The importance of vitamin d metabolism as a potential prophylactic, immunoregulatory and neuroprotective treatment for COVID-19

{ 'indexed': {'date-parts': [[2024, 5, 2]], 'date-time': '2024-05-02T15:30:12Z', 'timestamp': 1714663812759}, 'reference-count': 103, 'publisher': 'Springer Science and Business Media LLC', 'issue': '1', 'license': [ { 'start': { 'date-parts': [[2020, 8, 26]], 'date-time': '2020-08-26T00:00:00Z', 'timestamp': 1598400000000}, 'content-version': 'tdm', 'delay-in-days': 0, 'URL': 'https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0'}, { 'start': { 'date-parts': [[2020, 8, 26]], 'date-time': '2020-08-26T00:00:00Z', 'timestamp': 1598400000000}, 'content-version': 'vor', 'delay-in-days': 0, 'URL': 'https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0'}], 'funder': [ { 'DOI': '10.13039/100008891', 'name': 'Loma Linda University', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'award': ['GRASP2020', 'RIG']}], 'content-domain': {'domain': ['link.springer.com'], 'crossmark-restriction': False}, 'published-print': {'date-parts': [[2020, 12]]}, 'abstract': '<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has ' 'led to a declaration of a Public Health Emergency of International Concern by the World ' 'Health Organization. As of May 18, 2020, there have been more than 4.7 million cases and over ' '316,000 deaths worldwide. COVID-19 is caused by a highly infectious novel coronavirus known ' 'as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), leading to an acute ' 'infectious disease with mild-to-severe clinical symptoms such as flu-like symptoms, fever, ' 'headache, dry cough, muscle pain, loss of smell and taste, increased shortness of breath, ' 'bilateral viral pneumonia, conjunctivitis, acute respiratory distress syndromes, respiratory ' 'failure, cytokine release syndrome (CRS), sepsis, etc. While physicians and scientists have ' 'yet to discover a treatment, it is imperative that we urgently address 2 questions: how to ' 'prevent infection in immunologically naive individuals and how to treat severe symptoms such ' 'as CRS, acute respiratory failure, and the loss of somatosensation. Previous studies from the ' '1918 influenza pandemic have suggested vitamin D’s non-classical role in reducing lethal ' 'pneumonia and case fatality rates. Recent clinical trials also reported that vitamin D ' 'supplementation can reduce incidence of acute respiratory infection and the severity of ' 'respiratory tract diseases in adults and children. According to our literature search, there ' 'are no similar findings of clinical trials that have been published as of July 1st, 2020, in ' 'relation to the supplementation of vitamin D in the potential prevention and treatment for ' 'COVID-19. In this review, we summarize the potential role of vitamin D extra-renal metabolism ' 'in the prevention and treatment of the SARS-CoV-2 infection, helping to bring us slightly ' 'closer to fulfilling that goal. We will focus on 3 major topics here: <jats:list ' 'list-type="order">\n' '\n' '\n' '<jats:list-item>\n' '<jats:p>Vitamin D might aid in preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection:<jats:list ' 'list-type="bullet">\n' '<jats:list-item>\n' '<jats:p>Vitamin D: Overview of Renal and Extra-renal metabolism and regulation.</jats:p>\n' '</jats:list-item>\n' '<jats:list-item>\n' '<jats:p>Vitamin D: Overview of molecular mechanism and multifaceted functions beyond skeletal ' 'homeostasis.</jats:p>\n' '</jats:list-item>\n' '<jats:list-item>\n' '<jats:p>Vitamin D: Overview of local immunomodulation in human infectious diseases.<jats:list ' 'list-type="bullet">\n' '<jats:list-item>\n' '<jats:p>Anti-viral infection.</jats:p>\n' '</jats:list-item>\n' '<jats:list-item>\n' '<jats:p>Anti-malaria and anti-systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).</jats:p>\n' '</jats:list-item>\n' '</jats:list></jats:p>\n' '</jats:list-item>\n' '</jats:list></jats:p>\n' '</jats:list-item>\n' '\n' '\n' '\n' '<jats:list-item>\n' '<jats:p>Vitamin D might act as a strong immunosuppressant inhibiting cytokine release ' 'syndrome in COVID-19:<jats:list list-type="bullet">\n' '<jats:list-item>\n' '<jats:p>Vitamin D: Suppression of key pro-inflammatory pathways including nuclear factor ' 'kappa B (NF-kB), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF).</jats:p>\n' '</jats:list-item>\n' '</jats:list></jats:p>\n' '</jats:list-item>\n' '\n' '\n' '\n' '<jats:list-item>\n' '<jats:p>Vitamin D might prevent loss of neural sensation in COVID-19 by stimulating ' 'expression of neurotrophins like Nerve Growth Factor (NGF):<jats:list list-type="bullet">\n' '<jats:list-item>\n' '<jats:p>Vitamin D: Induction of key neurotrophic factors.</jats:p>\n' '</jats:list-item>\n' '</jats:list></jats:p>\n' '</jats:list-item>\n' '\n' '</jats:list>.</jats:p>', 'DOI': '10.1186/s12967-020-02488-5', 'type': 'journal-article', 'created': {'date-parts': [[2020, 8, 26]], 'date-time': '2020-08-26T04:12:03Z', 'timestamp': 1598415123000}, 'update-policy': 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/springer_crossmark_policy', 'source': 'Crossref', 'is-referenced-by-count': 116, 'title': 'The importance of vitamin d metabolism as a potential prophylactic, immunoregulatory and ' 'neuroprotective treatment for COVID-19', 'prefix': '10.1186', 'volume': '18', 'author': [ { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6917-184X', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Yi', 'family': 'Xu', 'sequence': 'first', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'David J.', 'family': 'Baylink', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Chien-Shing', 'family': 'Chen', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Mark E.', 'family': 'Reeves', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Jeffrey', 'family': 'Xiao', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Curtis', 'family': 'Lacy', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Eric', 'family': 'Lau', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Huynh', 'family': 'Cao', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}], 'member': '297', 'published-online': {'date-parts': [[2020, 8, 26]]}, 'reference': [ { 'key': '2488_CR1', 'unstructured': 'WHO, Q&A on coronaviruses (COVID-19). 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