infections: Systematic review and meta-analysis of individual ' 'participant data', 'volume': '356', 'author': 'Martineau', 'year': '2017', 'journal-title': 'BMJ'}, { 'key': 'ref_46', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '321', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.jsbmb.2012.11.017', 'article-title': 'Vitamin D in the prevention of acute respiratory infection: Systematic ' 'review of clinical studies', 'volume': '136', 'author': 'Jolliffe', 'year': '2013', 'journal-title': 'J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol.'}, { 'key': 'ref_47', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '112', 'DOI': '10.1001/jamasurg.2013.3176', 'article-title': 'Association between preoperative 25-hydroxyvitamin D level and ' 'hospital-acquired infections following Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery', 'volume': '149', 'author': 'Quraishi', 'year': '2014', 'journal-title': 'JAMA Surg.'}, { 'key': 'ref_48', 'unstructured': '(2024, March 25). Group-C19.com. Vitamin D for COVID-19: Real-Time ' 'Analysis of all 300 Studies. Available online: ' 'https://c19vitamind.com/.'}, { 'key': 'ref_49', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': 'e255', 'DOI': '10.1016/S2666-7568(24)00009-6', 'article-title': 'Active vitamin D treatment in the prevention of sarcopenia in adults ' 'with prediabetes (DPVD ancillary study): A randomised controlled trial', 'volume': '5', 'author': 'Kawahara', 'year': '2024', 'journal-title': 'Lancet Healthy Longev.'}, { 'key': 'ref_50', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '170', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.ijtb.2023.04.026', 'article-title': 'Effect of adjunct Vitamin D treatment in vitamin D deficient pulmonary ' 'tuberculosis patients: A randomized, double blind, active controlled ' 'clinical trial', 'volume': '71', 'author': 'Chandra', 'year': '2024', 'journal-title': 'Indian J. Tuberc.'}, { 'key': 'ref_51', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Wimalawansa, S.J. (2022). Rapidly increasing serum 25(OH)D boosts the ' 'immune system, against infections-sepsis and COVID-19. Nutrients, 14.', 'DOI': '10.3390/nu14142997'}, { 'key': 'ref_52', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Karonova, T.L., Chernikova, A.T., Golovatyuk, K.A., Bykova, E.S., Grant, ' 'W.B., Kalinina, O.V., Grineva, E.N., and Shlyakhto, E.V. (2022). Vitamin ' 'D intake may reduce SARS-CoV-2 infection morbidity in health care ' 'workers. Nutrients, 14.', 'DOI': '10.3390/nu14030505'}, { 'key': 'ref_53', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1', 'DOI': '10.15226/2374-6890/3/3/00152', 'article-title': 'Extra-skeletal and endocrine functions and toxicity of vitamin D', 'volume': '3', 'author': 'Wimalawansa', 'year': '2016', 'journal-title': 'J. Endocrinol. Diabetes'}, { 'key': 'ref_54', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Smaha, J., Jackuliak, P., Kuzma, M., Max, F., Binkley, N., and Payer, J. ' '(2023). Vitamin D deficiency prevalence in hospitalized patients with ' 'COVID-19 significantly fecreased during the pandemic in Slovakia from ' '2020 to 2022 Which Was associated with decreasing mortality. Nutrients, ' '15.', 'DOI': '10.1530/endoabs.90.P633'}, { 'key': 'ref_55', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '28', 'DOI': '10.36811/ojprm.2020.110010', 'article-title': 'Commonsense approaches to minimizing risks from COVID-19', 'volume': '2', 'author': 'Wimalawansa', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Open J. Pulmonol. Respir. Med.'}, { 'key': 'ref_56', 'first-page': '126', 'article-title': 'Fighting against COVID-19: Boosting the immunity with micronutrients, ' 'stress reduction, physical activity, and vitamin D', 'volume': '3', 'author': 'Wimalawansa', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Nutr. Food Sci. J. (Sci Lit.)'}, { 'key': 'ref_57', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Giordano, D., De Masi, L., Argenio, M.A., and Facchiano, A. (2021). ' 'Structural dissection of viral Spike-protein binding of SARS CoV-2 and ' 'SARS-CoV-1 to the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as ' 'cellular receptor. Biomedicines, 9.', 'DOI': '10.3390/biomedicines9081038'}, { 'key': 'ref_58', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Mancini, T., Macis, S., Mosetti, R., Luchetti, N., Minicozzi, V., ' 'Notargiacomo, A., Pea, M., Marcelli, A., Ventura, G.D., and Lupi, S. ' '(2024). Infrared Spectroscopy of SARS-CoV-2 Viral Protein: From Receptor ' 'Binding Domain to Spike Protein. Adv. Sci., e2400823.', 'DOI': '10.1002/advs.202400823'}, { 'key': 'ref_59', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '2070', 'DOI': '10.1038/s41467-020-16048-4', 'article-title': 'Neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 spike pseudotyped virus by recombinant ' 'ACE2-Ig', 'volume': '11', 'author': 'Lei', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Nat. Commun.'}, { 'key': 'ref_60', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '248', 'DOI': '10.1002/uog.22186', 'article-title': 'Single-cell RNA expression profiling of SARS-CoV-2-related ACE2 and ' 'TMPRSS2 in human trophectoderm and placenta', 'volume': '57', 'author': 'Cui', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol.'}, { 'key': 'ref_61', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '10-1128', 'DOI': '10.1128/JVI.01648-20', 'article-title': 'The inhaled steroid ciclesonide blocks SARS-CoV-2 RNA replication by ' 'targeting the viral replication-transcription complex in cultured cells', 'volume': '95', 'author': 'Matsuyama', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'J. Virol.'}, { 'key': 'ref_62', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '424', 'DOI': '10.1021/acs.biochem.1c00755', 'article-title': 'Insights into binding of single-stranded viral RNA template to the ' 'replication-transcription complex of SARS-CoV-2 for the priming ' 'reaction from molecular dynamics simulations', 'volume': '61', 'author': 'Wang', 'year': '2022', 'journal-title': 'Biochemistry'}, { 'key': 'ref_63', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Chuang, C., Barajas, D., Qin, J., and Nagy, P.D. (2014). Inactivation of ' 'the host lipin gene accelerates RNA virus replication through viral ' 'exploitation of the expanded endoplasmic reticulum membrane. PLoS ' 'Pathog., 10.', 'DOI': '10.1371/journal.ppat.1003944'}, { 'key': 'ref_64', 'first-page': '371', 'article-title': 'How SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) spreads within infected hosts—What we know so ' 'far', 'volume': '4', 'author': 'Sanyal', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Emerg. Top. Life Sci.'}, { 'key': 'ref_65', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': 'e2119', 'DOI': '10.1002/rmv.2119', 'article-title': 'A brief review of interplay between vitamin D and ' 'angiotensin-converting enzyme 2: Implications for a potential treatment ' 'for COVID-19', 'volume': '30', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Rev. Med. Virol.'}, { 'key': 'ref_66', 'first-page': '52', 'article-title': 'Renin-angiotensin system: Basic and clinical aspects-A general ' 'perspective', 'volume': '69', 'year': '2022', 'journal-title': 'Endocrinol. Diabetes Nutr. (Engl. Ed.)'}, { 'key': 'ref_67', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '224', 'DOI': '10.2174/1871528113666140713164506', 'article-title': 'ACE and ACE2 in inflammation: A tale of two enzymes', 'volume': '13', 'author': 'Gaddam', 'year': '2014', 'journal-title': 'Inflamm. Allergy Drug Targets'}, { 'key': 'ref_68', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '8258', 'DOI': '10.1073/pnas.1432869100', 'article-title': 'Angiotensin-(1–7) is an endogenous ligand for the G protein-coupled ' 'receptor Mas', 'volume': '100', 'author': 'Santos', 'year': '2003', 'journal-title': 'Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA'}, { 'key': 'ref_69', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '421', 'DOI': '10.21037/atm.2016.11.03', 'article-title': 'Treating the host response to emerging virus diseases: Lessons learned ' 'from sepsis, pneumonia, influenza and Ebola', 'volume': '4', 'author': 'Fedson', 'year': '2016', 'journal-title': 'Ann. Transl. Med.'}, { 'key': 'ref_70', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '104574', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.mvr.2023.104574', 'article-title': 'Vitamin D deficiency enhances vascular oxidative stress, inflammation, ' 'and angiotensin II levels in the microcirculation of diabetic patients', 'volume': '150', 'author': 'Wee', 'year': '2023', 'journal-title': 'Microvasc. Res.'}, { 'key': 'ref_71', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '2116', 'DOI': '10.1210/me.2013-1146', 'article-title': 'VDR attenuates acute lung injury by blocking Ang-2-Tie-2 pathway and ' 'renin-angiotensin system', 'volume': '27', 'author': 'Kong', 'year': '2013', 'journal-title': 'Mol. Endocrinol.'}, { 'key': 'ref_72', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Beltran-Garcia, J., Osca-Verdegal, R., Pallardo, F.V., Ferreres, J., ' 'Rodriguez, M., Mulet, S., Sanchis-Gomar, F., Carbonell, N., and ' 'Garcia-Gimenez, J.L. (2020). Oxidative stress and Inflammation in ' 'COVID-19-associated sepsis: The potential role of anti-oxidant therapy ' 'in avoiding disease progression. Antioxidants, 9.', 'DOI': '10.3390/antiox9100936'}, { 'key': 'ref_73', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '89', 'DOI': '10.3126/ajms.v14i11.57095', 'article-title': 'Vitamin D as a biomarker in predicting sepsis outcome at a tertiary ' 'care hospital', 'volume': '14', 'author': 'Ghosh', 'year': '2023', 'journal-title': 'Asian J. Med. Sci.'}, { 'key': 'ref_74', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '29821', 'DOI': '10.1074/jbc.M705495200', 'article-title': '1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 suppresses renin gene transcription by ' 'blocking the activity of the cyclic AMP response element in the renin ' 'gene promoter', 'volume': '282', 'author': 'Yuan', 'year': '2007', 'journal-title': 'J. Biol. Chem.'}, { 'key': 'ref_75', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '54', 'DOI': '10.5694/mja2.50674', 'article-title': 'COVID-19 acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS): Clinical features ' 'and differences from typical pre-COVID-19 ARDS', 'volume': '213', 'author': 'Gibson', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Med. J. Aust.'}, { 'key': 'ref_76', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '14', 'DOI': '10.1186/s40885-020-00147-x', 'article-title': 'The angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor in the prevention ' 'and treatment of COVID-19 are distinctly different paradigms', 'volume': '26', 'author': 'McLachlan', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Clin. Hypertens.'}, { 'key': 'ref_77', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '726', 'DOI': '10.1002/jmv.25785', 'article-title': 'Organ-protective effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and its ' 'effect on the prognosis of COVID-19', 'volume': '92', 'author': 'Cheng', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'J. Med. Virol.'}, { 'key': 'ref_78', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '425', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.jmii.2020.04.015', 'article-title': 'ACE2 receptor polymorphism: Susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2, hypertension, ' 'multi-organ failure, and COVID-19 disease outcome', 'volume': '53', 'author': 'Devaux', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'J. Microbiol. Immunol. Infect.'}, { 'key': 'ref_79', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '321', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.omtm.2020.06.017', 'article-title': 'The two faces of ACE2: The role of ACE2 receptor and Its polymorphisms ' 'in hypertension and COVID-19', 'volume': '18', 'author': 'Bosso', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Mol. Ther. Methods Clin. Dev.'}, { 'key': 'ref_80', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '449', 'DOI': '10.1042/CS20120519', 'article-title': 'Angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockade restores ' 'angiotensin-(1–7)-induced coronary vasodilation in hypertrophic rat ' 'hearts', 'volume': '125', 'author': 'Souza', 'year': '2013', 'journal-title': 'Clin. Sci.'}, { 'key': 'ref_81', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '2117', 'DOI': '10.1002/jcp.22940', 'article-title': 'Angiotensin-(1–7) decreases LPS-induced inflammatory response in ' 'macrophages', 'volume': '227', 'author': 'Souza', 'year': '2012', 'journal-title': 'J. Cell. Physiol.'}, { 'key': 'ref_82', 'first-page': '441', 'article-title': 'Detection of the mRNA expression of human angiotensin-converting enzyme ' '2 as a SARS coronavirus functional receptor in human femoral head', 'volume': '28', 'author': 'Dong', 'year': '2008', 'journal-title': 'Nan Fang Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao'}, { 'key': 'ref_83', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '450', 'DOI': '10.1038/nature02145', 'article-title': 'Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 is a functional receptor for the SARS ' 'coronavirus', 'volume': '426', 'author': 'Li', 'year': '2003', 'journal-title': 'Nature'}, { 'key': 'ref_84', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '322', 'DOI': '10.1093/eurheartj/ehi043', 'article-title': 'ACE and ACE2: A tale of two enzymes', 'volume': '26', 'author': 'Zisman', 'year': '2005', 'journal-title': 'Eur. Heart J.'}, { 'key': 'ref_85', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Goulter, A.B., Goddard, M.J., Allen, J.C., and Clark, K.L. (2004). ACE2 ' 'gene expression is up-regulated in the human failing heart. BMC Med., 2.', 'DOI': '10.1186/1741-7015-2-19'}, { 'key': 'ref_86', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '175', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.bbadis.2004.05.005', 'article-title': 'Interaction of ACE2 and integrin beta1 in failing human heart', 'volume': '1689', 'author': 'Lin', 'year': '2004', 'journal-title': 'Biochim. Biophys. Acta'}, { 'key': 'ref_87', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '163', 'DOI': '10.1111/jnc.13386', 'article-title': 'Direct anti-inflammatory effects of angiotensin-(1–7) on microglia', 'volume': '136', 'author': 'Liu', 'year': '2016', 'journal-title': 'J. Neurochem.'}, { 'key': 'ref_88', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': 'F812', 'DOI': '10.1152/ajprenal.00655.2013', 'article-title': 'Angiotensin 1–7 mediates renoprotection against diabetic nephropathy by ' 'reducing oxidative stress, inflammation, and lipotoxicity', 'volume': '306', 'author': 'Mori', 'year': '2014', 'journal-title': 'Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol.'}, { 'key': 'ref_89', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '5569', 'DOI': '10.4049/jimmunol.1000314', 'article-title': 'Anti-inflammatory effects of the activation of the angiotensin-(1–7) ' 'receptor, MAS, in experimental models of arthritis', 'volume': '185', 'author': 'Coelho', 'year': '2010', 'journal-title': 'J. Immunol.'}, { 'key': 'ref_90', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '28', 'DOI': '10.2119/2007-00073.Fraga-Silva', 'article-title': 'The antithrombotic effect of angiotensin-(1–7) involves mas-mediated NO ' 'release from platelets', 'volume': '14', 'author': 'Pinheiro', 'year': '2008', 'journal-title': 'Mol. Med.'}, { 'key': 'ref_91', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1313', 'DOI': '10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.116.307708', 'article-title': 'Role of the ACE2/angiotensin 1–7 axis of the renin-angiotensin system ' 'in heart failure', 'volume': '118', 'author': 'Patel', 'year': '2016', 'journal-title': 'Circ. Res.'}, { 'key': 'ref_92', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': 'H736', 'DOI': '10.1152/ajpheart.00937.2006', 'article-title': 'Prevention of angiotensin II-induced cardiac remodeling by ' 'angiotensin-(1–7)', 'volume': '292', 'author': 'Grobe', 'year': '2007', 'journal-title': 'Am. J. Physiology. Heart Circ. Physiol.'}, { 'key': 'ref_93', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1034', 'DOI': '10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.172700', 'article-title': 'New take on the role of angiotensin II in cardiac hypertrophy and ' 'fibrosis', 'volume': '57', 'author': 'Kurdi', 'year': '2011', 'journal-title': 'Hypertension'}, { 'key': 'ref_94', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '255', 'DOI': '10.1007/s00109-013-1087-0', 'article-title': 'Oral administration of angiotensin-(1–7) ameliorates type 2 diabetes in ' 'rats', 'volume': '92', 'author': 'Santos', 'year': '2014', 'journal-title': 'J. Mol. Med.'}, { 'key': 'ref_95', 'first-page': '6562017', 'article-title': 'Renal blood flow response to angiotensin 1–7 versus hypertonic sodium ' 'chloride 7.5% administration after acute hemorrhagic shock in rats', 'volume': '2016', 'author': 'Maleki', 'year': '2016', 'journal-title': 'Int. J. Vasc. Med.'}, { 'key': 'ref_96', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1', 'DOI': '10.1111/j.1476-5381.1994.tb14014.x', 'article-title': 'Natriuretic action of angiotensin(1–7)', 'volume': '111', 'author': 'DelliPizzi', 'year': '1994', 'journal-title': 'Br. J. Pharmacol.'}, { 'key': 'ref_97', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Bruhns, R.P., Sulaiman, M.I., Gaub, M., Bae, E.H., Davidson Knapp, R.B., ' 'Larson, A.R., Smith, A., Coleman, D.L., Staatz, W.D., and Sandweiss, ' 'A.J. (2022). Angiotensin-(1–7) improves cognitive function and reduces ' 'inflammation in mice following mild traumatic brain injury. Front. ' 'Behav. Neurosci., 16.', 'DOI': '10.3389/fnbeh.2022.903980'}, { 'key': 'ref_98', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '550', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.01.004', 'article-title': 'Neuronal over-expression of ACE2 protects brain from ischemia-induced ' 'damage', 'volume': '79', 'author': 'Chen', 'year': '2014', 'journal-title': 'Neuropharmacology'}, { 'key': 'ref_99', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '442', 'DOI': '10.1113/expphysiol.2013.075242', 'article-title': 'Centrally administered angiotensin-(1–7) increases the survival of ' 'stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats', 'volume': '99', 'author': 'Regenhardt', 'year': '2014', 'journal-title': 'Exp. Physiol.'}, { 'key': 'ref_100', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '505', 'DOI': '10.1152/physrev.00023.2016', 'article-title': 'The ACE2/Angiotensin-(1–7)/MAS axis of the renin-angiotensin system: ' 'Focus on angiotensin-(1–7)', 'volume': '98', 'author': 'Santos', 'year': '2018', 'journal-title': 'Physiol. Rev.'}, { 'key': 'ref_101', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '100', 'DOI': '10.1007/s11906-018-0900-0', 'article-title': 'Inflammation as a regulator of the renin-angiotensin system and blood ' 'pressure', 'volume': '20', 'author': 'Satou', 'year': '2018', 'journal-title': 'Curr. Hypertens. Rep.'}, { 'key': 'ref_102', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '247', 'DOI': '10.1002/emmm.201000080', 'article-title': 'Angiotensin II revisited: New roles in inflammation, immunology and ' 'aging', 'volume': '2', 'author': 'Benigni', 'year': '2010', 'journal-title': 'EMBO Mol. Med.'}, { 'key': 'ref_103', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Samavati, L., and Uhal, B.D. (2020). ACE2, much more than just a ' 'receptor for SARS-COV-2. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 10.', 'DOI': '10.3389/fcimb.2020.00317'}, { 'key': 'ref_104', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '905', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.cell.2020.04.004', 'article-title': 'Inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 infections in engineered human tissues using ' 'clinical-grade soluble human ACE2', 'volume': '181', 'author': 'Monteil', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Cell'}, { 'key': 'ref_105', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '631', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.jsbmb.2006.12.066', 'article-title': 'Circulating vitamin D3 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D in humans: An important ' 'tool to define adequate nutritional vitamin D status', 'volume': '103', 'author': 'Hollis', 'year': '2007', 'journal-title': 'J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol.'}, { 'key': 'ref_106', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Bold, A., Gross, H., Holzmann, E., Smetak, M., Birkmann, J., Bertsch, ' 'T., Triebel, J., Sauer, K., Wilhelm, M., and Hoeres, T. (2022). Immune ' 'activating and inhibiting effects of calcitriol on gammadelta T cells ' 'and NK cells. Immunobiology, 227.', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.imbio.2022.152286'}, { 'key': 'ref_107', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': 'e1909', 'DOI': '10.1002/rmv.1909', 'article-title': 'Vitamin D modulation of innate immune responses to respiratory viral ' 'infections', 'volume': '27', 'author': 'Zdrenghea', 'year': '2017', 'journal-title': 'Rev. Med. Virol.'}, { 'key': 'ref_108', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Gotelli, E., Soldano, S., Hysa, E., Paolino, S., Campitiello, R., ' 'Pizzorni, C., Sulli, A., Smith, V., and Cutolo, M. (2022). Vitamin D and ' 'COVID-19: Narrative review after 3 years of pandemic. Nutrients, 14.', 'DOI': '10.3390/nu14224907'}, { 'key': 'ref_109', 'first-page': '000571', 'article-title': 'Prophylactic use of vitamin D to maintain a robust immune system ' 'against infections like SARS-CoV-2', 'volume': '3', 'author': 'Wimalawansa', 'year': '2023', 'journal-title': 'Glob. J. Endocrinol. Metab. GJEM'}, { 'key': 'ref_110', 'first-page': '189096', 'article-title': 'CD8+ T-cell deficiency, Epstein-Barr virus infection, vitamin D ' 'deficiency, and steps to autoimmunity: A unifying hypothesis', 'volume': '2012', 'author': 'Pender', 'year': '2012', 'journal-title': 'Autoimmune Dis.'}, { 'key': 'ref_111', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1365', 'DOI': '10.1097/CCM.0000000000000210', 'article-title': 'Prospective study of vitamin D status at initiation of care in ' 'critically ill surgical patients and risk of 90-day mortality', 'volume': '42', 'author': 'Quraishi', 'year': '2014', 'journal-title': 'Crit. Care Med.'}, { 'key': 'ref_112', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '110232', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110232', 'article-title': 'Vitamin D modulates expression of antimicrobial peptides and ' 'proinflammatory cytokines to restrict Zika virus infection in ' 'macrophages', 'volume': '119', 'author': 'Fernandez', 'year': '2023', 'journal-title': 'Int. Immunopharmacol.'}, { 'key': 'ref_113', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '173', 'DOI': '10.1186/s12936-023-04612-4', 'article-title': 'Does vitamin D reduce the mortality rate of Plasmodium infection?: A ' 'systematic review and meta-analysis', 'volume': '22', 'author': 'Kalantari', 'year': '2023', 'journal-title': 'Malar. J.'}, { 'key': 'ref_114', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '203', 'DOI': '10.1097/TIN.0000000000000284', 'article-title': 'Immunomodulatory effects of vitamin D and prevention of respiratory ' 'tract infections and COVID-19', 'volume': '37', 'author': 'Shoemaker', 'year': '2022', 'journal-title': 'Top. Clin. Nutr.'}, { 'key': 'ref_115', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '3693', 'DOI': '10.1111/febs.15495', 'article-title': 'Low plasma 25(OH) vitamin D level is associated with increased risk of ' 'COVID-19 infection: An Israeli population-based study', 'volume': '287', 'author': 'Merzon', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'FEBS J.'}, { 'key': 'ref_116', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '776', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.mucimm.2023.08.002', 'article-title': 'Age-differential CD13 and interferon expression in airway epithelia ' 'affect SARS-CoV-2 infection—Effects of vitamin D', 'volume': '16', 'author': 'Sposito', 'year': '2023', 'journal-title': 'Mucosal Immunol.'}, { 'key': 'ref_117', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Dror, A.A., Morozov, N., Daoud, A., Namir, Y., Yakir, O., Shachar, Y., ' 'Lifshitz, M., Segal, E., Fisher, L., and Mizrachi, M. (2022). ' 'Pre-infection 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 levels and association with severity ' 'of COVID-19 illness. PLoS ONE, 17.', 'DOI': '10.1371/journal.pone.0263069'}, { 'key': 'ref_118', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Gan, Y., You, S., Ying, J., and Mu, D. (2023). The association between ' 'serum vitamin D levels and urinary tract infection risk in children: A ' 'systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients, 15.', 'DOI': '10.3390/nu15122690'}, { 'key': 'ref_119', 'first-page': '250', 'article-title': 'Association between vitamin D levels and COVID-19 infection in ' 'children: A case-control study', 'volume': '58', 'author': 'Bayrak', 'year': '2023', 'journal-title': 'Turk. Arch. Pediatr.'}, { 'key': 'ref_120', 'first-page': 'e29205', 'article-title': 'Role of vitamin D deficiency in increased susceptibility to respiratory ' 'infections among children: A systematic review', 'volume': '14', 'author': 'Raju', 'year': '2022', 'journal-title': 'Cureus'}, { 'key': 'ref_121', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '292', 'DOI': '10.1111/joim.12767', 'article-title': 'Daily adjunctive therapy with vitamin D(3) and phenylbutyrate supports ' 'clinical recovery from pulmonary tuberculosis: A randomized controlled ' 'trial in Ethiopia', 'volume': '284', 'author': 'Bekele', 'year': '2018', 'journal-title': 'J. Intern. Med.'}, { 'key': 'ref_122', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Salahuddin, N., Ali, F., Hasan, Z., Rao, N., Aqeel, M., and Mahmood, F. ' '(2013). Vitamin D accelerates clinical recovery from tuberculosis: ' 'Results of the SUCCINCT Study [Supplementary Cholecalciferol in recovery ' 'from tuberculosis]. A randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial of ' 'vitamin D supplementation in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis’. BMC ' 'Infect. Dis., 13.', 'DOI': '10.1186/1471-2334-13-22'}, { 'key': 'ref_123', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1928', 'DOI': '10.1097/CCM.0000000000001148', 'article-title': 'Effect of cholecalciferol supplementation on vitamin D status and ' 'cathelicidin levels in sepsis: A randomized, placebo-controlled trial', 'volume': '43', 'author': 'Quraishi', 'year': '2015', 'journal-title': 'Crit. Care Med.'}, { 'key': 'ref_124', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '263', 'DOI': '10.2147/CIA.S395228', 'article-title': 'Preoperative vitamin D deficiency is associated with increased one-year ' 'mortality in Chinese geriatric hip fracture patients—A propensity score ' 'matching study', 'volume': '18', 'author': 'Fu', 'year': '2023', 'journal-title': 'Clin. Interv. Aging'}, { 'key': 'ref_125', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '271', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.eprac.2021.02.013', 'article-title': 'Association of vitamin D status with hospital morbidity and mortality ' 'in adult hospitalized patients wth COVID-19', 'volume': '27', 'author': 'Charoenngam', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Endocr. Pract.'}, { 'key': 'ref_126', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Rustecka, A., Maret, J., Drab, A., Leszczynska, M., Tomaszewska, A., ' 'Lipinska-Opalka, A., Bedzichowska, A., Kalicki, B., and Kubiak, J.Z. ' '(2021). The Impact of COVID-19 pandemic during 2020-2021 on the vitamin ' 'D serum levels in the paediatric population in Warsaw, Poland. ' 'Nutrients, 13.', 'DOI': '10.3390/nu13061990'}, { 'key': 'ref_127', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Borsche, L., Glauner, B., and von Mendel, J. (2021). COVID-19 mortality ' 'risk correlates inversely with vitamin D3 status, and a mortality rate ' 'close to zero could theoretically be achieved at 50 ng/mL 25(OH)D3: ' 'Results of a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients, 13.', 'DOI': '10.1101/2021.09.22.21263977'}, { 'key': 'ref_128', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '577', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.mayocp.2015.02.012', 'article-title': 'Changing incidence of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D values above 50 ng/mL: ' 'A 10-year population-based study', 'volume': '90', 'author': 'Dudenkov', 'year': '2015', 'journal-title': 'Mayo Clin. Proc.'}, { 'key': 'ref_129', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Radujkovic, A., Hippchen, T., Tiwari-Heckler, S., Dreher, S., Boxberger, ' 'M., and Merle, U. (2020). Vitamin D deficiency and outcome of COVID-19 ' 'patients. Nutrients, 12.', 'DOI': '10.3390/nu12092757'}, { 'key': 'ref_130', 'unstructured': 'Wimalawansa, S.J., and Polonowita, A. (, January January). Boosting ' 'immunity with vitamin D for preventing complications and deaths from ' 'COVID-19. Proceedings of the COVID 19: Impact, Mitigation, Opportunities ' 'and Building Resilience “From Adversity to Serendipity,” Perspectives of ' 'Global Relevance Based on Research, Experience and Successes in ' 'Combating COVID-19 in Sri Lanka, Colombo, Sri Lanka.'}, { 'key': 'ref_131', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '442', 'DOI': '10.1136/postgradmedj-2020-138712', 'article-title': 'Vitamin D status and outcomes for hospitalised older patients with ' 'COVID-19', 'volume': '97', 'author': 'Baktash', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Postgrad. Med. J.'}, { 'key': 'ref_132', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Argano, C., Mallaci Bocchio, R., Natoli, G., Scibetta, S., Lo Monaco, ' 'M., and Corrao, S. (2023). Protective effect of vitamin D ' 'supplementation on COVID-19-related intensive care hospitalization and ' 'mortality: Sefinitive evidence from meta-analysis and trial sequential ' 'analysis. Pharmaceuticals, 16.', 'DOI': '10.3390/ph16010130'}, { 'key': 'ref_133', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '4240', 'DOI': '10.3390/nu7064240', 'article-title': 'Modulation of the immune response to respiratory viruses by vitamin D', 'volume': '7', 'author': 'Greiller', 'year': '2015', 'journal-title': 'Nutrients'}, { 'key': 'ref_134', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Cicero, A.F.G., Fogacci, F., and Borghi, C. (2022). Vitamin D ' 'supplementation and COVID-19 outcomes: Mounting evidence and fewer ' 'doubts. Nutrients, 14.', 'DOI': '10.3390/nu14173584'}, { 'key': 'ref_135', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Gonen, M.S., Alaylioglu, M., Durcan, E., Ozdemir, Y., Sahin, S., ' 'Konukoglu, D., Nohut, O.K., Urkmez, S., Kucukece, B., and Balkan, İ.İ. ' '(2021). Rapid and effective vitamin D supplementation may present better ' 'clinical outcomes in COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) patients by altering serum ' 'INOS1, IL1B, IFNg, cathelicidin-LL37, and ICAM1. Nutrients, 13.', 'DOI': '10.3390/nu13114047'}, { 'key': 'ref_136', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '276', 'DOI': '10.1016/S2213-8587(21)00051-6', 'article-title': 'Vitamin D supplementation to prevent acute respiratory infections: A ' 'systematic review and meta-analysis of aggregate data from randomised ' 'controlled trials', 'volume': '9', 'author': 'Jolliffe', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol.'}, { 'key': 'ref_137', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': 'e12987', 'DOI': '10.1111/mcn.12987', 'article-title': 'Association of vitamin D supplementation with respiratory tract ' 'infection in infants', 'volume': '16', 'author': 'Hong', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Matern. Child. Nutr.'}, { 'key': 'ref_138', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '134', 'DOI': '10.1024/0300-9831/a000676', 'article-title': 'Vitamin D can be effective on the prevention of COVID-19 complications: ' 'A narrative review on molecular aspects', 'volume': '92', 'author': 'Shiravi', 'year': '2022', 'journal-title': 'Int. J. Vitam. Nutr. Res.'}, { 'key': 'ref_139', 'first-page': '64', 'article-title': 'Vitamin D, Covid-19 and Children', 'volume': '113', 'author': 'Molloy', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Ir. Med. J.'}, { 'key': 'ref_140', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '41', 'DOI': '10.1080/07315724.2020.1786302', 'article-title': 'Vitamin D and Wellbeing beyond Infections: COVID-19 and Future ' 'Pandemics', 'volume': '40', 'author': 'Stohs', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'J. Am. Coll. Nutr.'}, { 'key': 'ref_141', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1438', 'DOI': '10.1111/apt.15796', 'article-title': 'Editorial: Low population mortality from COVID-19 in countries south of ' 'latitude 35 degrees North-supports vitamin D as a factor determining ' 'severity. Authors’ reply', 'volume': '51', 'author': 'Garg', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther.'}, { 'key': 'ref_142', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '114', 'DOI': '10.1186/s13063-022-06016-2', 'article-title': 'High-dose vitamin D substitution in patients with COVID-19: Study ' 'protocol for a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, ' 'multi-center study-VitCov Trial', 'volume': '23', 'author': 'Jaun', 'year': '2022', 'journal-title': 'Trials'}, { 'key': 'ref_143', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Quesada-Gomez, J.M., Lopez-Miranda, J., Entrenas-Castillo, M., ' 'Casado-Diaz, A., Nogues, Y.S.X., Mansur, J.L., and Bouillon, R. (2022). ' 'Vitamin D endocrine system and COVID-19: Treatment with calcifediol. ' 'Nutrients, 14.', 'DOI': '10.3390/nu14132716'}, { 'key': 'ref_144', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1242', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.eprac.2021.09.016', 'article-title': 'Treatment With 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 (Calcifediol) Is Associated With a ' 'Reduction in the Blood Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio Marker of Disease ' 'Severity in Hospitalized Patients With COVID-19: A Pilot Multicenter, ' 'Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blinded Clinical Trial', 'volume': '27', 'author': 'Maghbooli', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Endocr. Pract.'}, { 'key': 'ref_145', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Ling, S.F., Broad, E., Murphy, R., Pappachan, J.M., Pardesi-Newton, S., ' 'Kong, M.F., and Jude, E.B. (2020). High-dose cholecalciferol booster ' 'therapy is associated with a reduced risk of mortality in patients with ' 'COVID-19: A cross-sectional multi-centre observational study. Nutrients, ' '12.', 'DOI': '10.2139/ssrn.3690902'}, { 'key': 'ref_146', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Entrenas Castillo, M., Entrenas Costa, L.M., Vaquero Barrios, J.M., ' 'Alcala Diaz, J.F., Lopez Miranda, J., Bouillon, R., and Quesada Gomez, ' 'J.M. (2020). Effect of calcifediol treatment and best available therapy ' 'versus best available therapy on intensive care unit admission and ' 'mortality among patients hospitalized for COVID-19: A pilot randomized ' 'clinical study. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol., 203.', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.jsbmb.2020.105751'}, { 'key': 'ref_147', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '5033', 'DOI': '10.1080/10408398.2021.2012419', 'article-title': 'Association between vitamin D status and risk of covid-19 in-hospital ' 'mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational ' 'studies', 'volume': '63', 'author': 'Ebrahimzadeh', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr.'}, { 'key': 'ref_148', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'AlSafar, H., Grant, W.B., Hijazi, R., Uddin, M., Alkaabi, N., Tay, G., ' 'Mahboub, B., and Al Anouti, F. (2021). COVID-19 disease severity and ' 'death in relation to vitamin D status among SARS-CoV-2-positive UAE ' 'residents. Nutrients, 13.', 'DOI': '10.3390/nu13051714'}, { 'key': 'ref_149', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '111408', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.nut.2021.111408', 'article-title': 'Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and its prognostic impact on ' 'patients hospitalized with COVID-19', 'volume': '91–92', 'author': 'Bianconi', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Nutrition'}, { 'key': 'ref_150', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '643', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.dsx.2021.02.016', 'article-title': 'Letter to the editor in response to the article: “Vitamin D ' 'concentrations and COVID-19 infection in UK biobank” (Hastie et al.)', 'volume': '15', 'author': 'Davies', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Diabetes Metab. Syndr.'}, { 'key': 'ref_151', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '545', 'DOI': '10.1007/s00394-020-02372-4', 'article-title': 'Vitamin D and COVID-19 infection and mortality in UK Biobank', 'volume': '60', 'author': 'Hastie', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Eur. J. Nutr.'}, { 'key': 'ref_152', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '451', 'DOI': '10.1093/pubmed/fdaa095', 'article-title': 'Greater risk of severe COVID-19 in Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic ' 'populations is not explained by cardiometabolic, socioeconomic or ' 'behavioural factors, or by 25(OH)-vitamin D status: Study of 1326 cases ' 'from the UK Biobank', 'volume': '42', 'author': 'McCracken', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'J. Public Health'}, { 'key': 'ref_153', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1636', 'DOI': '10.1093/advances/nmab012', 'article-title': 'Association of vitamin D status with SARS-CoV-2 infection or COVID-19 ' 'severity: A systematic review and meta-analysis', 'volume': '12', 'author': 'Kazemi', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Adv. Nutr.'}, { 'key': 'ref_154', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '561', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.dsx.2020.04.050', 'article-title': 'Vitamin D concentrations and COVID-19 infection in UK Biobank', 'volume': '14', 'author': 'Hastie', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Diabetes Metab. Syndr.'}, { 'key': 'ref_155', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Kaufman, H.W., Niles, J.K., Kroll, M.H., Bi, C., and Holick, M.F. ' '(2020). SARS-CoV-2 positivity rates associated with circulating ' '25-hydroxyvitamin D levels. PLoS ONE, 15.', 'DOI': '10.1371/journal.pone.0239252'}, { 'key': 'ref_156', 'first-page': 'm810', 'article-title': 'Preventing a COVID-19 pandemic-COVID-19', 'volume': '368', 'author': 'Brown', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'BMJ'}, { 'key': 'ref_157', 'first-page': '81', 'article-title': 'Vitamin D and inflammation: Potential implications for severity of ' 'Covid-19', 'volume': '113', 'author': 'Laird', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Ir. Med. J.'}, { 'key': 'ref_158', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Annweiler, C., Hanotte, B., Grandin de l’Eprevier, C., Sabatier, J.M., ' 'Lafaie, L., and Celarier, T. (2020). Vitamin D and survival in COVID-19 ' 'patients: A quasi-experimental study. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol., ' '204.', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.jsbmb.2020.105771'}, { 'key': 'ref_159', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Annweiler, G., Corvaisier, M., Gautier, J., Dubee, V., Legrand, E., ' 'Sacco, G., and Annweiler, C. (2020). Vitamin D supplementation ' 'associated to better survival in hospitalized frail elderly COVID-19 ' 'patients: The GERIA-COVID Quasi-Experimental Study. Nutrients, 12.', 'DOI': '10.3390/nu12113377'}, { 'key': 'ref_160', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Meltzer, D.O., Best, T.J., Zhang, H., Vokes, T., Arora, V., and Solway, ' 'J. (2020). Association of vitamin D deficiency and treatment with ' 'COVID-19 incidence. medRxiv.', 'DOI': '10.1101/2020.05.08.20095893'}, { 'key': 'ref_161', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': 'e2019722', 'DOI': '10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.19722', 'article-title': 'Association of vitamin D status and other clinical characteristics with ' 'COVID-19 Test resultt', 'volume': '3', 'author': 'Meltzer', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'JAMA Netw. Open'}, { 'key': 'ref_162', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '313', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.ijid.2022.01.044', 'article-title': 'Patients with COVID-19 pneumonia with 25(OH)D levels lower than 12 ' 'ng/ml are at increased risk of death', 'volume': '116', 'author': 'Smaha', 'year': '2022', 'journal-title': 'Int. J. Infect. Dis.'}, { 'key': 'ref_163', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '720', 'DOI': '10.1093/aje/kww244', 'article-title': 'The reverse J-shaped association between serum Total 25-hydroxyvitamin ' 'D concentration and all-cause mortality: The impact of assay ' 'standardization', 'volume': '185', 'author': 'Kramer', 'year': '2017', 'journal-title': 'Am. J. Epidemiol.'}, { 'key': 'ref_164', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '2644', 'DOI': '10.1210/jc.2012-1176', 'article-title': 'A reverse J-shaped association of all-cause mortality with serum ' '25-hydroxyvitamin D in general practice: The CopD study', 'volume': '97', 'author': 'Durup', 'year': '2012', 'journal-title': 'J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.'}, { 'key': 'ref_165', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '853', 'DOI': '10.1007/s11606-021-07170-0', 'article-title': 'Association of Vitamin D Status and COVID-19-Related Hospitalization ' 'and Mortality', 'volume': '37', 'author': 'Seal', 'year': '2022', 'journal-title': 'J. Gen. Intern. Med.'}, { 'key': 'ref_166', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '2199', 'DOI': '10.1093/jn/nxab107', 'article-title': 'Low Circulating Vitamin D in Intensive Care Unit-Admitted COVID-19 ' 'Patients as a Predictor of Negative Outcomes', 'volume': '151', 'author': 'Bychinin', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'J. Nutr.'}, { 'key': 'ref_167', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Cervero, M., Lopez-Wolf, D., Casado, G., Novella-Mena, M., Ryan-Murua, ' 'P., Taboada-Martinez, M.L., Rodriguez-Mora, S., Vigon, L., Coiras, M., ' 'and Torres, M. (2022). Beneficial effect of short-term supplementation ' 'of high dose of vitamin D(3) in hospitalized patients with COVID-19: A ' 'multicenter, single-blinded, prospective randomized pilot clinical ' 'trial. Front. Pharmacol., 13.', 'DOI': '10.3389/fphar.2022.863587'}, { 'key': 'ref_168', 'first-page': '201', 'article-title': 'An evaluation of serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels in patients with ' 'COVID-19 in New York City', 'volume': '41', 'author': 'Gavioli', 'year': '2022', 'journal-title': 'J. Am. Nutr. Assoc.'}, { 'key': 'ref_169', 'first-page': '679', 'article-title': 'Association between vitamin D status and risk of developing severe ' 'COVID-19 infection: A meta-analysis of observational studies', 'volume': '41', 'author': 'Hopefl', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'J. Am. Coll. Nutr.'}, { 'key': 'ref_170', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Nguyen, N.N., Raju, M.N.P., da Graca, B., Wang, D., Mohamed, N.A., ' 'Mutnal, M.B., Rao, A., Bennett, M., Gokingco, M., and Pham, H. (2022). ' '25-hydroxyvitamin D is a predictor of COVID-19 severity of hospitalized ' 'patients. PLoS ONE, 17.', 'DOI': '10.1371/journal.pone.0268038'}, { 'key': 'ref_171', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '256', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.clnesp.2022.04.003', 'article-title': 'Association between 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and COVID-19 severity', 'volume': '49', 'author': 'Takase', 'year': '2022', 'journal-title': 'Clin. Nutr. ESPEN'}, { 'key': 'ref_172', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '62', 'DOI': '10.1038/s41590-021-01080-3', 'article-title': 'Autocrine vitamin D signaling switches off pro-inflammatory programs of ' 'TH1 cells', 'volume': '23', 'author': 'Chauss', 'year': '2022', 'journal-title': 'Nat. Immunol.'}, { 'key': 'ref_173', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': 'R133', 'DOI': '10.1530/EJE-20-0665', 'article-title': 'Mechanisums in Endocrinology: Vitamin D and COVID-19', 'volume': '183', 'author': 'Bilezikian', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Eur. J. Endocrinol.'}, { 'key': 'ref_174', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '23', 'DOI': '10.1016/B978-0-12-386960-9.00002-2', 'article-title': 'Vitamin D and innate and adaptive immunity', 'volume': '86', 'author': 'Hewison', 'year': '2011', 'journal-title': 'Vitam. Horm.'}, { 'key': 'ref_175', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Walsh, J.B., McCartney, D.M., Laird, E., McCarroll, K., Byrne, D.G., ' 'Healy, M., O’Shea, P.M., Kenny, R.A., and Faul, J.L. (2022). ' 'Understanding a low vitamin D state in the context of COVID-19. Front. ' 'Pharmacol., 13.', 'DOI': '10.3389/fphar.2022.835480'}, { 'key': 'ref_176', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '20451253211027699', 'DOI': '10.1177/20451253211027699', 'article-title': 'Vitamin D in the time of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic—A clinical ' 'review from a public health and public mental health perspective', 'volume': '11', 'author': 'Werneke', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Ther. Adv. Psychopharmacol.'}, { 'key': 'ref_177', 'first-page': '92', 'article-title': 'Vitamin D and immune function: Autocrine, paracrine or endocrine?', 'volume': '243', 'author': 'Hewison', 'year': '2012', 'journal-title': 'Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Investig. Suppl.'}, { 'key': 'ref_178', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '881', 'DOI': '10.2310/JIM.0b013e31821b8755', 'article-title': 'Vitamin D and the immune system', 'volume': '59', 'author': 'Aranow', 'year': '2011', 'journal-title': 'J. Investig. Med.'}, { 'key': 'ref_179', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '348', 'DOI': '10.1097/MNH.0b013e3282ff64a3', 'article-title': 'Vitamin D and the immune system: Role in protection against bacterial ' 'infection', 'volume': '17', 'author': 'Bikle', 'year': '2008', 'journal-title': 'Curr. Opin. Nephrol. Hypertens.'}, { 'key': 'ref_180', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '233', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.jsbmb.2012.11.012', 'article-title': 'Vitamin D3 supplementation, low-risk prostate cancer, and health ' 'disparities', 'volume': '136', 'author': 'Hollis', 'year': '2013', 'journal-title': 'J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol.'}, { 'key': 'ref_181', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '365', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.ecl.2010.02.010', 'article-title': 'Vitamin D and the immune system: New perspectives on an old theme', 'volume': '39', 'author': 'Hewison', 'year': '2010', 'journal-title': 'Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. N. Am.'}, { 'key': 'ref_182', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Giannini, S., Giusti, A., Minisola, S., Napoli, N., Passeri, G., ' 'Rossini, M., and Sinigaglia, L. (2022). The immunologic profile of ' 'vitamin D and its role in different immune-mediated diseases: An expert ' 'opinion. Nutrients, 14.', 'DOI': '10.3390/nu14030473'}, { 'key': 'ref_183', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1474', 'DOI': '10.1093/infdis/jit355', 'article-title': 'Immunomodulatory effects of vitamin D on innate and adaptive immune ' 'responses to Streptococcus pneumoniae', 'volume': '208', 'author': 'Olliver', 'year': '2013', 'journal-title': 'J. Infect. Dis.'}, { 'key': 'ref_184', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '509', 'DOI': '10.1111/j.1365-2567.2006.02399.x', 'article-title': 'Control of the innate epithelial antimicrobial response is cell-type ' 'specific and dependent on relevant microenvironmental stimuli', 'volume': '118', 'author': 'Schauber', 'year': '2006', 'journal-title': 'Immunology'}, { 'key': 'ref_185', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '174193', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174193', 'article-title': 'Evaluation of Th1 and Th2 mediated cellular and humoral immunity in ' 'patients with COVID-19 following the use of melatonin as an adjunctive ' 'treatment', 'volume': '904', 'author': 'Hosseini', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Eur. J. Pharmacol.'}, { 'key': 'ref_186', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '2204', 'DOI': '10.1002/jcp.27180', 'article-title': 'The pathogenesis of thyroid autoimmune diseases: New T ' 'lymphocytes—Cytokines circuits beyond the Th1-Th2 paradigm', 'volume': '234', 'author': 'Li', 'year': '2019', 'journal-title': 'J. Cell. Physiol.'}, { 'key': 'ref_187', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '2127', 'DOI': '10.4049/jimmunol.1102412', 'article-title': 'Vitamin D inhibits monocyte/macrophage proinflammatory cytokine ' 'production by targeting MAPK phosphatase-1', 'volume': '188', 'author': 'Zhang', 'year': '2012', 'journal-title': 'J. Immunol.'}, { 'key': 'ref_188', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '508', 'DOI': '10.1111/cen.14276', 'article-title': 'Low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) levels in patients hospitalized ' 'with COVID-19 are associated with greater disease severity', 'volume': '93', 'author': 'Panagiotou', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Clin. Endocrinol.'}, { 'key': 'ref_189', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1308', 'DOI': '10.1080/10408398.2020.1841090', 'article-title': 'Vitamin D deficiency aggravates COVID-19: Systematic review and ' 'meta-analysis', 'volume': '62', 'author': 'Pereira', 'year': '2022', 'journal-title': 'Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr.'}, { 'key': 'ref_190', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Zheng, S., Yang, J., Hu, X., Li, M., Wang, Q., Dancer, R.C.A., Parekh, ' 'D., Gao-Smith, F., Thickett, D.R., and Jin, S. (2020). Vitamin D ' 'attenuates lung injury via stimulating epithelial repair, reducing ' 'epithelial cell apoptosis and inhibits TGF-beta induced epithelial to ' 'mesenchymal transition. Biochem. Pharmacol., 177.', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.bcp.2020.113955'}, { 'key': 'ref_191', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1367', 'DOI': '10.1096/fj.15-272872', 'article-title': 'Vitamin D modulates tissue factor and protease-activated receptor 2 ' 'expression in vascular smooth muscle cells', 'volume': '30', 'author': 'Herencia', 'year': '2016', 'journal-title': 'FASEB J.'}, { 'key': 'ref_192', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1195', 'DOI': '10.1007/s40520-020-01570-8', 'article-title': 'The role of vitamin D in the prevention of coronavirus disease 2019 ' 'infection and mortality', 'volume': '32', 'author': 'Ilie', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Aging Clin. Exp. Res.'}, { 'key': 'ref_193', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': 'e34691', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e34691', 'article-title': 'Unlocking insights: Navigating COVID-19 challenges and emulating future ' 'pandemic resilience strategies with strengthening natural immunity', 'volume': '10', 'author': 'Wimalawansa', 'year': '2024', 'journal-title': 'Heliyon'}, { 'key': 'ref_194', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '5458', 'DOI': '10.4049/jimmunol.0803217', 'article-title': '1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 and IL-2 combine to inhibit T cell production ' 'of inflammatory cytokines and promote development of regulatory T cells ' 'expressing CTLA-4 and FoxP3', 'volume': '183', 'author': 'Jeffery', 'year': '2009', 'journal-title': 'J. Immunol.'}, { 'key': 'ref_195', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '724', 'DOI': '10.1080/07315724.2020.1826005', 'article-title': 'Does serum vitamin D level affect COVID-19 infection and Its ' 'severity?-A case-control study', 'volume': '40', 'author': 'Ye', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'J. Am. Coll. Nutr.'}, { 'key': 'ref_196', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Zhang, Y.G., Wu, S., and Sun, J. (2013). Vitamin D, vitamin D receptor, ' 'and tissue barriers. Tissue Barriers, 1.', 'DOI': '10.4161/tisb.23118'}, { 'key': 'ref_197', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '5285', 'DOI': '10.1002/jmv.27075', 'article-title': 'Vitamin D and COVID-19: Role of ACE2, age, gender, and ethnicity', 'volume': '93', 'author': 'Getachew', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'J. Med. Virol.'}, { 'key': 'ref_198', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '155', 'DOI': '10.1002/jcb.21162', 'article-title': 'Enhanced tight junction function in human breast cancer cells by ' 'antioxidant, selenium and polyunsaturated lipid', 'volume': '101', 'author': 'Martin', 'year': '2007', 'journal-title': 'J. Cell. Biochem.'}, { 'key': 'ref_199', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Alexander, J., Tinkov, A., Strand, T.A., Alehagen, U., Skalny, A., and ' 'Aaseth, J. (2020). Early nutritional interventions with zinc, selenium ' 'and vitamin D for raising anti-viral resistance against progressive ' 'COVID-19. Nutrients, 12.', 'DOI': '10.3390/nu12082358'}, { 'key': 'ref_200', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '13', 'DOI': '10.1111/1756-185X.14477', 'article-title': 'Vitamin D-A prominent immunomodulator to prevent COVID-19 infection', 'volume': '26', 'author': 'Ashique', 'year': '2023', 'journal-title': 'Int. J. Rheum. Dis.'}, { 'key': 'ref_201', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '86', 'DOI': '10.1038/s43856-023-00320-x', 'article-title': 'Evolutionary implications of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination for the future ' 'design of vaccination strategies', 'volume': '3', 'author': 'Rouzine', 'year': '2023', 'journal-title': 'Commun. Med.'}, { 'key': 'ref_202', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': 'R527', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.cub.2020.03.056', 'article-title': 'The impact of neutral mutations on genome evolvability', 'volume': '30', 'author': 'Tenaillon', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Curr. Biol.'}, { 'key': 'ref_203', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Konishi, T. (2022). Mutations in SARS-CoV-2 are on the increase against ' 'the acquired immunity. PLoS ONE, 17.', 'DOI': '10.1101/2022.01.30.22270133'}, { 'key': 'ref_204', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': 'e28406', 'DOI': '10.1002/jmv.28406', 'article-title': 'In silico study of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein RBD and human ACE-2 ' 'affinity dynamics across variants and Omicron subvariants', 'volume': '95', 'author': 'Abeywardhana', 'year': '2023', 'journal-title': 'J. Med. Virol.'}, { 'key': 'ref_205', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '2422', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.cell.2022.06.005', 'article-title': 'Antibody escape of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.4 and BA.5 from vaccine and ' 'BA.1 serum', 'volume': '185', 'author': 'Tuekprakhon', 'year': '2022', 'journal-title': 'Cell'}, { 'key': 'ref_206', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '2183', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.cell.2021.02.032', 'article-title': 'The antigenic anatomy of SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain', 'volume': '184', 'author': 'Dejnirattisai', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Cell'}, { 'key': 'ref_207', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1500', 'DOI': '10.1016/S0140-6736(01)06580-1', 'article-title': 'Intake of vitamin D and risk of type 1 diabetes: A birth-cohort study', 'volume': '358', 'author': 'Hypponen', 'year': '2001', 'journal-title': 'Lancet'}, { 'key': 'ref_208', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '2847', 'DOI': '10.1007/s00125-006-0426-x', 'article-title': 'Lower levels of plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D among young adults at ' 'diagnosis of autoimmune type 1 diabetes compared with control subjects: ' 'Results from the nationwide Diabetes Incidence Study in Sweden (DISS)', 'volume': '49', 'author': 'Littorin', 'year': '2006', 'journal-title': 'Diabetologia'}, { 'key': 'ref_209', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1005', 'DOI': '10.1038/ejcn.2011.118', 'article-title': 'Vitamin D and type 2 diabetes: A systematic review', 'volume': '65', 'author': 'Mitri', 'year': '2011', 'journal-title': 'Eur. J. Clin. Nutr.'}, { 'key': 'ref_210', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': 'R123', 'DOI': '10.1186/ar2533', 'article-title': 'Vitamin D deficiency in undifferentiated connective tissue disease', 'volume': '10', 'author': 'Zold', 'year': '2008', 'journal-title': 'Arthritis Res. Ther.'}, { 'key': 'ref_211', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '2708', 'DOI': '10.1097/MIB.0000000000000546', 'article-title': 'Association between inflammatory bowel disease and Vitamin D ' 'deficiency: A systematic review and meta-analysis', 'volume': '21', 'author': 'Pietropaoli', 'year': '2015', 'journal-title': 'Inflamm. Bowel Dis.'}, { 'key': 'ref_212', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Hu, Y.C., Wang, W.W., Jiang, W.Y., Li, C.Q., Guo, J.C., and Xun, Y.H. ' '(2019). Low vitamin D levels are associated with high viral loads in ' 'patients with chronic hepatitis B: A systematic review and ' 'meta-analysis. BMC Gastroenterol., 19.', 'DOI': '10.1186/s12876-019-1004-2'}, { 'key': 'ref_213', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '168', 'DOI': '10.1159/000323941', 'article-title': 'Vitamin D deficiency as a strong predictor of asthma in children', 'volume': '157', 'author': 'Bener', 'year': '2012', 'journal-title': 'Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol.'}, { 'key': 'ref_214', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '252', 'DOI': '10.2105/AJPH.2004.045260', 'article-title': 'The role of vitamin D in cancer prevention', 'volume': '96', 'author': 'Garland', 'year': '2006', 'journal-title': 'Am. J. Public Health'}, { 'key': 'ref_215', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '468', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.annepidem.2009.03.021', 'article-title': 'Vitamin D for cancer prevention: Global perspective', 'volume': '19', 'author': 'Garland', 'year': '2009', 'journal-title': 'Ann. Epidemiol.'}, { 'key': 'ref_216', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Grant, W.B., and Boucher, B.J. (2017). Randomized controlled trials of ' 'vitamin D and cancer incidence: A modeling study. PLoS ONE, 12.', 'DOI': '10.1371/journal.pone.0176448'}, { 'key': 'ref_217', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '266', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.08.009', 'article-title': 'Why vitamin D clinical trials should be based on 25-hydroxyvitamin D ' 'concentrations', 'volume': '177', 'author': 'Grant', 'year': '2018', 'journal-title': 'J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol.'}, { 'key': 'ref_218', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Marino, R., and Misra, M. (2019). Extra-Skeletal Effects of Vitamin D. ' 'Nutrients, 11.', 'DOI': '10.3390/nu11071460'}, { 'key': 'ref_219', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'D’Amelio, P., and Quacquarelli, L. (2020). Hypovitaminosis D and aging: ' 'Is there a role in muscle and brain health?. Nutrients, 12.', 'DOI': '10.3390/nu12030628'}, { 'key': 'ref_220', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '31', 'DOI': '10.1007/s12020-022-03208-3', 'article-title': 'Vitamin D in the older population: A consensus statement', 'volume': '79', 'author': 'Giustina', 'year': '2023', 'journal-title': 'Endocrine'}, { 'key': 'ref_221', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Caccamo, D., Ricca, S., Curro, M., and Ientile, R. (2018). Health risks ' 'of hypovitaminosis D: A review of new molecular insights. Int. J. Mol. ' 'Sci., 19.', 'DOI': '10.3390/ijms19030892'}, { 'key': 'ref_222', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '256294', 'DOI': '10.1155/2012/256294', 'article-title': 'Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) Is a key modulator of the renin ' 'angiotensin system in health and disease', 'volume': '2012', 'author': 'Tikellis', 'year': '2012', 'journal-title': 'Int. J. Pept.'}, { 'key': 'ref_223', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '934', 'DOI': '10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.0994', 'article-title': 'Risk factors associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome and ' 'death in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia in Wuhan, ' 'China', 'volume': '180', 'author': 'Wu', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'JAMA Intern. Med.'}, { 'key': 'ref_224', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1457', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.dsx.2019.02.021', 'article-title': 'Relationship between vitamin D deficiency, diabetes, and obesity', 'volume': '13', 'author': 'Alloubani', 'year': '2019', 'journal-title': 'Diabetes Metab. Syndr.'}, { 'key': 'ref_225', 'first-page': '35', 'article-title': 'Vitamin D deficiency, obesity and diabetes', 'volume': '61', 'author': 'Li', 'year': '2015', 'journal-title': 'Cell. Mol. Biol.'}, { 'key': 'ref_226', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '265', 'DOI': '10.1007/s11154-021-09679-5', 'article-title': 'Vitamin D, infections and immunity', 'volume': '23', 'author': 'Ismailova', 'year': '2022', 'journal-title': 'Rev. Endocr. Metab. Disord.'}, { 'key': 'ref_227', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Sarau, O.S., Rachabattuni, H.C., Gadde, S.T., Daruvuri, S.P., Marusca, ' 'L.M., Horhat, F.G., Fildan, A.P., Tanase, E., Prodan-Barbulescu, C., and ' 'Horhat, D.I. (2024). Exploring the preventive potential of vitamin D ' 'against respiratory infections in preschool-age children: A ' 'cross-sectional study. Nutrients, 16.', 'DOI': '10.3390/nu16111595'}, { 'key': 'ref_228', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1865', 'DOI': '10.1007/s10067-015-2970-6', 'article-title': 'Severe vitamin D deficiency in patients with Kawasaki disease: A ' 'potential role in the risk to develop heart vascular abnormalities?', 'volume': '35', 'author': 'Stagi', 'year': '2016', 'journal-title': 'Clin. Rheumatol.'}, { 'key': 'ref_229', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': 'e15191', 'DOI': '10.1111/ped.15191', 'article-title': 'The impact of vitamin D on the onset and progress of Kawasaki disease', 'volume': '64', 'author': 'Okazaki', 'year': '2022', 'journal-title': 'Pediatr. Int.'}, { 'key': 'ref_230', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Karonova, T.L., Andreeva, A.T., Golovatuk, K.A., Bykova, E.S., ' 'Simanenkova, A.V., Vashukova, M.A., Grant, W.B., and Shlyakhto, E.V. ' '(2021). Low 25(OH)D level is associated with severe course and poor ' 'prognosis in COVID-19. Nutrients, 13.', 'DOI': '10.3390/nu13093021'}, { 'key': 'ref_231', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '619', 'DOI': '10.1007/s11357-020-00314-w', 'article-title': 'Age-associated difference in circulating ACE2, the gateway for ' 'SARS-COV-2, in humans: Results from the InCHIANTI study', 'volume': '43', 'author': 'AlGhatrif', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Geroscience'}, { 'key': 'ref_232', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '100041', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.medidd.2020.100041', 'article-title': 'Does vitamin D status impact mortality from SARS-CoV-2 infection?', 'volume': '6', 'author': 'Marik', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Med. Drug Discov.'}, { 'key': 'ref_233', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '104', 'DOI': '10.1111/medu.14387', 'article-title': 'Transitioning to a new era: Future directions for staff development ' 'during COVID-19', 'volume': '55', 'author': 'Zuo', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Med. Educ.'}, { 'key': 'ref_234', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '107001', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107001', 'article-title': 'Lower levels of vitamin D are associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection and ' 'mortality in the Indian population: An observational study', 'volume': '88', 'author': 'Padhi', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Int. Immunopharmacol.'}, { 'key': 'ref_235', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '378', 'DOI': '10.1038/s41371-020-00398-z', 'article-title': 'Vitamin D deficiency in African Americans is associated with a high ' 'risk of severe disease and mortality by SARS-CoV-2', 'volume': '35', 'author': 'Inserra', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'J. Hum. Hypertens.'}, { 'key': 'ref_236', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '21', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.clnesp.2021.09.727', 'article-title': 'Rays of immunity: Role of sunshine vitamin in management of COVID-19 ' 'infection and associated comorbidities', 'volume': '46', 'author': 'Pavan', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Clin. Nutr. ESPEN'}, { 'key': 'ref_237', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1415', 'DOI': '10.1007/s40520-021-01831-0', 'article-title': 'Severe vitamin D deficiency is not related to SARS-CoV-2 infection but ' 'may increase mortality risk in hospitalized adults: A retrospective ' 'case-control study in an Arab Gulf country', 'volume': '33', 'author': 'Alguwaihes', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Aging Clin. Exp. Res.'}, { 'key': 'ref_238', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '321', 'DOI': '10.3961/jpmph.21.640', 'article-title': 'Vitamin D deficiency and comorbidities as risk factors of COVID-19 ' 'Infection: A systematic review and meta-analysis', 'volume': '55', 'author': 'Mishra', 'year': '2022', 'journal-title': 'J. Prev. Med. Public Health'}, { 'key': 'ref_239', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '85', 'DOI': '10.5501/wjv.v11.i1.85', 'article-title': 'Role of vitamin D deficiency and comorbidities in COVID-19', 'volume': '11', 'author': 'Alberca', 'year': '2022', 'journal-title': 'World J. Virol.'}, { 'key': 'ref_240', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '13', 'DOI': '10.53346/wjapls.2023.5.2.0080', 'article-title': 'The impact of withholding cost-effective early treatments, such as ' 'vitamin D, on COVID-19: An analysis using an innovative logical ' 'paradigm', 'volume': '5', 'author': 'Polonowita', 'year': '2023', 'journal-title': 'World J. Adv. Pharm. Life Sci.'}, { 'key': 'ref_241', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '243', 'DOI': '10.1007/s00354-023-00211-8', 'article-title': 'A systematic literature review and future perspectives for handling big ' 'data analytics in COVID-19 diagnosis', 'volume': '41', 'author': 'Tenali', 'year': '2023', 'journal-title': 'New Gener. Comput.'}, { 'key': 'ref_242', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1', 'DOI': '10.53294/ijfstr.2024.6.2.0031', 'article-title': 'Decoding the paradox: Understanding elevated hospitalization and ' 'reduced mortality in SARS-CoV-2 variants', 'volume': '6', 'author': 'Wimalawansa', 'year': '2024', 'journal-title': 'Int. J. Front. in Sci. Technol. Res.'}, { 'key': 'ref_243', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1541', 'DOI': '10.1038/s41467-023-36494-0', 'article-title': 'Risk of death following COVID-19 vaccination or positive SARS-CoV-2 ' 'test in young people in England', 'volume': '14', 'author': 'Nafilyan', 'year': '2023', 'journal-title': 'Nat. Commun.'}, { 'key': 'ref_244', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1053', 'DOI': '10.1007/s11739-021-02902-w', 'article-title': 'Vitamin D deficiency is associated with higher risks for SARS-CoV-2 ' 'infection and COVID-19 severity: A retrospective case-control study', 'volume': '17', 'author': 'Israel', 'year': '2022', 'journal-title': 'Intern. Emerg. Med.'}, { 'key': 'ref_245', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1017', 'DOI': '10.1007/s10787-021-00835-6', 'article-title': 'Shedding light on vitamin D: The shared mechanistic and ' 'pathophysiological role between hypovitaminosis D and COVID-19 risk ' 'factors and complications', 'volume': '29', 'author': 'Menshawey', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Inflammopharmacology'}, { 'key': 'ref_246', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '270', 'DOI': '10.1038/s41586-020-2012-7', 'article-title': 'A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat ' 'origin', 'volume': '579', 'author': 'Zhou', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Nature'}, { 'key': 'ref_247', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '565', 'DOI': '10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30251-8', 'article-title': 'Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: ' 'Implications for virus origins and receptor binding', 'volume': '395', 'author': 'Lu', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Lancet'}, { 'key': 'ref_248', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '867', 'DOI': '10.1007/s00408-020-00408-4', 'article-title': 'ACE2: The major cell entry receptor for SARS-CoV-2', 'volume': '198', 'author': 'Scialo', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Lung'}, { 'key': 'ref_249', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '271', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.052', 'article-title': 'SARS-CoV-2 cell entry depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and Is blocked by a ' 'clinically proven protease inhibitor', 'volume': '181', 'author': 'Hoffmann', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Cell'}, { 'key': 'ref_250', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': 'e2111400119', 'DOI': '10.1073/pnas.2111400119', 'article-title': 'SARS-CoV-2 spreads through cell-to-cell transmission', 'volume': '119', 'author': 'Zeng', 'year': '2022', 'journal-title': 'Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA'}, { 'key': 'ref_251', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '27875', 'DOI': '10.1074/jbc.C110.216580', 'article-title': 'Nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAADP) regulates ' 'autophagy in cultured astrocytes', 'volume': '286', 'author': 'Pereira', 'year': '2011', 'journal-title': 'J. Biol. Chem.'}, { 'key': 'ref_252', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': 'L325', 'DOI': '10.1152/ajplung.00189.2020', 'article-title': 'Disequilibrium between the classic renin-angiotensin system and its ' 'opposing arm in SARS-CoV-2-related lung injury', 'volume': '319', 'author': 'Sarzani', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol.'}, { 'key': 'ref_253', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '7432', 'DOI': '10.3892/mmr.2017.7546', 'article-title': 'Vitamin D alleviates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury via ' 'regulation of the renin-angiotensin system', 'volume': '16', 'author': 'Xu', 'year': '2017', 'journal-title': 'Mol. Med. Rep.'}, { 'key': 'ref_254', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '3089', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.clnu.2021.03.001', 'article-title': 'Vitamin D deficiency in critically ill COVID-19 ARDS patients', 'volume': '41', 'author': 'Notz', 'year': '2022', 'journal-title': 'Clin. Nutr.'}, { 'key': 'ref_255', 'first-page': '84', 'article-title': 'Vitamin D deficiency and ARDS after SARS-CoV-2 infection', 'volume': '113', 'author': 'Faul', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Ir. Med. J.'}, { 'key': 'ref_256', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '617', 'DOI': '10.1136/thoraxjnl-2014-206680', 'article-title': 'Vitamin D deficiency contributes directly to the acute respiratory ' 'distress syndrome (ARDS)', 'volume': '70', 'author': 'Dancer', 'year': '2015', 'journal-title': 'Thorax'}, { 'key': 'ref_257', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '23', 'DOI': '10.2174/157489007779606130', 'article-title': 'The role of angiotensin type 1 receptor in inflammation and endothelial ' 'dysfunction', 'volume': '2', 'author': 'Skultetyova', 'year': '2007', 'journal-title': 'Recent. Pat. Cardiovasc. Drug Discov.'}, { 'key': 'ref_258', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Sun, J., and Zhang, Y.G. (2022). Vitamin D receptor influences ' 'Intestinal barriers in health and disease. Cells, 11.', 'DOI': '10.3390/cells11071129'}, { 'key': 'ref_259', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1382', 'DOI': '10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.15082', 'article-title': 'Renin-angiotensin system blockers and the COVID-19 pandemic: At present ' 'there is no evidence to abandon renin-angiotensin system blockers', 'volume': '75', 'author': 'Danser', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Hypertension'}, { 'key': 'ref_260', 'first-page': '1295', 'article-title': 'The clinical characteristics and influencing factors of patients with ' 'severe COVID-19', 'volume': '29', 'author': 'Yang', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Zhongguo Shi Yan Xue Ye Xue Za Zhi'}, { 'key': 'ref_261', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '229', 'DOI': '10.1172/JCI0215219', 'article-title': '1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D(3) is a negative endocrine regulator of the ' 'renin-angiotensin system', 'volume': '110', 'author': 'Li', 'year': '2002', 'journal-title': 'J. Clin. Investig.'}, { 'key': 'ref_262', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1283', 'DOI': '10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.109.148619', 'article-title': 'Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D and regulation of the renin-angiotensin ' 'system in humans', 'volume': '55', 'author': 'Forman', 'year': '2010', 'journal-title': 'Hypertension'}, { 'key': 'ref_263', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '713', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.amjhyper.2007.01.017', 'article-title': 'Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D, ethnicity, and blood pressure in the Third ' 'National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey', 'volume': '20', 'author': 'Scragg', 'year': '2007', 'journal-title': 'Am. J. Hypertens.'}, { 'key': 'ref_264', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1079', 'DOI': '10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602825', 'article-title': 'Vitamin D status and health correlates among German adults', 'volume': '62', 'author': 'Hintzpeter', 'year': '2008', 'journal-title': 'Eur. J. Clin. Nutr.'}, { 'key': 'ref_265', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1883', 'DOI': '10.1038/s41440-019-0321-8', 'article-title': 'Stimulation of the ACE2/Ang-(1–7)/Mas axis in hypertensive pregnant ' 'rats attenuates cardiovascular dysfunction in adult male offspring', 'volume': '42', 'author': 'Bessa', 'year': '2019', 'journal-title': 'Hypertens. Res. Off. J. Jpn. Soc. Hypertens.'}, { 'key': 'ref_266', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '175623', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175623', 'article-title': 'ACE2/ANG-(1–7)/Mas receptor axis activation prevents inflammation and ' 'improves cognitive functions in streptozotocin induced rat model of ' 'Alzheimer’s disease-like phenotypes', 'volume': '946', 'author': 'Tiwari', 'year': '2023', 'journal-title': 'Eur. J. Pharmacol.'}, { 'key': 'ref_267', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '4403', 'DOI': '10.3892/mmr.2017.7168', 'article-title': 'Role of the ACE2-Ang-(1–7)-Mas axis in blood pressure regulation and ' 'its potential as an antihypertensive in functional foods', 'volume': '16', 'author': 'Lin', 'year': '2017', 'journal-title': 'Mol. Med. Rep.'}, { 'key': 'ref_268', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '225', 'DOI': '10.1007/s11010-021-04275-2', 'article-title': 'Role of ACE2-Ang (1–7)-Mas axis in post-COVID-19 complications and its ' 'dietary modulation', 'volume': '477', 'author': 'Sahu', 'year': '2022', 'journal-title': 'Mol. Cell. Biochem.'}, { 'key': 'ref_269', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '283', 'DOI': '10.1038/s41392-020-00426-x', 'article-title': 'CD147-spike protein is a novel route for SARS-CoV-2 infection to host ' 'cells', 'volume': '5', 'author': 'Wang', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Signal Transduct. Target. Ther.'}, { 'key': 'ref_270', 'first-page': '1', 'article-title': 'Basigin binds Spike S on SARS-CoV2', 'volume': '8', 'author': 'Chambers', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Sci. Res.'}, { 'key': 'ref_271', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Fenizia, C., Galbiati, S., Vanetti, C., Vago, R., Clerici, M., ' 'Tacchetti, C., and Daniele, T. (2021). SARS-CoV-2 entry: At the ' 'crossroads of CD147 and ACE2. Cells, 10.', 'DOI': '10.3390/cells10061434'}, { 'key': 'ref_272', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '136', 'DOI': '10.1002/cyto.a.24285', 'article-title': 'Little to no expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 on most ' 'human peripheral blood immune cells but highly expressed on tissue ' 'macrophages', 'volume': '103', 'author': 'Song', 'year': '2023', 'journal-title': 'Cytom. A'}, { 'key': 'ref_273', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '155', 'DOI': '10.1038/s41579-020-00468-6', 'article-title': 'Coronavirus biology and replication: Implications for SARS-CoV-2', 'volume': '19', 'author': 'Kratzel', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Nat. Rev. Microbiol.'}, { 'key': 'ref_274', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '10715', 'DOI': '10.1007/s11033-022-07700-x', 'article-title': 'SARS-CoV-2 cell entry beyond the ACE2 receptor', 'volume': '49', 'author': 'Alipoor', 'year': '2022', 'journal-title': 'Mol. Biol. Rep.'}, { 'key': 'ref_275', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Neerukonda, S.N., Vassell, R., Herrup, R., Liu, S., Wang, T., Takeda, ' 'K., Yang, Y., Lin, T.L., Wang, W., and Weiss, C.D. (2021). Establishment ' 'of a well-characterized SARS-CoV-2 lentiviral pseudovirus neutralization ' 'assay using 293T cells with stable expression of ACE2 and TMPRSS2. PLoS ' 'ONE, 16.', 'DOI': '10.1101/2020.12.26.424442'}, { 'key': 'ref_276', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': 'e2108728118', 'DOI': '10.1073/pnas.2108728118', 'article-title': 'A novel class of TMPRSS2 inhibitors potently block SARS-CoV-2 and ' 'MERS-CoV viral entry and protect human epithelial lung cells', 'volume': '118', 'author': 'Mahoney', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA'}, { 'key': 'ref_277', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1339', 'DOI': '10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.15256', 'article-title': 'Interaction of SARS-CoV-2 and other coronavirus with ACE ' '(angiotensin-converting enzyme)-2 as their main receptor: Therapeutic ' 'implications', 'volume': '76', 'author': 'Davidson', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Hypertension'}, { 'key': 'ref_278', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Yalcin, H.C., Sukumaran, V., Al-Ruweidi, M., and Shurbaji, S. (2021). Do ' 'changes in ACE-2 expression affect SARS-CoV-2 virulence and related ' 'complications: A closer Look into nembrane-bound and soluble forms. Int. ' 'J. Mol. Sci., 22.', 'DOI': '10.3390/ijms22136703'}, { 'key': 'ref_279', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Wei, L., Liu, S., Lu, S., Luo, S., An, X., Fan, H., Chen, W., Li, E., ' 'Tong, Y., and Song, L. (2024). Lethal infection of human ACE2-transgenic ' 'mice caused by SARS-CoV-2-related Pangolin coronavirus GX_P2V. BioRxiv.', 'DOI': '10.1101/2024.01.03.574008'}, { 'key': 'ref_280', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '2212', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.cell.2021.02.053', 'article-title': 'Soluble ACE2-mediated cell entry of SARS-CoV-2 via interaction with ' 'proteins related to the renin-angiotensin system', 'volume': '184', 'author': 'Yeung', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Cell'}, { 'key': 'ref_281', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '16', 'DOI': '10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.15291', 'article-title': 'ACE2 (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2), COVID-19, and ACE inhibitor and ' 'Ang II (angiotensin II) receptor blocker use during the pandemic: The ' 'pediatric perspective', 'volume': '76', 'author': 'South', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Hypertension'}, { 'key': 'ref_282', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Hou, Y., Zhao, J., Martin, W., Kallianpur, A., Chung, M.K., Jehi, L., ' 'Sharifi, N., Erzurum, S., Eng, C., and Cheng, F. (2020). New insights ' 'into genetic susceptibility of COVID-19: An ACE2 and TMPRSS2 ' 'polymorphism analysis. BMC Med., 18.', 'DOI': '10.1186/s12916-020-01673-z'}, { 'key': 'ref_283', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '2199', 'DOI': '10.1074/jbc.M205732200', 'article-title': 'Activation of RAF-1 through Ras and protein kinase Calpha mediates ' '1alpha,25(OH)2-vitamin D3 regulation of the mitogen-activated protein ' 'kinase pathway in muscle cells', 'volume': '278', 'author': 'Buitrago', 'year': '2003', 'journal-title': 'J. Biol. Chem.'}, { 'key': 'ref_284', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '882', 'DOI': '10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.1467', 'article-title': 'Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection ' 'in children and adolescents: A systematic review', 'volume': '174', 'author': 'Castagnoli', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'JAMA Pediatr.'}, { 'key': 'ref_285', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': 'e106765', 'DOI': '10.15252/embj.2020106765', 'article-title': 'Infection and transmission of SARS-CoV-2 depend on heparan sulfate ' 'proteoglycans', 'volume': '40', 'author': 'Eder', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'EMBO J.'}, { 'key': 'ref_286', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Mehrabadi, M.E., Hemmati, R., Tashakor, A., Homaei, A., Yousefzadeh, M., ' 'Hemati, K., and Hosseinkhani, S. (2021). Induced dysregulation of ACE2 ' 'by SARS-CoV-2 plays a key role in COVID-19 severity. Biomed. ' 'Pharmacother., 137.', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111363'}, { 'key': 'ref_287', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'de Queiroz, T.M., Lakkappa, N., and Lazartigues, E. (2020). ' 'ADAM17-mMediated shedding of inflammatory cytokines in hypertension. ' 'Front. Pharmacol., 11.', 'DOI': '10.3389/fphar.2020.01154'}, { 'key': 'ref_288', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1323', 'DOI': '10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.121.318902', 'article-title': 'SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein impairs endothelial function via ' 'downregulation of ACE 2', 'volume': '128', 'author': 'Lei', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Circ. Res.'}, { 'key': 'ref_289', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Hedges, J.F., Snyder, D.T., Robison, A., Grifka-Walk, H.M., Blackwell, ' 'K., Shepardson, K., Kominsky, D., Rynda-Apple, A., Walcheck, B., and ' 'Jutila, M.A. (2022). An ADAM17-neutralizing antibody reduces ' 'inflammation and mortality while increasing viral burden in a COVID-19 ' 'mouse model. Front. Immunol., 13.', 'DOI': '10.3389/fimmu.2022.918881'}, { 'key': 'ref_290', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '7809', 'DOI': '10.1073/pnas.0711241105', 'article-title': 'Modulation of TNF-alpha-converting enzyme by the spike protein of ' 'SARS-CoV and ACE2 induces TNF-alpha production and facilitates viral ' 'entry', 'volume': '105', 'author': 'Haga', 'year': '2008', 'journal-title': 'Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA'}, { 'key': 'ref_291', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '152072', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152072', 'article-title': 'CD147-spike protein interaction in COVID-19: Get the ball rolling with ' 'a novel receptor and therapeutic target', 'volume': '808', 'author': 'Behl', 'year': '2022', 'journal-title': 'Sci. Total Environ.'}, { 'key': 'ref_292', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '7135', 'DOI': '10.1038/s41467-021-27378-2', 'article-title': 'Massive image-based single-cell profiling reveals high levels of ' 'circulating platelet aggregates in patients with COVID-19', 'volume': '12', 'author': 'Nishikawa', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Nat. Commun.'}, { 'key': 'ref_293', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '2427', 'DOI': '10.1001/jama.2020.8707', 'article-title': 'Nasal gene expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 in children ' 'and adults', 'volume': '323', 'author': 'Bunyavanich', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'JAMA'}, { 'key': 'ref_294', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Lordan, R. (2021). Notable developments for vitamin D Amid the COVID-19 ' 'pandemic, but caution warranted overall: A narrative review. Nutrients, ' '13.', 'DOI': '10.3390/nu13030740'}, { 'key': 'ref_295', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': 'e691', 'DOI': '10.1002/hsr2.691', 'article-title': 'Vitamin D prescribing practices among clinical practitioners during the ' 'COVID-19 pandemic', 'volume': '5', 'author': 'Jude', 'year': '2022', 'journal-title': 'Health Sci. Rep.'}, { 'key': 'ref_296', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': 'e434', 'DOI': '10.1097/MJT.0000000000001402', 'article-title': 'Ivermectin for prevention and treatment of COVID-19 infection: A ' 'systematic review, meta-analysis, and trial sequential analysis to ' 'inform clinical guidelines', 'volume': '28', 'author': 'Bryant', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Am. J. Ther.'}, { 'key': 'ref_297', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Chowdhury, A., Sajid, M., Jahan, N., Adelusi, T.I., Maitra, P., Yin, G., ' 'Wu, X., Gao, Y., and Wang, S. (2021). A secondary approach with ' 'conventional medicines and supplements to recuperate current COVID-19 ' 'status. Biomed. Pharmacother., 142.', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111956'}, { 'key': 'ref_298', 'unstructured': 'FDA (2023, May 22). Emergency Use Authorization for Vaccines Explained, ' 'Available online: ' 'https://www.fda.gov/vaccines-blood-biologics/vaccines/emergency-use-authorization-vaccines-explained.'}, { 'key': 'ref_299', 'first-page': '24', 'article-title': 'Molecular quantum and logic process of consciousness—Vitamin D big-data ' 'in COVID-19—A case for incorporating machine learning in medicine', 'volume': '10', 'author': 'Polonowita', 'year': '2023', 'journal-title': 'Euro. J. Biomed. Pharma. Sci.'}, { 'key': 'ref_300', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '101123', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.arr.2020.101123', 'article-title': 'ACE2 imbalance as a key player for the poor outcomes in COVID-19 ' 'patients with age-related comorbidities—Role of gut microbiota ' 'dysbiosis', 'volume': '62', 'author': 'Viana', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Ageing Res. Rev.'}, { 'key': 'ref_301', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Sawalha, A.H., Zhao, M., Coit, P., and Lu, Q. (2020). Epigenetic ' 'dysregulation of ACE2 and interferon-regulated genes might suggest ' 'increased COVID-19 susceptibility and severity in lupus patients. ' 'medRxiv.', 'DOI': '10.1101/2020.03.30.20047852'}, { 'key': 'ref_302', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '905', 'DOI': '10.1007/s10096-020-04138-6', 'article-title': 'COVID-19: Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) expression and tissue ' 'susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection', 'volume': '40', 'author': 'Beyerstedt', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis.'}, { 'key': 'ref_303', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '3171', 'DOI': '10.1093/jn/nxaa293', 'article-title': 'The association of vitamin D and vitamin K status with subclinical ' 'measures of cardiovascular health and all-cause mortality in older ' 'adults: The hoorn study', 'volume': '150', 'author': 'Beulens', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'J. Nutr.'}, { 'key': 'ref_304', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1645', 'DOI': '10.1007/s00394-020-02352-8', 'article-title': 'Combined low vitamin D and K status amplifies mortality risk: A ' 'prospective study', 'volume': '60', 'author': 'Beulens', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Eur. J. Nutr.'}, { 'key': 'ref_305', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': 'e027666', 'DOI': '10.1136/bmjopen-2018-027666', 'article-title': 'Importance of vitamin D in acute and critically ill children with ' 'subgroup analyses of sepsis and respiratory tract infections: A ' 'systematic review and meta-analysis', 'volume': '9', 'author': 'Cariolou', 'year': '2019', 'journal-title': 'BMJ Open'}, { 'key': 'ref_306', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '23', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.imlet.2018.07.009', 'article-title': 'Vitamin D inhibits palmitate-induced macrophage pro-inflammatory ' 'cytokine production by targeting the MAPK pathway', 'volume': '202', 'author': 'Li', 'year': '2018', 'journal-title': 'Immunol. Lett.'}, { 'key': 'ref_307', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': 'E246', 'DOI': '10.1152/ajpendo.00174.2021', 'article-title': 'Vitamin D and lumisterol novel metabolites can inhibit SARS-CoV-2 ' 'replication machinery enzymes', 'volume': '321', 'author': 'Qayyum', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab.'}, { 'key': 'ref_308', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': 'taaa041', 'DOI': '10.1093/jtm/taaa041', 'article-title': 'Hypothesis: Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin ' 'receptor blockers may increase the risk of severe COVID-19', 'volume': '27', 'author': 'Diaz', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'J. Travel. Med.'}, { 'key': 'ref_309', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '683', 'DOI': '10.1080/1061186X.2020.1797754', 'article-title': 'Pharmacotherapy in COVID-19 patients: A review of ACE2-raising drugs ' 'and their clinical safety', 'volume': '28', 'author': 'Akhtar', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'J. Drug Target.'}, { 'key': 'ref_310', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Chung, M.K., Karnik, S., Saef, J., Bergmann, C., Barnard, J., Lederman, ' 'M.M., Tilton, J., Cheng, F., Harding, C.V., and Young, J.B. (2020). ' 'SARS-CoV-2 and ACE2: The biology and clinical data settling the ARB and ' 'ACEI controversy. EBioMedicine, 58.', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102907'}, { 'key': 'ref_311', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '28046', 'DOI': '10.1073/pnas.2016093117', 'article-title': 'Engineered ACE2 receptor traps potently neutralize SARS-CoV-2', 'volume': '117', 'author': 'Glasgow', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA'}, { 'key': 'ref_312', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '113', 'DOI': '10.1038/s41589-020-00679-1', 'article-title': 'Bi-paratopic and multivalent VH domains block ACE2 binding and ' 'neutralize SARS-CoV-2', 'volume': '17', 'author': 'Bracken', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Nat. Chem. Biol.'}, { 'key': 'ref_313', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '410', 'DOI': '10.1111/joim.13101', 'article-title': 'COVID-19 and renin-angiotensin system inhibition: Role of angiotensin ' 'converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)—Is there any scientific evidence for ' 'controversy?', 'volume': '288', 'author': 'Aleksova', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'J. Intern. Med.'}, { 'key': 'ref_314', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '875', 'DOI': '10.1038/nm1267', 'article-title': 'A crucial role of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in SARS ' 'coronavirus-induced lung injury', 'volume': '11', 'author': 'Kuba', 'year': '2005', 'journal-title': 'Nat. Med.'}], 'container-title': 'Biology', 'original-title': [], 'language': 'en', 'link': [ { 'URL': 'https://www.mdpi.com/2079-7737/13/10/831/pdf', 'content-type': 'unspecified', 'content-version': 'vor', 'intended-application': 'similarity-checking'}], 'deposited': { 'date-parts': [[2024, 10, 18]], 'date-time': '2024-10-18T12:39:41Z', 'timestamp': 1729255181000}, 'score': 1, 'resource': {'primary': {'URL': 'https://www.mdpi.com/2079-7737/13/10/831'}}, 'subtitle': [], 'short-title': [], 'issued': {'date-parts': [[2024, 10, 16]]}, 'references-count': 314, 'journal-issue': {'issue': '10', 'published-online': {'date-parts': [[2024, 10]]}}, 'alternative-id': ['biology13100831'], 'URL': 'http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology13100831', 'relation': {}, 'ISSN': ['2079-7737'], 'subject': [], 'container-title-short': 'Biology', 'published': {'date-parts': [[2024, 10, 16]]}}