The importance of vitamin d metabolism as a potential prophylactic, immunoregulatory and neuroprotective treatment for COVID-19

DOI record: { "DOI": "10.1186/s12967-020-02488-5", "ISSN": [ "1479-5876" ], "URL": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12967-020-02488-5", "abstract": "<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has led to a declaration of a Public Health Emergency of International Concern by the World Health Organization. As of May 18, 2020, there have been more than 4.7 million cases and over 316,000 deaths worldwide. COVID-19 is caused by a highly infectious novel coronavirus known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), leading to an acute infectious disease with mild-to-severe clinical symptoms such as flu-like symptoms, fever, headache, dry cough, muscle pain, loss of smell and taste, increased shortness of breath, bilateral viral pneumonia, conjunctivitis, acute respiratory distress syndromes, respiratory failure, cytokine release syndrome (CRS), sepsis, etc. While physicians and scientists have yet to discover a treatment, it is imperative that we urgently address 2 questions: how to prevent infection in immunologically naive individuals and how to treat severe symptoms such as CRS, acute respiratory failure, and the loss of somatosensation. Previous studies from the 1918 influenza pandemic have suggested vitamin D’s non-classical role in reducing lethal pneumonia and case fatality rates. Recent clinical trials also reported that vitamin D supplementation can reduce incidence of acute respiratory infection and the severity of respiratory tract diseases in adults and children. According to our literature search, there are no similar findings of clinical trials that have been published as of July 1st, 2020, in relation to the supplementation of vitamin D in the potential prevention and treatment for COVID-19. In this review, we summarize the potential role of vitamin D extra-renal metabolism in the prevention and treatment of the SARS-CoV-2 infection, helping to bring us slightly closer to fulfilling that goal. We will focus on 3 major topics here: <jats:list list-type=\"order\">\n\n\n<jats:list-item>\n<jats:p>Vitamin D might aid in preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection:<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n<jats:list-item>\n<jats:p>Vitamin D: Overview of Renal and Extra-renal metabolism and regulation.</jats:p>\n</jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item>\n<jats:p>Vitamin D: Overview of molecular mechanism and multifaceted functions beyond skeletal homeostasis.</jats:p>\n</jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item>\n<jats:p>Vitamin D: Overview of local immunomodulation in human infectious diseases.<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n<jats:list-item>\n<jats:p>Anti-viral infection.</jats:p>\n</jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item>\n<jats:p>Anti-malaria and anti-systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).</jats:p>\n</jats:list-item>\n</jats:list></jats:p>\n</jats:list-item>\n</jats:list></jats:p>\n</jats:list-item>\n\n\n\n<jats:list-item>\n<jats:p>Vitamin D might act as a strong immunosuppressant inhibiting cytokine release syndrome in COVID-19:<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n<jats:list-item>\n<jats:p>Vitamin D: Suppression of key pro-inflammatory pathways including nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF).</jats:p>\n</jats:list-item>\n</jats:list></jats:p>\n</jats:list-item>\n\n\n\n<jats:list-item>\n<jats:p>Vitamin D might prevent loss of neural sensation in COVID-19 by stimulating expression of neurotrophins like Nerve Growth Factor (NGF):<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n<jats:list-item>\n<jats:p>Vitamin D: Induction of key neurotrophic factors.</jats:p>\n</jats:list-item>\n</jats:list></jats:p>\n</jats:list-item>\n\n</jats:list>.</jats:p>", "alternative-id": [ "2488" ], "article-number": "322", "assertion": [ { "group": { "label": "Article History", "name": "ArticleHistory" }, "label": "Received", "name": "received", "order": 1, "value": "24 May 2020" }, { "group": { "label": "Article History", "name": "ArticleHistory" }, "label": "Accepted", "name": "accepted", "order": 2, "value": "20 August 2020" }, { "group": { "label": "Article History", "name": "ArticleHistory" }, "label": "First Online", "name": "first_online", "order": 3, "value": "26 August 2020" }, { "group": { "label": "Ethics approval and consent to participate", "name": "EthicsHeading" }, "name": "Ethics", "order": 1, "value": "Not applicable." }, { "group": { "label": "Consent for publication", "name": "EthicsHeading" }, "name": "Ethics", "order": 2, "value": "Not applicable." }, { "group": { "label": "Competing interests", "name": "EthicsHeading" }, "name": "Ethics", "order": 3, "value": "The authors have declared that no competing interests exist." } ], "author": [ { "ORCID": "http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6917-184X", "affiliation": [], "authenticated-orcid": false, "family": "Xu", "given": "Yi", "sequence": "first" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Baylink", "given": "David J.", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Chen", "given": "Chien-Shing", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Reeves", "given": "Mark E.", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Xiao", "given": "Jeffrey", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Lacy", "given": "Curtis", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Lau", "given": "Eric", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Cao", "given": "Huynh", "sequence": "additional" } ], "container-title": "Journal of Translational Medicine", "container-title-short": "J Transl Med", "content-domain": { "crossmark-restriction": false, "domain": [ "link.springer.com" ] }, "created": { "date-parts": [ [ 2020, 8, 26 ] ], "date-time": "2020-08-26T04:12:03Z", "timestamp": 1598415123000 }, "deposited": { "date-parts": [ [ 2021, 8, 25 ] ], "date-time": "2021-08-25T23:25:35Z", "timestamp": 1629933935000 }, "funder": [ { "DOI": "10.13039/100008891", "award": [ "GRASP2020", "RIG" ], "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "name": "Loma Linda University" } ], "indexed": { "date-parts": [ [ 2024, 5, 2 ] ], "date-time": "2024-05-02T15:30:12Z", "timestamp": 1714663812759 }, "is-referenced-by-count": 116, "issue": "1", "issued": { "date-parts": [ [ 2020, 8, 26 ] ] }, "journal-issue": { "issue": "1", "published-print": { "date-parts": [ [ 2020, 12 ] ] } }, "language": "en", "license": [ { "URL": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "content-version": "tdm", "delay-in-days": 0, "start": { "date-parts": [ [ 2020, 8, 26 ] ], "date-time": "2020-08-26T00:00:00Z", "timestamp": 1598400000000 } }, { "URL": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "content-version": "vor", "delay-in-days": 0, "start": { "date-parts": [ [ 2020, 8, 26 ] ], "date-time": "2020-08-26T00:00:00Z", "timestamp": 1598400000000 } } ], "link": [ { "URL": "https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s12967-020-02488-5.pdf", "content-type": "application/pdf", "content-version": "vor", "intended-application": "text-mining" }, { "URL": "https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12967-020-02488-5/fulltext.html", "content-type": "text/html", "content-version": "vor", "intended-application": "text-mining" }, { "URL": "https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s12967-020-02488-5.pdf", "content-type": "application/pdf", "content-version": "vor", "intended-application": "similarity-checking" } ], "member": "297", "original-title": [], "prefix": "10.1186", "published": { "date-parts": [ [ 2020, 8, 26 ] ] }, "published-online": { "date-parts": [ [ 2020, 8, 26 ] ] }, "published-print": { "date-parts": [ [ 2020, 12 ] ] }, "publisher": "Springer Science and Business Media LLC", "reference": [ { "key": "2488_CR1", "unstructured": "WHO, Q&A on coronaviruses (COVID-19). https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/question-and-answers-hub/q-a-detail/q-a-coronaviruses. 2020." }, { "key": "2488_CR2", "unstructured": "Control, E.C.f.D.P., Q & A on COVID-19. https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/covid-19/questions-answers. 2020." }, { "key": "2488_CR3", "unstructured": "CDC, How COVID-19 Spreads. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/how-covid-spreads.html. 2020." }, { "key": "2488_CR4", "unstructured": "Cascella M, et al. Features, Evaluation and Treatment Coronavirus (COVID-19), in StatPearls. 2020: Treasure Island (FL)." }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.clim.2020.108427", "author": "K Yuki", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "108427", "journal-title": "Clin Immunol", "key": "2488_CR5", "unstructured": "Yuki K, Fujiogi M, Koutsogiannaki S. COVID-19 pathophysiology: a review. Clin Immunol. 2020;215:108427.", "volume": "215", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.02.071", "author": "Y Chen", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "135", "journal-title": "Biochem Biophys Res Commun", "key": "2488_CR6", "unstructured": "Chen Y, et al. Structure analysis of the receptor binding of 2019-nCoV. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2020;525:135–40.", "volume": "525", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1038/s41564-020-0688-y", "author": "M Letko", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "562", "issue": "4", "journal-title": "Nat Microbiol", "key": "2488_CR7", "unstructured": "Letko M, Marzi A, Munster V. Functional assessment of cell entry and receptor usage for SARS-CoV-2 and other lineage B betacoronaviruses. Nat Microbiol. 2020;5(4):562–9.", "volume": "5", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.058", "author": "AC Walls", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "281", "issue": "2", "journal-title": "Cell.", "key": "2488_CR8", "unstructured": "Walls AC, et al. Structure, Function, and Antigenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein. Cell. 2020;181(2):281–92.", "volume": "181", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1007/s11684-020-0754-0", "author": "X Zou", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "185", "issue": "2", "journal-title": "Front Med", "key": "2488_CR9", "unstructured": "Zou X, et al. Single-cell RNA-seq data analysis on the receptor ACE2 expression reveals the potential risk of different human organs vulnerable to 2019-nCoV infection. Front Med. 2020;14(2):185–92.", "volume": "14", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30566-3", "author": "F Zhou", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "1054", "issue": "10229", "journal-title": "Lancet", "key": "2488_CR10", "unstructured": "Zhou F, et al. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet. 2020;395(10229):1054–62.", "volume": "395", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1136/bmj.m810", "author": "J Watkins", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "m810", "journal-title": "BMJ", "key": "2488_CR11", "unstructured": "Watkins J. Preventing a covid-19 pandemic. BMJ. 2020;368:m810.", "volume": "368", "year": "2020" }, { "author": "World Health, O.", "first-page": "428", "issue": "49–50", "journal-title": "Wkly Epidemiol Rec", "key": "2488_CR12", "unstructured": "World Health, O. Ten things you need to know about pandemic influenza (update of 14 October 2005). Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2005;80(49–50):428–31.", "volume": "80", "year": "2005" }, { "author": "KD Patterson", "first-page": "4", "issue": "1", "journal-title": "Bull Hist Med", "key": "2488_CR13", "unstructured": "Patterson KD, Pyle GF. The geography and mortality of the 1918 influenza pandemic. Bull Hist Med. 1991;65(1):4–21.", "volume": "65", "year": "1991" }, { "DOI": "10.3201/eid1209.05-0979", "author": "JK Taubenberger", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "15", "issue": "1", "journal-title": "Emerg Infect Dis", "key": "2488_CR14", "unstructured": "Taubenberger JK, Morens DM. 1918 Influenza: the mother of all pandemics. Emerg Infect Dis. 2006;12(1):15–22.", "volume": "12", "year": "2006" }, { "DOI": "10.4161/derm.1.4.9063", "author": "WB Grant", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "215", "issue": "4", "journal-title": "Dermatoendocrinol", "key": "2488_CR15", "unstructured": "Grant WB, Giovannucci E. The possible roles of solar ultraviolet-B radiation and vitamin D in reducing case-fatality rates from the 1918–1919 influenza pandemic in the United States. Dermatoendocrinol. 2009;1(4):215–9.", "volume": "1", "year": "2009" }, { "DOI": "10.2139/ssrn.3567587", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "key": "2488_CR16", "unstructured": "Backer A. Follow the sun: slower COVID-19 case and death count growth at higher irradiances and temperatures. social science research network. 2020. https://ssrn.com/abstract=3567587." }, { "DOI": "10.1016/bs.vh.2015.11.001", "author": "HF DeLuca", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "1", "journal-title": "Vitam Horm", "key": "2488_CR17", "unstructured": "DeLuca HF. Vitamin D: historical overview. Vitam Horm. 2016;100:1–20.", "volume": "100", "year": "2016" }, { "DOI": "10.1007/s00223-019-00620-2", "author": "WD Fraser", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "3", "issue": "1", "journal-title": "Calcif Tissue Int", "key": "2488_CR18", "unstructured": "Fraser WD, et al. Vitamin D measurement, the debates continue, new analytes have emerged, developments have variable outcomes. Calcif Tissue Int. 2020;106(1):3–13.", "volume": "106", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.exphem.2017.01.007", "author": "H Cao", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "1", "journal-title": "Exp Hematol", "key": "2488_CR19", "unstructured": "Cao H, et al. Application of vitamin D and vitamin D analogs in acute myelogenous leukemia. Exp Hematol. 2017;50:1–12.", "volume": "50", "year": "2017" }, { "DOI": "10.1111/nyas.12129", "author": "S Christakos", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "45", "journal-title": "Ann N Y Acad Sci", "key": "2488_CR20", "unstructured": "Christakos S, et al. Vitamin D: beyond bone. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2013;1287:45–58.", "volume": "1287", "year": "2013" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.cell.2020.05.042", "author": "YJ Hou", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "429", "issue": "2", "journal-title": "Cell", "key": "2488_CR21", "unstructured": "Hou YJ, et al. SARS-CoV-2 reverse genetics reveals a variable infection gradient in the respiratory tract. Cell. 2020;182(2):429–46.", "volume": "182", "year": "2020" }, { "author": "WJ Guan", "first-page": "5", "journal-title": "Eur Respir J", "key": "2488_CR22", "unstructured": "Guan WJ, et al. Comorbidity and its impact on 1590 patients with COVID-19 in China: a nationwide analysis. Eur Respir J. 2020;55:5.", "volume": "55", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.bcp.2020.113955", "author": "S Zheng", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "113955", "journal-title": "Biochem Pharmacol", "key": "2488_CR23", "unstructured": "Zheng S, et al. Vitamin D attenuates lung injury via stimulating epithelial repair, reducing epithelial cell apoptosis and inhibits TGF-beta induced epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Biochem Pharmacol. 2020;177:113955.", "volume": "177", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/S1096-7192(02)00022-7", "author": "VK Rehan", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "46", "issue": "1", "journal-title": "Mol Genet Metab", "key": "2488_CR24", "unstructured": "Rehan VK, et al. 1Alpha,25-dihydroxy-3-epi-vitamin D3, a natural metabolite of 1alpha,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3: production and biological activity studies in pulmonary alveolar type II cells. Mol Genet Metab. 2002;76(1):46–56.", "volume": "76", "year": "2002" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.annepidem.2007.12.001", "author": "MF Holick", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "73", "issue": "2", "journal-title": "Ann Epidemiol", "key": "2488_CR25", "unstructured": "Holick MF. Vitamin D status: measurement, interpretation, and clinical application. Ann Epidemiol. 2009;19(2):73–8.", "volume": "19", "year": "2009" }, { "DOI": "10.1136/bmj.g1903", "author": "R Chowdhury", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "g1903", "journal-title": "BMJ", "key": "2488_CR26", "unstructured": "Chowdhury R, et al. Vitamin D and risk of cause specific death: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational cohort and randomised intervention studies. BMJ. 2014;348:g1903.", "volume": "348", "year": "2014" }, { "DOI": "10.1186/s12879-019-4529-7", "author": "CH Li", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "1020", "issue": "1", "journal-title": "BMC Infect Dis", "key": "2488_CR27", "unstructured": "Li CH, et al. Mechanistic study of the cause of decreased blood 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in sepsis. BMC Infect Dis. 2019;19(1):1020.", "volume": "19", "year": "2019" }, { "DOI": "10.1093/jn/136.4.1126", "author": "SS Harris", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "1126", "issue": "4", "journal-title": "J Nutr", "key": "2488_CR28", "unstructured": "Harris SS. Vitamin D and African Americans. J Nutr. 2006;136(4):1126–9.", "volume": "136", "year": "2006" }, { "DOI": "10.1111/jgs.14679", "author": "AA Ginde", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "496", "issue": "3", "journal-title": "J Am Geriatr Soc", "key": "2488_CR29", "unstructured": "Ginde AA, et al. High-dose monthly Vitamin D for prevention of acute respiratory infection in older long-term care residents: a randomized clinical trial. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2017;65(3):496–503.", "volume": "65", "year": "2017" }, { "DOI": "10.3945/ajcn.2009.29094", "author": "M Urashima", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "1255", "issue": "5", "journal-title": "Am J Clin Nutr", "key": "2488_CR30", "unstructured": "Urashima M, et al. Randomized trial of vitamin D supplementation to prevent seasonal influenza A in schoolchildren. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010;91(5):1255–60.", "volume": "91", "year": "2010" }, { "author": "D Bikle", "first-page": "277", "key": "2488_CR31", "unstructured": "Bikle D. Extrarenal synthesis of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D and its health implications. In: Holick MF, editor. Nutrition and health: vitamin D. New York: Humana Press; 2010. p. 277–95.", "volume-title": "Nutrition and health: vitamin D", "year": "2010" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.12.009", "author": "JS Adams", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "22", "journal-title": "J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol", "key": "2488_CR32", "unstructured": "Adams JS, et al. Regulation of the extrarenal CYP27B1-hydroxylase. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2014;144:22–7.", "volume": "144", "year": "2014" }, { "DOI": "10.1210/er.2008-0004", "author": "R Bouillon", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "726", "issue": "6", "journal-title": "Endocr Rev", "key": "2488_CR33", "unstructured": "Bouillon R, et al. Vitamin D and human health: lessons from vitamin D receptor null mice. Endocr Rev. 2008;29(6):726–76.", "volume": "29", "year": "2008" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08680-4", "author": "BW Ogunkolade", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "1831", "issue": "9320", "journal-title": "Lancet", "key": "2488_CR34", "unstructured": "Ogunkolade BW, et al. Expression of 25-hydroxyvitamin D-1-alpha-hydroxylase mRNA in individuals with colorectal cancer. Lancet. 2002;359(9320):1831–2.", "volume": "359", "year": "2002" }, { "DOI": "10.3390/nu7095383", "author": "M Barragan", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "8127", "issue": "9", "journal-title": "Nutrients", "key": "2488_CR35", "unstructured": "Barragan M, Good M, Kolls JK. Regulation of dendritic cell function by vitamin D. Nutrients. 2015;7(9):8127–51.", "volume": "7", "year": "2015" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.ecl.2010.02.010", "author": "M Hewison", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "365", "issue": "2", "journal-title": "Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am.", "key": "2488_CR36", "unstructured": "Hewison M. Vitamin D and the immune system: new perspectives on an old theme. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2010;39(2):365–79.", "volume": "39", "year": "2010" }, { "DOI": "10.1371/journal.pone.0141770", "author": "EK Calton", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "e0141770", "issue": "11", "journal-title": "PLoS ONE", "key": "2488_CR37", "unstructured": "Calton EK, et al. The impact of vitamin D levels on inflammatory status: a systematic review of immune cell studies. PLoS ONE. 2015;10(11):e0141770.", "volume": "10", "year": "2015" }, { "author": "TN Dam", "first-page": "72", "issue": "1", "journal-title": "J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc", "key": "2488_CR38", "unstructured": "Dam TN, et al. The vitamin D3 analog calcipotriol suppresses the number and antigen-presenting function of Langerhans cells in normal human skin. J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc. 1996;1(1):72–7.", "volume": "1", "year": "1996" }, { "DOI": "10.1096/fj.04-3284com", "author": "AF Gombart", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "1067", "issue": "9", "journal-title": "FASEB J", "key": "2488_CR39", "unstructured": "Gombart AF, Borregaard N, Koeffler HP. Human cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide (CAMP) gene is a direct target of the vitamin D receptor and is strongly up-regulated in myeloid cells by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. FASEB J. 2005;19(9):1067–77.", "volume": "19", "year": "2005" }, { "DOI": "10.4049/jimmunol.173.5.2909", "author": "TT Wang", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "2909", "issue": "5", "journal-title": "J Immunol", "key": "2488_CR40", "unstructured": "Wang TT, et al. Cutting edge: 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 is a direct inducer of antimicrobial peptide gene expression. J Immunol. 2004;173(5):2909–12.", "volume": "173", "year": "2004" }, { "author": "JM Lemire", "first-page": "1704S", "issue": "6 Suppl", "journal-title": "J Nutr", "key": "2488_CR41", "unstructured": "Lemire JM, et al. Immunosuppressive actions of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3: preferential inhibition of Th1 functions. J Nutr. 1995;125(6 Suppl):1704S–8S.", "volume": "125", "year": "1995" }, { "DOI": "10.1172/JCI0212392", "author": "J O’Kelly", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "1091", "issue": "8", "journal-title": "J Clin Invest", "key": "2488_CR42", "unstructured": "O’Kelly J, et al. Normal myelopoiesis but abnormal T lymphocyte responses in vitamin D receptor knockout mice. J Clin Invest. 2002;109(8):1091–9.", "volume": "109", "year": "2002" }, { "DOI": "10.4049/jimmunol.167.9.4974", "author": "A Boonstra", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "4974", "issue": "9", "journal-title": "J Immunol", "key": "2488_CR43", "unstructured": "Boonstra A, et al. 1alpha,25-Dihydroxyvitamin d3 has a direct effect on naive CD4(+) T cells to enhance the development of Th2 cells. J Immunol. 2001;167(9):4974–80.", "volume": "167", "year": "2001" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.imbio.2014.07.009", "author": "A Hamzaoui", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "873", "issue": "11", "journal-title": "Immunobiology", "key": "2488_CR44", "unstructured": "Hamzaoui A, et al. Vitamin D reduces the differentiation and expansion of Th17 cells in young asthmatic children. Immunobiology. 2014;219(11):873–9.", "volume": "219", "year": "2014" }, { "DOI": "10.1128/MCB.05020-11", "author": "S Joshi", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "3653", "issue": "17", "journal-title": "Mol Cell Biol", "key": "2488_CR45", "unstructured": "Joshi S, et al. 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) ameliorates Th17 autoimmunity via transcriptional modulation of interleukin-17A. Mol Cell Biol. 2011;31(17):3653–69.", "volume": "31", "year": "2011" }, { "DOI": "10.4049/jimmunol.167.4.1945", "author": "S Gregori", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "1945", "issue": "4", "journal-title": "J Immunol", "key": "2488_CR46", "unstructured": "Gregori S, et al. Regulatory T cells induced by 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and mycophenolate mofetil treatment mediate transplantation tolerance. J Immunol. 2001;167(4):1945–53.", "volume": "167", "year": "2001" }, { "author": "W Dankers", "first-page": "697", "journal-title": "Front Immunol", "key": "2488_CR47", "unstructured": "Dankers W, et al. Vitamin D in autoimmunity: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potential. Front Immunol. 2016;7:697.", "volume": "7", "year": "2016" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.immuni.2020.05.002", "author": "N Vabret", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "910", "issue": "6", "journal-title": "Immunity", "key": "2488_CR48", "unstructured": "Vabret N, et al. Immunology of COVID-19: current state of the science. Immunity. 2020;52(6):910–41.", "volume": "52", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1101/2020.04.17.20069930", "author": "AJ Wilk", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "medRxiv", "key": "2488_CR49", "unstructured": "Wilk AJ, et al. A single-cell atlas of the peripheral immune response to severe COVID-19. medRxiv. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.17.20069930.", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/0303-7207(93)90103-Q", "author": "A Ravid", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "133", "issue": "1–2", "journal-title": "Mol Cell Endocrinol", "key": "2488_CR50", "unstructured": "Ravid A, et al. 1,25(OH)2D3 increases cytotoxicity and exocytosis in lymphokine-activated killer cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 1993;96(1–2):133–9.", "volume": "96", "year": "1993" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/0022-4731(89)90120-9", "author": "JM Quesada", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "423", "issue": "1–6", "journal-title": "J Steroid Biochem", "key": "2488_CR51", "unstructured": "Quesada JM, et al. The effect of calcitriol on natural killer cell activity in hemodialyzed patients. J Steroid Biochem. 1989;34(1–6):423–5.", "volume": "34", "year": "1989" }, { "DOI": "10.1038/nrendo.2010.226", "author": "M Hewison", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "337", "issue": "6", "journal-title": "Nat Rev Endocrinol", "key": "2488_CR52", "unstructured": "Hewison M. Antibacterial effects of vitamin D. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2011;7(6):337–45.", "volume": "7", "year": "2011" }, { "DOI": "10.1002/rmv.2032", "author": "M Teymoori-Rad", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "e2032", "issue": "2", "journal-title": "Rev Med Virol", "key": "2488_CR53", "unstructured": "Teymoori-Rad M, et al. The interplay between vitamin D and viral infections. Rev Med Virol. 2019;29(2):e2032.", "volume": "29", "year": "2019" }, { "author": "MP Pender", "first-page": "189096", "journal-title": "Autoimmune Dis", "key": "2488_CR54", "unstructured": "Pender MP. CD8+ T-cell deficiency, Epstein–Barr virus infection, vitamin D deficiency, and steps to autoimmunity: a unifying hypothesis. Autoimmune Dis. 2012;2012:189096.", "volume": "2012", "year": "2012" }, { "DOI": "10.1371/journal.pmed.1001383", "author": "KS Vimaleswaran", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "e1001383", "issue": "2", "journal-title": "PLoS Med", "key": "2488_CR55", "unstructured": "Vimaleswaran KS, et al. Causal relationship between obesity and vitamin D status: bi-directional Mendelian randomization analysis of multiple cohorts. PLoS Med. 2013;10(2):e1001383.", "volume": "10", "year": "2013" }, { "DOI": "10.1586/ern.11.97", "author": "G Disanto", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "1221", "issue": "9", "journal-title": "Expert Rev Neurother", "key": "2488_CR56", "unstructured": "Disanto G, et al. Vitamin D: a link between Epstein-Barr virus and multiple sclerosis development? Expert Rev Neurother. 2011;11(9):1221–4.", "volume": "11", "year": "2011" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.jcv.2010.12.006", "author": "JA Beard", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "194", "issue": "3", "journal-title": "J Clin Virol", "key": "2488_CR57", "unstructured": "Beard JA, Bearden A, Striker R. Vitamin D and the anti-viral state. J Clin Virol. 2011;50(3):194–200.", "volume": "50", "year": "2011" }, { "DOI": "10.1002/hep.24575", "author": "M Gal-Tanamy", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "1570", "issue": "5", "journal-title": "Hepatology", "key": "2488_CR58", "unstructured": "Gal-Tanamy M, et al. Vitamin D: an innate antiviral agent suppressing hepatitis C virus in human hepatocytes. Hepatology. 2011;54(5):1570–9.", "volume": "54", "year": "2011" }, { "DOI": "10.1002/hep.25763", "author": "T Matsumura", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "1231", "issue": "4", "journal-title": "Hepatology", "key": "2488_CR59", "unstructured": "Matsumura T, et al. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 suppresses hepatitis C virus production. Hepatology. 2012;56(4):1231–9.", "volume": "56", "year": "2012" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.05.004", "author": "G Tian", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "157", "journal-title": "J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol", "key": "2488_CR60", "unstructured": "Tian G, et al. Vitamin D3 supplementation alleviates rotavirus infection in pigs and IPEC-J2 cells via regulating the autophagy signaling pathway. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2016;163:157–63.", "volume": "163", "year": "2016" }, { "DOI": "10.1177/1352458516654310", "author": "E Rosjo", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "395", "issue": "3", "journal-title": "Mult Scler", "key": "2488_CR61", "unstructured": "Rosjo E, et al. Effect of high-dose vitamin D3 supplementation on antibody responses against Epstein-Barr virus in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler. 2017;23(3):395–402.", "volume": "23", "year": "2017" }, { "DOI": "10.4049/jimmunol.181.10.7090", "author": "S Hansdottir", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "7090", "issue": "10", "journal-title": "J Immunol", "key": "2488_CR62", "unstructured": "Hansdottir S, et al. Respiratory epithelial cells convert inactive vitamin D to its active form: potential effects on host defense. J Immunol. 2008;181(10):7090–9.", "volume": "181", "year": "2008" }, { "DOI": "10.4049/jimmunol.0902840", "author": "S Hansdottir", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "965", "issue": "2", "journal-title": "J Immunol", "key": "2488_CR63", "unstructured": "Hansdottir S, et al. Vitamin D decreases respiratory syncytial virus induction of NF-kappaB-linked chemokines and cytokines in airway epithelium while maintaining the antiviral state. J Immunol. 2010;184(2):965–74.", "volume": "184", "year": "2010" }, { "DOI": "10.4049/jimmunol.179.4.2060", "author": "PT Liu", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "2060", "issue": "4", "journal-title": "J Immunol", "key": "2488_CR64", "unstructured": "Liu PT, et al. Cutting edge: vitamin D-mediated human antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis is dependent on the induction of cathelicidin. J Immunol. 2007;179(4):2060–3.", "volume": "179", "year": "2007" }, { "DOI": "10.1126/science.1123933", "author": "PT Liu", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "1770", "issue": "5768", "journal-title": "Science", "key": "2488_CR65", "unstructured": "Liu PT, et al. Toll-like receptor triggering of a vitamin D-mediated human antimicrobial response. Science. 2006;311(5768):1770–3.", "volume": "311", "year": "2006" }, { "DOI": "10.1007/s11010-019-03658-w", "author": "J Martinez-Moreno", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "169", "issue": "1–2", "journal-title": "Mol Cell Biochem", "key": "2488_CR66", "unstructured": "Martinez-Moreno J, Hernandez JC, Urcuqui-Inchima S. Effect of high doses of vitamin D supplementation on dengue virus replication, toll-like receptor expression, and cytokine profiles on dendritic cells. Mol Cell Biochem. 2020;464(1–2):169–80.", "volume": "464", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01183", "author": "G Bivona", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "e01183", "issue": "2", "journal-title": "Heliyon", "key": "2488_CR67", "unstructured": "Bivona G, et al. Vitamin D in malaria: more hypotheses than clues. Heliyon. 2019;5(2):e01183.", "volume": "5", "year": "2019" }, { "DOI": "10.4049/jimmunol.1400089", "author": "X He", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "1314", "issue": "3", "journal-title": "J Immunol", "key": "2488_CR68", "unstructured": "He X, et al. Vitamin D inhibits the occurrence of experimental cerebral malaria in mice by suppressing the host inflammatory response. J Immunol. 2014;193(3):1314–23.", "volume": "193", "year": "2014" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.autrev.2017.11.004", "author": "Y Shoenfeld", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "19", "issue": "1", "journal-title": "Autoimmun Rev", "key": "2488_CR69", "unstructured": "Shoenfeld Y, et al. Vitamin D and systemic lupus erythematosus—the hype and the hope. Autoimmun Rev. 2018;17(1):19–23.", "volume": "17", "year": "2018" }, { "DOI": "10.1038/s41421-020-0156-0", "author": "J Liu", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "16", "journal-title": "Cell Discov", "key": "2488_CR70", "unstructured": "Liu J, et al. Hydroxychloroquine, a less toxic derivative of chloroquine, is effective in inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro. Cell Discov. 2020;6:16.", "volume": "6", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105949", "author": "P Gautret", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "105949", "journal-title": "Int J Antimicrob Agents", "key": "2488_CR71", "unstructured": "Gautret P, et al. Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as a treatment of COVID-19: results of an open-label non-randomized clinical trial. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020;17:105949.", "volume": "17", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1002/prp2.293", "author": "MAA Al-Bari", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "e00293", "issue": "1", "journal-title": "Pharmacol Res Perspect", "key": "2488_CR72", "unstructured": "Al-Bari MAA. Targeting endosomal acidification by chloroquine analogs as a promising strategy for the treatment of emerging viral diseases. Pharmacol Res Perspect. 2017;5(1):e00293.", "volume": "5", "year": "2017" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/B978-0-12-386960-9.00009-5", "author": "S Hansdottir", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "217", "journal-title": "Vitam Horm", "key": "2488_CR73", "unstructured": "Hansdottir S, Monick MM. Vitamin D effects on lung immunity and respiratory diseases. Vitam Horm. 2011;86:217–37.", "volume": "86", "year": "2011" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.cyto.2011.04.016", "author": "AL Khoo", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "294", "issue": "2", "journal-title": "Cytokine", "key": "2488_CR74", "unstructured": "Khoo AL, et al. Vitamin D(3) down-regulates proinflammatory cytokine response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis through pattern recognition receptors while inducing protective cathelicidin production. Cytokine. 2011;55(2):294–300.", "volume": "55", "year": "2011" }, { "author": "TK Wobke", "first-page": "244", "journal-title": "Front Physiol", "key": "2488_CR75", "unstructured": "Wobke TK, Sorg BL, Steinhilber D. Vitamin D in inflammatory diseases. Front Physiol. 2014;5:244.", "volume": "5", "year": "2014" }, { "DOI": "10.4049/jimmunol.1102412", "author": "Y Zhang", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "2127", "issue": "5", "journal-title": "J Immunol", "key": "2488_CR76", "unstructured": "Zhang Y, et al. Vitamin D inhibits monocyte/macrophage proinflammatory cytokine production by targeting MAPK phosphatase-1. J Immunol. 2012;188(5):2127–35.", "volume": "188", "year": "2012" }, { "DOI": "10.1086/444461", "author": "J Xu", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "1089", "issue": "8", "journal-title": "Clin Infect Dis", "key": "2488_CR77", "unstructured": "Xu J, et al. Detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus in the brain: potential role of the chemokine mig in pathogenesis. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;41(8):1089–96.", "volume": "41", "year": "2005" }, { "DOI": "10.1128/JVI.00737-08", "author": "J Netland", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "7264", "issue": "15", "journal-title": "J Virol", "key": "2488_CR78", "unstructured": "Netland J, et al. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection causes neuronal death in the absence of encephalitis in mice transgenic for human ACE2. J Virol. 2008;82(15):7264–75.", "volume": "82", "year": "2008" }, { "DOI": "10.1002/jmv.25728", "author": "YC Li", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "552", "issue": "6", "journal-title": "J Med Virol", "key": "2488_CR79", "unstructured": "Li YC, Bai WZ, Hashikawa T. The neuroinvasive potential of SARS-CoV2 may play a role in the respiratory failure of COVID-19 patients. J Med Virol. 2020;92(6):552–5.", "volume": "92", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/S1043-2760(01)00547-1", "author": "E Garcion", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "100", "issue": "3", "journal-title": "Trends Endocrinol Metab", "key": "2488_CR80", "unstructured": "Garcion E, et al. New clues about vitamin D functions in the nervous system. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2002;13(3):100–5.", "volume": "13", "year": "2002" }, { "DOI": "10.3390/ijms18112482", "author": "C Di Somma", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "11", "journal-title": "Int J Mol Sci", "key": "2488_CR81", "unstructured": "Di Somma C, et al. Vitamin D and neurological diseases: an endocrine view. Int J Mol Sci. 2017;18:11.", "volume": "18", "year": "2017" }, { "DOI": "10.1007/s13167-017-0120-8", "author": "P Koduah", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "313", "issue": "4", "journal-title": "EPMA J", "key": "2488_CR82", "unstructured": "Koduah P, Paul F, Dorr JM. Vitamin D in the prevention, prediction and treatment of neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory diseases. EPMA J. 2017;8(4):313–25.", "volume": "8", "year": "2017" }, { "DOI": "10.1002/brb3.1498", "author": "U Gomez-Pinedo", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "e01498", "issue": "1", "journal-title": "Brain Behav", "key": "2488_CR83", "unstructured": "Gomez-Pinedo U, et al. Vitamin D increases remyelination by promoting oligodendrocyte lineage differentiation. Brain Behav. 2020;10(1):e01498.", "volume": "10", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1017/S0950268806007175", "author": "JJ Cannell", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "1129", "issue": "6", "journal-title": "Epidemiol Infect", "key": "2488_CR84", "unstructured": "Cannell JJ, et al. Epidemic influenza and vitamin D. Epidemiol Infect. 2006;134(6):1129–40.", "volume": "134", "year": "2006" }, { "DOI": "10.1371/journal.pone.0065835", "author": "P Bergman", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "e65835", "issue": "6", "journal-title": "PLoS ONE", "key": "2488_CR85", "unstructured": "Bergman P, et al. Vitamin D and respiratory tract infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PLoS ONE. 2013;8(6):e65835.", "volume": "8", "year": "2013" }, { "DOI": "10.1136/bmj.i6583", "author": "AR Martineau", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "i6583", "journal-title": "BMJ", "key": "2488_CR86", "unstructured": "Martineau AR, et al. Vitamin D supplementation to prevent acute respiratory tract infections: systematic review and meta-analysis of individual participant data. BMJ. 2017;356:i6583.", "volume": "356", "year": "2017" }, { "DOI": "10.1056/NEJMoa1809944", "author": "JE Manson", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "33", "issue": "1", "journal-title": "N Engl J Med", "key": "2488_CR87", "unstructured": "Manson JE, et al. Vitamin D supplements and prevention of cancer and cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med. 2019;380(1):33–44.", "volume": "380", "year": "2019" }, { "DOI": "10.3109/00365511003797172", "author": "MH Christensen", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "281", "issue": "4", "journal-title": "Scand J Clin Lab Invest", "key": "2488_CR88", "unstructured": "Christensen MH, et al. Seasonal and age-related differences in serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D and parathyroid hormone in patients from Western Norway. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 2010;70(4):281–6.", "volume": "70", "year": "2010" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.tranon.2020.100869", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "key": "2488_CR89", "unstructured": "Xu Y, Payne K, Pham L, Eunwood P, Xiao J, Chi D, Lyu J, Campion R, Wasnik S, Jeong S, Tang X, Baylink J, Chen CS, Reeves M, Akhtari M, Mirshahidi S, Marcucci G, Cao H. A novel vitamin D gene therapy for acute myeloid leukemia. J Transl Oncol. 2020 (In Press)." }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.autrev.2010.06.009", "author": "JC Souberbielle", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "709", "issue": "11", "journal-title": "Autoimmun Rev", "key": "2488_CR90", "unstructured": "Souberbielle JC, et al. Vitamin D and musculoskeletal health, cardiovascular disease, autoimmunity and cancer: recommendations for clinical practice. Autoimmun Rev. 2010;9(11):709–15.", "volume": "9", "year": "2010" }, { "DOI": "10.1210/jc.2011-0385", "author": "MF Holick", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "1911", "issue": "7", "journal-title": "J Clin Endocrinol Metab", "key": "2488_CR91", "unstructured": "Holick MF, et al. Evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96(7):1911–30.", "volume": "96", "year": "2011" }, { "DOI": "10.1210/jc.2010-2704", "author": "AC Ross", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "53", "issue": "1", "journal-title": "J Clin Endocrinol Metab", "key": "2488_CR92", "unstructured": "Ross AC, et al. The 2011 report on dietary reference intakes for calcium and vitamin D from the institute of medicine: what clinicians need to know. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96(1):53–8.", "volume": "96", "year": "2011" }, { "DOI": "10.1002/art.37953", "author": "M Petri", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "1865", "issue": "7", "journal-title": "Arthritis Rheum", "key": "2488_CR93", "unstructured": "Petri M, et al. Vitamin D in systemic lupus erythematosus: modest association with disease activity and the urine protein-to-creatinine ratio. Arthritis Rheum. 2013;65(7):1865–71.", "volume": "65", "year": "2013" }, { "DOI": "10.4049/jimmunol.1800018", "author": "Y Xu", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "3447", "issue": "12", "journal-title": "J Immunol", "key": "2488_CR94", "unstructured": "Xu Y, et al. In vivo generation of gut-homing regulatory T cells for the suppression of colitis. J Immunol. 2019;202(12):3447–57.", "volume": "202", "year": "2019" }, { "author": "LL Yi Jiang", "first-page": "7257913", "journal-title": "Int J Endocrinol.", "key": "2488_CR95", "unstructured": "Yi Jiang LL, Jina L, Larry W, Zhongjian X. Older age is associated with decreased levels of VDR, CYP27B1, and CYP24A1 and increased levels of PTH in human parathyroid glands. Int J Endocrinol. 2020;2020:7257913.", "volume": "2020", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1111/j.1365-2265.2011.04261.x", "author": "M Hewison", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "315", "issue": "3", "journal-title": "Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)", "key": "2488_CR96", "unstructured": "Hewison M. An update on vitamin D and human immunity. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2012;76(3):315–25.", "volume": "76", "year": "2012" }, { "author": "K Yin", "first-page": "69", "journal-title": "J Inflamm Res", "key": "2488_CR97", "unstructured": "Yin K, Agrawal DK. Vitamin D and inflammatory diseases. J Inflamm Res. 2014;7:69–87.", "volume": "7", "year": "2014" }, { "DOI": "10.1002/jcb.21858", "author": "A Raghuwanshi", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "338", "issue": "2", "journal-title": "J Cell Biochem", "key": "2488_CR98", "unstructured": "Raghuwanshi A, Joshi SS, Christakos S. Vitamin D and multiple sclerosis. J Cell Biochem. 2008;105(2):338–43.", "volume": "105", "year": "2008" }, { "DOI": "10.2147/TCRM.S3552", "author": "JA Sunyecz", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "827", "issue": "4", "journal-title": "Ther Clin Risk Manag", "key": "2488_CR99", "unstructured": "Sunyecz JA. The use of calcium and vitamin D in the management of osteoporosis. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2008;4(4):827–36.", "volume": "4", "year": "2008" }, { "DOI": "10.1093/ageing/afu093", "author": "TJ Aspray", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "592", "issue": "5", "journal-title": "Age Ageing", "key": "2488_CR100", "unstructured": "Aspray TJ, et al. National osteoporosis society vitamin D guideline summary. Age Ageing. 2014;43(5):592–5.", "volume": "43", "year": "2014" }, { "DOI": "10.17712/nsj.2015.4.20150357", "author": "FM Alharbi", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "329", "issue": "4", "journal-title": "Neurosciences (Riyadh)", "key": "2488_CR101", "unstructured": "Alharbi FM. Update in vitamin D and multiple sclerosis. Neurosciences (Riyadh). 2015;20(4):329–35.", "volume": "20", "year": "2015" }, { "DOI": "10.1002/pros.21250", "author": "MK Chadha", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "368", "issue": "4", "journal-title": "Prostate", "key": "2488_CR102", "unstructured": "Chadha MK, et al. Effect of 25-hydroxyvitamin D status on serological response to influenza vaccine in prostate cancer patients. Prostate. 2011;71(4):368–72.", "volume": "71", "year": "2011" }, { "DOI": "10.1371/journal.pone.0011088", "author": "JR Sabetta", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "e11088", "issue": "6", "journal-title": "PLoS ONE", "key": "2488_CR103", "unstructured": "Sabetta JR, et al. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin d and the incidence of acute viral respiratory tract infections in healthy adults. PLoS ONE. 2010;5(6):e11088.", "volume": "5", "year": "2010" } ], "reference-count": 103, "references-count": 103, "relation": {}, "resource": { "primary": { "URL": "https://translational-medicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12967-020-02488-5" } }, "score": 1, "short-title": [], "source": "Crossref", "subject": [], "subtitle": [], "title": "The importance of vitamin d metabolism as a potential prophylactic, immunoregulatory and neuroprotective treatment for COVID-19", "type": "journal-article", "update-policy": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/springer_crossmark_policy", "volume": "18" }