A Comprehensive Scoping Review on Diet and Nutrition in Relation to Long COVID-19 Symptoms and Recovery

DOI record: { "DOI": "10.3390/nu17111802", "ISSN": [ "2072-6643" ], "URL": "http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu17111802", "abstract": "<jats:p>Background/Objectives: Long COVID-19 is characterized by persistent symptoms lasting three months or more following SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nutrition has emerged as a modifiable factor influencing recovery trajectories and symptom burden; however, existing evidence remains fragmented across diverse study designs and populations. This scoping review synthesized global evidence on the role of diet and nutrition in managing long COVID-19 symptoms and supporting recovery. Methods: Following PRISMA-ScR and Joanna Briggs Institute guidelines for scoping reviews, we searched major biomedical databases for studies published between 2020 and 2025. Eligible studies examined dietary intake, nutritional status, or nutrition-related interventions in adults with long COVID-19. Results: After duplicates were removed, 1808 records were screened, resulting in 50 studies that met the inclusion criteria—27 intervention studies and 23 observational studies. Nutritional exposures included micronutrients (e.g., vitamins D, K2), amino acids (e.g., L-arginine), multinutrient formulations, microbiota-targeted therapies (e.g., probiotics, synbiotics), nutritional status, diet quality, and whole-diet patterns (e.g., the Mediterranean diet). Approximately 76% of studies reported improvements in long COVID-19-related symptoms such as fatigue, mood disturbances, physical function, and markers of inflammation. Conclusions: Diet and nutrition may support long COVID-19 recovery by targeting inflammation and the gut microbiome to alleviate symptoms and improve functional outcomes. Well-powered trials of whole-diet approaches, combined with targeted supplementation, are needed to confirm their potential as scalable, accessible tools for post-COVID-19 recovery and management.</jats:p>", "alternative-id": [ "nu17111802" ], "author": [ { "ORCID": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4747-6888", "affiliation": [ { "name": "Division of Gerontology, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA" } ], "authenticated-orcid": false, "family": "Bigman", "given": "Galya", "sequence": "first" }, { "ORCID": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0880-9889", "affiliation": [ { "name": "Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania" } ], "authenticated-orcid": false, "family": "Rusu", "given": "Marius Emil", "sequence": "additional" }, { "ORCID": "https://orcid.org/0009-0004-4461-3623", "affiliation": [ { "name": "Health Sciences and Human Services Library, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA" } ], "authenticated-orcid": false, "family": "Shelawala", "given": "Nicole", "sequence": "additional" }, { "ORCID": "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2496-0965", "affiliation": [ { "name": "Division of Gerontology, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA" }, { "name": "Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Division of Gerontology, Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA" }, { "name": "Baltimore Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA" } ], "authenticated-orcid": false, "family": "Sorkin", "given": "John D.", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [ { "name": "Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Division of Gerontology, Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA" }, { "name": "Baltimore Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA" } ], "family": "Beamer", "given": "Brock A.", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [ { "name": "Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Division of Gerontology, Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA" }, { "name": "Baltimore Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA" } ], "family": "Ryan", "given": "Alice S.", "sequence": "additional" } ], "container-title": "Nutrients", "container-title-short": "Nutrients", "content-domain": { "crossmark-restriction": false, "domain": [] }, "created": { "date-parts": [ [ 2025, 5, 27 ] ], "date-time": "2025-05-27T07:34:46Z", "timestamp": 1748331286000 }, "deposited": { "date-parts": [ [ 2025, 5, 28 ] ], "date-time": "2025-05-28T04:32:53Z", "timestamp": 1748406773000 }, "funder": [ { "DOI": "10.13039/100000049", "award": [ "K01AG078545" ], "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "id": [ { "asserted-by": "crossref", "id": "10.13039/100000049", "id-type": "DOI" } ], "name": "National Institute on Aging" }, { "award": [ "R01AG051752" ], "name": "S.A.T." }, { "award": [ "IK6 RX003977" ], "name": "United States Department of Veterans Affairs Rehabilitation R&D (Rehab RD) Service" }, { "DOI": "10.13039/100031147", "award": [ "NIA P30AG028747" ], "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "id": [ { "asserted-by": "crossref", "id": "10.13039/100031147", "id-type": "DOI" } ], "name": "Claude D. Pepper Older Americans Independence Center" } ], "indexed": { "date-parts": [ [ 2025, 5, 29 ] ], "date-time": "2025-05-29T04:01:35Z", "timestamp": 1748491295030, "version": "3.41.0" }, "is-referenced-by-count": 0, "issue": "11", "issued": { "date-parts": [ [ 2025, 5, 26 ] ] }, "journal-issue": { "issue": "11", "published-online": { "date-parts": [ [ 2025, 6 ] ] } }, "language": "en", "license": [ { "URL": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "content-version": "vor", "delay-in-days": 0, "start": { "date-parts": [ [ 2025, 5, 26 ] ], "date-time": "2025-05-26T00:00:00Z", "timestamp": 1748217600000 } } ], "link": [ { "URL": "https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/17/11/1802/pdf", "content-type": "unspecified", "content-version": "vor", "intended-application": "similarity-checking" } ], "member": "1968", "original-title": [], "page": "1802", "prefix": "10.3390", "published": { "date-parts": [ [ 2025, 5, 26 ] ] }, "published-online": { "date-parts": [ [ 2025, 5, 26 ] ] }, "publisher": "MDPI AG", "reference": [ { "DOI": "10.3390/vaccines12010099", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "key": "ref_1", "unstructured": "Nguyen, K.H., Bao, Y., Mortazavi, J., Allen, J.D., Chocano-Bedoya, P.O., and Corlin, L. 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