A Comprehensive Scoping Review on Diet and Nutrition in Relation to Long COVID-19 Symptoms and Recovery
Galya Bigman, Marius Emil Rusu, Nicole Shelawala, John D Sorkin, Brock A Beamer, Alice S Ryan
Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu17111802
Background/Objectives: Long COVID-19 is characterized by persistent symptoms lasting three months or more following SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nutrition has emerged as a modifiable factor influencing recovery trajectories and symptom burden; however, existing evidence remains fragmented across diverse study designs and populations. This scoping review synthesized global evidence on the role of diet and nutrition in managing long COVID-19 symptoms and supporting recovery. Methods: Following PRISMA-ScR and Joanna Briggs Institute guidelines for scoping reviews, we searched major biomedical databases for studies published between 2020 and 2025. Eligible studies examined dietary intake, nutritional status, or nutrition-related interventions in adults with long COVID-19. Results: After duplicates were removed, 1808 records were screened, resulting in 50 studies that met the inclusion criteria-27 intervention studies and 23 observational studies. Nutritional exposures included micronutrients (e.g., vitamins D, K 2 ), amino acids (e.g., L-arginine), multinutrient formulations, microbiota-targeted therapies (e.g., probiotics, synbiotics), nutritional status, diet quality, and whole-diet patterns (e.g., the Mediterranean diet). Approximately 76% of studies reported improvements in long COVID-19-related symptoms such as fatigue, mood disturbances, physical function, and markers of inflammation. Conclusions: Diet and nutrition may support long COVID-19 recovery by targeting inflammation and the gut microbiome to alleviate symptoms and improve functional outcomes. Well-powered trials of whole-diet approaches, combined with targeted supplementation, are needed to confirm their potential as scalable, accessible tools for post-COVID-19 recovery and management.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflicts of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to publish the results.
Abbreviations The following abbreviations are used in this manuscript:
References
Alonso, Espinosa-Poblano, De Regil López, Lemus Eslava, Serrano Sánchez et al., Malnutrition contribution to the functional status and health related quality of life after COVID-19: A correlational follow-up study, Sci. Rep,
doi:10.1038/s41598-024-65698-7
Altooq, Humood, Alajaimi, Alenezi, Janahi et al., The role of micronutrients in the management of COVID-19 and optimizing vaccine efficacy, Hum. Nutr. Metab,
doi:10.1016/j.hnm.2022.200141
Anghel, Manole, Nechita, Tatu, Nechita et al., Calcium, phosphorus and magnesium abnormalities associated with COVID-19 infection, and beyond, Biomedicines,
doi:10.3390/biomedicines11092362
Atieh, Daher, Durieux, Abboud, Labbato et al., Vitamins K2 and D3 improve long COVID, fungal translocation, and inflammation: Randomized controlled trial, Nutrients,
doi:10.3390/nu17020304
Azzolino, Coelho-Junior, Proietti, Manzini, Cesari, Fatigue in older persons: The role of nutrition, Proc. Nutr. Soc,
doi:10.1017/S0029665122002683
Barrea, Vetrani, Caprio, Cataldi, Ghoch et al., From the ketogenic diet to the Mediterranean diet: The potential dietary therapy in patients with obesity after COVID-19 infection (post COVID syndrome), Curr. Obes. Rep,
doi:10.1007/s13679-022-00475-z
Ben-Eltriki, Hopefl, Wright, Deb, Association between vitamin D status and risk of developing severe COVID-19 infection: A meta-analysis of observational studies, J. Am. Nutr. Assoc,
doi:10.1080/07315724.2021.1951891
Bigman, Rusu, Kleckner, Sorkin, Jin et al., Plant-based diets and their associations with physical performance in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging, Nutrients,
doi:10.3390/nu16234249
Bilal, Ashraf, Zhao, Dietary component-induced inflammation and its amelioration by prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics, Front. Nutr,
doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.931458
Bradbury, Wilkinson, Schloss, Nutritional support during long COVID: A systematic scoping review, J. Integr. Complement. Med,
doi:10.1089/jicm.2022.0821
Calvani, Giampaoli, Marini, Del Chierico, De Rosa et al., Beetroot juice intake positively influenced gut microbiota and inflammation but failed to improve functional outcomes in adults with long COVID: A pilot randomized controlled trial, Clin. Nutr,
doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2024.11.023
Cash, Kaufman, Oxaloacetate treatment for mental and physical fatigue in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) and long COVID fatigue patients: A non-randomized controlled clinical trial, J. Transl. Med,
doi:10.1186/s12967-022-03488-3
Chadda, Roberts, Lugg, Faniyi, Faustini et al., Vitamin D deficiency and duration of COVID-19 symptoms in UK healthcare workers, Front. Med,
doi:10.3389/fmed.2024.1494129
Charoenporn, Tungsukruthai, Teacharushatakit, Hanvivattanakul, Sriyakul et al., Effects of an 8-week high-dose vitamin D supplementation on fatigue and neuropsychiatric manifestations in post-COVID syndrome: A randomized controlled trial, Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci,
doi:10.1111/pcn.13716
Chen, Allot, Leaman, Wei, Aghaarabi et al., LitCovid in 2022: An information resource for the COVID-19 literature, Nucleic Acids Res,
doi:10.1093/nar/gkac1005
Chung, Zhang, Wong, Sridhar, Lee et al., A pilot study of short-course oral vitamin A and aerosolised diffuser olfactory training for the treatment of smell loss in long COVID, Brain Sci,
doi:10.3390/brainsci13071014
Combet, Haag, Richardson, Haig, Cunningham et al., Remotely delivered weight management for people with long COVID and overweight: The randomized wait-list-controlled ReDIRECT trial, Nat. Med,
doi:10.1038/s41591-024-03384-x
Cuevas-Sierra, De La, Higuera-Gómez, Chero-Sandoval, De Cuevillas et al., Mediterranean diet and olive oil redox interactions on lactate dehydrogenase mediated by gut Oscillibacter in patients with long COVID-19 syndrome, Antioxidants,
doi:10.3390/antiox13111358
Di Filippo, Frara, Nannipieri, Cotellessa, Locatelli et al., Low vitamin D levels are associated with long COVID syndrome in COVID-19 survivors, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab,
doi:10.1210/clinem/dgad207
Dietz, Brondstater, Long COVID management: A mini review of current recommendations and underutilized modalities, Front. Med,
doi:10.3389/fmed.2024.1430444
Docampo, Batruch, Oldrati, Berenjeno-Correa, Hilty et al., Clinical and immunologic effects of paraprobiotics in long COVID patients: A pilot study, Neurol. Neuroimmunol. Neuroinflamm,
doi:10.1212/NXI.0000000000200296
Elbeltagi, Al-Beltagi, Saeed, Bediwy, COVID-19-induced gastrointestinal autonomic dysfunction: A systematic review, World J. Clin. Cases,
doi:10.12998/wjcc.v11.i22.5252
Fernandes, Sales, Santos, Caparbo, Murai et al., Persistent or new symptoms 1 year after a single high dose of vitamin D3 in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19, Front. Nutr,
doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.979667
Ferrulli, Senesi, Terruzzi, Luzi, Eating habits and body weight changes induced by variation in smell and taste in patients with previous SARS-CoV-2 infection, Nutrients,
doi:10.3390/nu14235068
Galluzzo, Ciciarello, Tosato, Zazzara, Pais et al., Association between vitamin D status and physical performance in COVID-19 survivors: Results from the Gemelli against COVID-19 post-acute care project, Mech. Ageing Dev,
doi:10.1016/j.mad.2022.111684
Galluzzo, Zazzara, Ciciarello, Savera, Pais et al., Against COVID-19 Post-Acute Care Team Fatigue in COVID-19 survivors: The potential impact of a nutritional supplement on muscle strength function, Clin. Nutr. ESPEN,
doi:10.1016/j.clnesp.2022.08.029
Gartlehner, Affengruber, Titscher, Noel-Storr, Dooley et al., Single-reviewer abstract screening missed 13 percent of relevant studies: A crowd-based, randomized controlled trial, J. Clin. Epidemiol
Gaylis, Kreychman, Sagliani, Mograbi, Gabet, The results of a unique dietary supplement (nutraceutical formulation) used to treat the symptoms of long-haul COVID, Front. Nutr,
doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.1034169
Godos, Guglielmetti, Ferraris, Frias-Toral, Domínguez Azpíroz et al., Mediterranean diet and quality of life in adults: A systematic review, Nutrients,
doi:10.3390/nu17030577
Gérard, Mahmutovic, Malgras, Michot, Scheyer et al., Long-term evolution of malnutrition and loss of muscle strength after COVID-19: A major and neglected component of long COVID-19, Nutrients,
doi:10.3390/nu13113964
Haag, Richardson, Cunningham, Fraser, Brosnahan et al., The remote diet intervention to reduce Long COVID symptoms trial (ReDIRECT): Protocol for a randomised controlled trial to determine the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of a remotely delivered supported weight management programme for people with Long COVID and excess weight, with personalised improvement goals, NIHR Open Res,
doi:10.3310/nihropenres.13315.2
Hernández-Flores, Pedraza-Brindis, Cárdenas-Bedoya, Ruíz-Carrillo, Méndez-Clemente et al., Role of micronutrients and gut microbiota-derived metabolites in COVID-19 recovery, Int. J. Mol. Sci,
doi:10.3390/ijms232012324
Hikmet, Wejse, Agergaard, Effect of vitamin D in long COVID patients, Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health,
doi:10.3390/ijerph20227058
Izzo, Trimarco, Mone, Aloè, Capra Marzani et al., Combining L-arginine with vitamin C improves long COVID symptoms: The LINCOLN Survey, Pharmacol. Res,
doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106360
Kaddah, Mousa, Elhalafawy, Ashraf, Osman et al., Investigating vitamin D status following severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection and its relationship with long coronavirus disease, Egypt J. Chest Dis. Tuberc,
doi:10.4103/ecdt.ecdt_30_23
Kharaeva, Shokarova, Shomakhova, Ibragimova, Trakhtman et al., Fermented Carica papaya and Morinda citrifolia as perspective food supplements for the treatment of post-COVID symptoms: Randomized placebo-controlled clinical laboratory study, Nutrients,
doi:10.3390/nu14112203
Kim, Bae, Chang, Kim, Long COVID prevalence and impact on quality of life 2 years after acute COVID-19, Sci. Rep
Krongthaeo, Partiprajak, Piaseu, Ckumdee, Taaon et al., Prevalence and exploratory factor analysis of long COVID-19 symptoms among experienced infected population in Bangkok, Thailand, BMC Public Health,
doi:10.1186/s12889-024-20275-5
Lakenman, Joosten, Bommel, Bek, Van Den Berg-Emons et al., Nutritional status of patients with COVID-19 one year post-ICU stay: A prospective observational study, Nutrition,
doi:10.1016/j.nut.2023.112025
Landi, Martone, Ciciarello, Galluzzo, Savera et al., Against COVID-19 Post-Acute Care Team. Effects of a new multicomponent nutritional supplement on muscle mass and physical performance in adult and old patients recovered from COVID-19: A pilot observational case-control study, Nutrients,
doi:10.3390/nu14112316
Lau, Su, Lau, Ching, Wong et al., A synbiotic preparation (SIM01) for post-acute COVID-19 syndrome in Hong Kong (RECOVERY): A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, Lancet Infect. Dis,
doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(23)00685-0
Linneberg, Kampmann, Israelsen, Andersen, Jørgensen et al., The association of low vitamin K status with mortality in a cohort of 138 hospitalized patients with COVID-19, Nutrients,
doi:10.3390/nu13061985
Marra, Giardino, Anniballo, Ferazzoli, Salzano et al., Beneficial effects on exercise capacity associated with a combination of lactoferrin, lysozyme, Lactobacillus, resveratrol, vitamins, and oligoelements in patients with post-COVID-19 syndrome: A single-center retrospective study, J. Clin. Med,
doi:10.3390/jcm13154444
Mey, Kirwan, Axelrod, The role of nutrition in mitigating the effects of COVID-19 from infection through PASC, Nutrients
Montes-Ibarra, Godziuk, Thompson, Chan, Pituskin et al., Protocol for a pilot study: Feasibility of a web-based platform to improve nutrition, mindfulness, and physical function in people living with post COVID-19 condition (BLEND), Methods,
doi:10.1016/j.ymeth.2024.10.004
Muzaffar, Tan, Comparison of sleep quality, diet quality, and weight change between COVID-19-recovered patients and healthy controls: A matched case-control study, Health Sci. Rep,
doi:10.1002/hsr2.70042
Naidu, Wang, Rao, Mancini, Clemens et al., Precision nutrition to reset virus-induced human metabolic reprogramming and dysregulation (HMRD) in long COVID, NPJ Sci. Food,
doi:10.1038/s41538-024-00261-2
Naureen, Dautaj, Nodari, Fioretti, Dhuli et al., Proposal of a food supplement for the management of post-COVID syndrome, Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci,
doi:10.26355/eurrev_202112_27335
Nguyen, Bao, Mortazavi, Allen, Chocano-Bedoya et al., Prevalence and factors associated with long COVID symptoms among U.S. adults, Vaccines,
doi:10.3390/vaccines12010099
Nikolic Turnic, Vasiljevic, Stanic, Jakovljevic, Mikerova et al., Post-COVID-19 status and its physical, nutritional, psychological, and social effects in working-age adults-A prospective questionnaire study, J. Clin. Med,
doi:10.3390/jcm11226668
Noce, Marrone, Di Lauro, Vita, Montalto et al., Potential anti-inflammatory and anti-fatigue effects of an oral food supplement in long COVID patients, Pharmaceuticals,
doi:10.3390/ph17040463
Peters, Marnie, Tricco, Pollock, Munn et al., Updated methodological guidance for the conduct of scoping reviews, JBI Evid. Synth,
doi:10.11124/JBIES-20-00167
Pink, Wiestler, Pueschel, Ruwisch, Drick et al., Exploring physical activity, sleep, and nutrition's role in fatigue among post-COVID-19 patients, Nutrients,
doi:10.3390/nu16234056
Pizzini, Aichner, Sahanic, Böhm, Egger et al., Impact of vitamin D deficiency on COVID-19: A prospective analysis from the CovILD Registry, Nutrients,
doi:10.3390/nu12092775
Ranisavljev, Stajer, Todorovic, Ostojic, Cvejic et al., The effects of 3-month supplementation with synbiotic on patient-reported outcomes, exercise tolerance, and brain and muscle metabolism in adult patients with post-COVID-19 chronic fatigue syndrome (STOP-FATIGUE): A randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial, Eur. J. Nutr
Reyes, Stovall, Punyamurthula, Longo, Maraganore et al., The impact of gut microbiome and diet on post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection, J. Neurol. Sci,
doi:10.1016/j.jns.2024.123295
Rodríguez-Morán, Guerrero-Romero, Barragán-Zuñiga, Gamboa-Gómez, Weyman-Vela et al., Combined oral supplementation with magnesium plus vitamin D alleviates mild to moderate depressive symptoms related to long COVID: An open-label randomized, controlled clinical trial, Magnes Res,
doi:10.1684/mrh.2024.0535
Rossato, Brilli, Ferri, Giordano, Tarantino, Observational study on the benefit of a nutritional supplement, supporting immune function and energy metabolism, on chronic fatigue associated with the SARS-CoV-2 post-infection progress, Clin. Nutr. ESPEN,
doi:10.1016/j.clnesp.2021.08.031
Rusu, Bigman, Ryan, Popa, Investigating the effects and mechanisms of combined vitamin D and K supplementation in postmenopausal women: An up-to-date comprehensive review of clinical studies, Nutrients,
doi:10.3390/nu16142356
Ryal, Perli, Marques, Sordi, Marques et al., Effects of a multi-professional intervention on mental health of middle-aged overweight survivors of COVID-19: A clinical trial, Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health,
doi:10.3390/ijerph20054132
Saxena, Prabhudesai, Damle, Ramakrishnan, Durairaj et al., A systems biology-based mathematical model demonstrates the potential anti-stress effectiveness of a multi-nutrient botanical formulation, Sci. Rep,
doi:10.1038/s41598-024-60112-8
Slankamenac, Ranisavljev, Todorovic, Ostojic, Stajer et al., Effects of six-month creatine supplementation on patient-and clinician-reported outcomes, and tissue creatine levels in patients with post-COVID-19 fatigue syndrome, Food Sci. Nutr,
doi:10.1002/fsn3.3597
Slankamenac, Ranisavljev, Todorovic, Ostojic, Stajer et al., Eight-week creatine-glucose supplementation alleviates clinical features of long COVID, J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol,
doi:10.3177/jnsv.70.174
Sordi, Lemos, De Souza Marques, Ryal, De et al., Effects of a multi-professional intervention on body composition, physical fitness and biochemical markers in overweight COVID-19 survivors: A clinical trial, Front. Physiol,
doi:10.3389/fphys.2023.1219252
Sousa-Catita, Godinho, Mascarenhas, Quaresma, Fonseca, The effects of an intensive rehabilitation program on the nutritional and functional status of post-COVID-19 pneumonia patients, Nutrients,
doi:10.3390/nu14122501
Suárez-Moreno, Gómez-Sánchez, Navarro-Caceres, Arroyo-Romero, Domínguez-Martín et al., Association of Mediterranean diet with cardiovascular risk factors and with metabolic syndrome in subjects with long COVID: BioICOPER study, Nutrients,
doi:10.3390/nu17040656
Tandon, Abrams, Avula, Carrick, Chander et al., Unraveling links between chronic inflammation and long COVID: Workshop report, J. Immunol,
doi:10.4049/jimmunol.2300804
Tehrani, Mahmoudnejad, Ahmadi Asour, Keyvanfar, Mahmoudi Chalmiani, Efficacy of thiamine (vitamin B1) on post-acute COVID-19 syndrome: An open-label, randomized, controlled trial, Arch. Clin. Infect. Dis,
doi:10.5812/archcid-144280
Thomas, Williams, Aldous, Yanagisawa, Kumar et al., A randomised, double-blind, placebocontrolled trial evaluating concentrated phytochemical-rich nutritional capsule in addition to a probiotic capsule on clinical outcomes among individuals with COVID-19-The UK Phyto-V Study, COVID,
doi:10.3390/covid2040031
Tomasa-Irriguible, Monfà, Miranda-Jiménez, Morros, Robert et al., Preventive intake of a multiple micronutrient supplement during mild, acute SARS-CoV-2 infection to reduce the post-acute COVID-19 condition: A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial, Nutrients,
doi:10.3390/nu16111631
Tosato, Calvani, Picca, Ciciarello, Galluzzo et al., Effects of L-arginine plus vitamin C supplementation on physical performance, endothelial function, and persistent fatigue in adults with long COVID: A single-blind randomized controlled trial, Nutrients,
doi:10.3390/nu14234984
Tosato, Ciciarello, Zazzara, Pais, Savera et al., Nutraceuticals and dietary supplements for older adults with long COVID-19, Clin. Geriatr. Med,
doi:10.1016/j.cger.2022.04.004
Townsend, Dyer, Mccluskey, O'brien, Dowds et al., Investigating the relationship between vitamin D and persistent symptoms following SARS-CoV-2 infection, Nutrients,
doi:10.3390/nu13072430
Tricco, Lillie, Zarin, O'brien, Colquhoun et al., PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR): Checklist and explanation, Ann. Intern. Med,
doi:10.7326/M18-0850
Turcu-Stiolica, Ionele, Ungureanu, Subtirelu, The effects of arginine-based supplements on fatigue levels following COVID-19 infection: A prospective study in Romania, Healthcare,
doi:10.3390/healthcare11101477
Wang, Li, Yue, Yuan, Kang et al., Adherence to a healthy lifestyle prior to infection and risk of post-COVID-19 condition, JAMA Intern. Med,
doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2022.6555
Wang, Su, Alcalde-Herraiz, Barclay, Tian et al., Modifiable lifestyle factors and the risk of post-COVID-19 multisystem sequelae, hospitalization, and death, Nat. Commun,
doi:10.1038/s41467-024-50495-7
Wu, Liu, Hsu, Tsai, Liu et al., Association between vitamin D deficiency and post-acute outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 infection, Eur. J. Nutr,
doi:10.1007/s00394-023-03298-3
Álvarez-Hernández, Matía-Martín, Cáncer-Minchot, Cuerda, Long-term outcomes in critically ill patients who survived COVID-19: The NUTRICOVID observational cohort study, Clin. Nutr,
doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2023.08.008
DOI record:
{
"DOI": "10.3390/nu17111802",
"ISSN": [
"2072-6643"
],
"URL": "http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu17111802",
"abstract": "<jats:p>Background/Objectives: Long COVID-19 is characterized by persistent symptoms lasting three months or more following SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nutrition has emerged as a modifiable factor influencing recovery trajectories and symptom burden; however, existing evidence remains fragmented across diverse study designs and populations. This scoping review synthesized global evidence on the role of diet and nutrition in managing long COVID-19 symptoms and supporting recovery. Methods: Following PRISMA-ScR and Joanna Briggs Institute guidelines for scoping reviews, we searched major biomedical databases for studies published between 2020 and 2025. Eligible studies examined dietary intake, nutritional status, or nutrition-related interventions in adults with long COVID-19. Results: After duplicates were removed, 1808 records were screened, resulting in 50 studies that met the inclusion criteria—27 intervention studies and 23 observational studies. Nutritional exposures included micronutrients (e.g., vitamins D, K2), amino acids (e.g., L-arginine), multinutrient formulations, microbiota-targeted therapies (e.g., probiotics, synbiotics), nutritional status, diet quality, and whole-diet patterns (e.g., the Mediterranean diet). Approximately 76% of studies reported improvements in long COVID-19-related symptoms such as fatigue, mood disturbances, physical function, and markers of inflammation. Conclusions: Diet and nutrition may support long COVID-19 recovery by targeting inflammation and the gut microbiome to alleviate symptoms and improve functional outcomes. Well-powered trials of whole-diet approaches, combined with targeted supplementation, are needed to confirm their potential as scalable, accessible tools for post-COVID-19 recovery and management.</jats:p>",
"alternative-id": [
"nu17111802"
],
"author": [
{
"ORCID": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4747-6888",
"affiliation": [
{
"name": "Division of Gerontology, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA"
}
],
"authenticated-orcid": false,
"family": "Bigman",
"given": "Galya",
"sequence": "first"
},
{
"ORCID": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0880-9889",
"affiliation": [
{
"name": "Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"
}
],
"authenticated-orcid": false,
"family": "Rusu",
"given": "Marius Emil",
"sequence": "additional"
},
{
"ORCID": "https://orcid.org/0009-0004-4461-3623",
"affiliation": [
{
"name": "Health Sciences and Human Services Library, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA"
}
],
"authenticated-orcid": false,
"family": "Shelawala",
"given": "Nicole",
"sequence": "additional"
},
{
"ORCID": "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2496-0965",
"affiliation": [
{
"name": "Division of Gerontology, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA"
},
{
"name": "Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Division of Gerontology, Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA"
},
{
"name": "Baltimore Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA"
}
],
"authenticated-orcid": false,
"family": "Sorkin",
"given": "John D.",
"sequence": "additional"
},
{
"affiliation": [
{
"name": "Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Division of Gerontology, Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA"
},
{
"name": "Baltimore Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA"
}
],
"family": "Beamer",
"given": "Brock A.",
"sequence": "additional"
},
{
"affiliation": [
{
"name": "Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Division of Gerontology, Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA"
},
{
"name": "Baltimore Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA"
}
],
"family": "Ryan",
"given": "Alice S.",
"sequence": "additional"
}
],
"container-title": "Nutrients",
"container-title-short": "Nutrients",
"content-domain": {
"crossmark-restriction": false,
"domain": []
},
"created": {
"date-parts": [
[
2025,
5,
27
]
],
"date-time": "2025-05-27T07:34:46Z",
"timestamp": 1748331286000
},
"deposited": {
"date-parts": [
[
2025,
5,
28
]
],
"date-time": "2025-05-28T04:32:53Z",
"timestamp": 1748406773000
},
"funder": [
{
"DOI": "10.13039/100000049",
"award": [
"K01AG078545"
],
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"id": [
{
"asserted-by": "crossref",
"id": "10.13039/100000049",
"id-type": "DOI"
}
],
"name": "National Institute on Aging"
},
{
"award": [
"R01AG051752"
],
"name": "S.A.T."
},
{
"award": [
"IK6 RX003977"
],
"name": "United States Department of Veterans Affairs Rehabilitation R&D (Rehab RD) Service"
},
{
"DOI": "10.13039/100031147",
"award": [
"NIA P30AG028747"
],
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"id": [
{
"asserted-by": "crossref",
"id": "10.13039/100031147",
"id-type": "DOI"
}
],
"name": "Claude D. Pepper Older Americans Independence Center"
}
],
"indexed": {
"date-parts": [
[
2025,
5,
29
]
],
"date-time": "2025-05-29T04:01:35Z",
"timestamp": 1748491295030,
"version": "3.41.0"
},
"is-referenced-by-count": 0,
"issue": "11",
"issued": {
"date-parts": [
[
2025,
5,
26
]
]
},
"journal-issue": {
"issue": "11",
"published-online": {
"date-parts": [
[
2025,
6
]
]
}
},
"language": "en",
"license": [
{
"URL": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
"content-version": "vor",
"delay-in-days": 0,
"start": {
"date-parts": [
[
2025,
5,
26
]
],
"date-time": "2025-05-26T00:00:00Z",
"timestamp": 1748217600000
}
}
],
"link": [
{
"URL": "https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/17/11/1802/pdf",
"content-type": "unspecified",
"content-version": "vor",
"intended-application": "similarity-checking"
}
],
"member": "1968",
"original-title": [],
"page": "1802",
"prefix": "10.3390",
"published": {
"date-parts": [
[
2025,
5,
26
]
]
},
"published-online": {
"date-parts": [
[
2025,
5,
26
]
]
},
"publisher": "MDPI AG",
"reference": [
{
"DOI": "10.3390/vaccines12010099",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"key": "ref_1",
"unstructured": "Nguyen, K.H., Bao, Y., Mortazavi, J., Allen, J.D., Chocano-Bedoya, P.O., and Corlin, L. (2024). Prevalence and factors associated with long COVID symptoms among U.S. adults, 2022. Vaccines, 12."
},
{
"DOI": "10.1038/s41598-023-36995-4",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"key": "ref_2",
"unstructured": "Kim, Y., Bae, S., Chang, H.H., and Kim, S.W. (2023). Long COVID prevalence and impact on quality of life 2 years after acute COVID-19. Sci. Rep., 13."
},
{
"DOI": "10.1126/science.adl0867",
"article-title": "Solving the puzzle of Long Covid",
"author": "Topol",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "830",
"journal-title": "Science",
"key": "ref_3",
"volume": "383",
"year": "2024"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1186/s12889-024-20275-5",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"key": "ref_4",
"unstructured": "Krongthaeo, S., Partiprajak, S., Piaseu, N., Ckumdee, S., Taaon, C., and Kongsuwan, A. (2024). Prevalence and exploratory factor analysis of long COVID-19 symptoms among experienced infected population in Bangkok, Thailand. BMC Public Health, 24."
},
{
"DOI": "10.1038/s41591-024-03173-6",
"article-title": "Long COVID science, research and policy",
"author": "Davis",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "2148",
"journal-title": "Nat. Med.",
"key": "ref_5",
"volume": "30",
"year": "2024"
},
{
"DOI": "10.12998/wjcc.v11.i22.5252",
"article-title": "COVID-19-induced gastrointestinal autonomic dysfunction: A systematic review",
"author": "Elbeltagi",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "5252",
"journal-title": "World J. Clin. Cases",
"key": "ref_6",
"volume": "11",
"year": "2023"
},
{
"DOI": "10.3390/biomedicines11092362",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"key": "ref_7",
"unstructured": "Anghel, L., Manole, C., Nechita, A., Tatu, A.L., Ștefănescu, B.I., Nechita, L., Bușilă, C., Zainea, P., Baroiu, L., and Mușat, C.L. (2023). Calcium, phosphorus and magnesium abnormalities associated with COVID-19 infection, and beyond. Biomedicines, 11."
},
{
"DOI": "10.3390/ijms232012324",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"key": "ref_8",
"unstructured": "Hernández-Flores, T.d.J., Pedraza-Brindis, E.J., Cárdenas-Bedoya, J., Ruíz-Carrillo, J.D., Méndez-Clemente, A.S., Martínez-Guzmán, M.A., and Iñiguez-Gutiérrez, L. (2022). Role of micronutrients and gut microbiota-derived metabolites in COVID-19 recovery. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23."
},
{
"DOI": "10.1038/s41538-024-00261-2",
"article-title": "Precision nutrition to reset virus-induced human metabolic reprogramming and dysregulation (HMRD) in long COVID",
"author": "Naidu",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "19",
"journal-title": "NPJ Sci. Food",
"key": "ref_9",
"volume": "8",
"year": "2024"
},
{
"DOI": "10.3390/nu14235068",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"key": "ref_10",
"unstructured": "Ferrulli, A., Senesi, P., Terruzzi, I., and Luzi, L. (2022). Eating habits and body weight changes induced by variation in smell and taste in patients with previous SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nutrients, 14."
},
{
"DOI": "10.1089/jicm.2022.0821",
"article-title": "Nutritional support during long COVID: A systematic scoping review",
"author": "Bradbury",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "695",
"journal-title": "J. Integr. Complement. Med.",
"key": "ref_11",
"volume": "29",
"year": "2023"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1007/s13668-021-00369-x",
"article-title": "Lifestyle adjustments in long COVID management: Potential benefits of plant-based diets",
"author": "Storz",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "352",
"journal-title": "Curr. Nutr. Rep.",
"key": "ref_12",
"volume": "10",
"year": "2021"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1016/j.hnm.2022.200141",
"article-title": "The role of micronutrients in the management of COVID-19 and optimizing vaccine efficacy",
"author": "Altooq",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "200141",
"journal-title": "Hum. Nutr. Metab.",
"key": "ref_13",
"volume": "27",
"year": "2022"
},
{
"article-title": "Association between vitamin D status and risk of developing severe COVID-19 infection: A meta-analysis of observational studies",
"author": "Hopefl",
"first-page": "679",
"journal-title": "J. Am. Nutr. Assoc.",
"key": "ref_14",
"volume": "41",
"year": "2021"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1101/2020.12.21.20248613",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"key": "ref_15",
"unstructured": "Linneberg, A., Kampmann, F.B., Israelsen, S.B., Andersen, L.R., Jørgensen, H.L., Sandholt, H., Jørgensen, N.R., Thysen, S.M., and Benfield, T. (2021). The association of low vitamin K status with mortality in a cohort of 138 hospitalized patients with COVID-19. Nutrients, 13."
},
{
"DOI": "10.1017/S0029665122002683",
"article-title": "Fatigue in older persons: The role of nutrition",
"author": "Azzolino",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "39",
"journal-title": "Proc. Nutr. Soc.",
"key": "ref_16",
"volume": "82",
"year": "2023"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1097/MCO.0000000000000819",
"article-title": "Nutrition in postacute rehabilitation of COVID-19 survivors",
"author": "Bear",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "154",
"journal-title": "Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care",
"key": "ref_17",
"volume": "25",
"year": "2022"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1007/s10787-023-01183-3",
"article-title": "Nutritional deficiencies that may predispose to long COVID",
"author": "Schloss",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "573",
"journal-title": "Inflammopharmacology",
"key": "ref_18",
"volume": "31",
"year": "2023"
},
{
"DOI": "10.3390/nu17040656",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"key": "ref_19",
"unstructured": "Suárez-Moreno, N., Gómez-Sánchez, L., Navarro-Caceres, A., Arroyo-Romero, S., Domínguez-Martín, A., Lugones-Sánchez, C., Tamayo-Morales, O., González-Sánchez, S., Castro-Rivero, A.B., and Rodríguez-Sánchez, E. (2025). Association of Mediterranean diet with cardiovascular risk factors and with metabolic syndrome in subjects with long COVID: BioICOPER study. Nutrients, 17."
},
{
"DOI": "10.3390/nu17030577",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"key": "ref_20",
"unstructured": "Godos, J., Guglielmetti, M., Ferraris, C., Frias-Toral, E., Domínguez Azpíroz, I., Lipari, V., Di Mauro, A., Furnari, F., Castellano, S., and Galvano, F. (2025). Mediterranean diet and quality of life in adults: A systematic review. Nutrients, 17."
},
{
"DOI": "10.3389/fnut.2022.931458",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"key": "ref_21",
"unstructured": "Bilal, M., Ashraf, S., and Zhao, X. (2022). Dietary component-induced inflammation and its amelioration by prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics. Front. Nutr., 9."
},
{
"DOI": "10.4049/jimmunol.2300804",
"article-title": "Unraveling links between chronic inflammation and long COVID: Workshop report",
"author": "Tandon",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "505",
"journal-title": "J. Immunol.",
"key": "ref_22",
"volume": "212",
"year": "2024"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1038/s41598-024-60112-8",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"key": "ref_23",
"unstructured": "Saxena, A., Prabhudesai, K.S., Damle, A., Ramakrishnan, S., Durairaj, P., Kalankariyan, S., Vijayalakshmi, A.B., and Venkatesh, K.V. (2024). A systems biology-based mathematical model demonstrates the potential anti-stress effectiveness of a multi-nutrient botanical formulation. Sci. Rep., 14."
},
{
"DOI": "10.3389/fmed.2024.1430444",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"key": "ref_24",
"unstructured": "Dietz, T.K., and Brondstater, K.N. (2024). Long COVID management: A mini review of current recommendations and underutilized modalities. Front. Med., 11."
},
{
"DOI": "10.7326/M18-0850",
"article-title": "PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR): Checklist and explanation",
"author": "Tricco",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "467",
"journal-title": "Ann. Intern. Med.",
"key": "ref_25",
"volume": "169",
"year": "2018"
},
{
"DOI": "10.11124/JBIES-20-00167",
"article-title": "Updated methodological guidance for the conduct of scoping reviews",
"author": "Peters",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "2119",
"journal-title": "JBI Evid. Synth.",
"key": "ref_26",
"volume": "18",
"year": "2020"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1093/nar/gkac1005",
"article-title": "LitCovid in 2022: An information resource for the COVID-19 literature",
"author": "Chen",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "D1512",
"journal-title": "Nucleic Acids Res.",
"key": "ref_27",
"volume": "51",
"year": "2023"
},
{
"key": "ref_28",
"unstructured": "Veritas Health Innovation (2025, May 09). Covidence Systematic Review Software. Melbourne, Australia. Available online: https://www.covidence.org."
},
{
"key": "ref_29",
"unstructured": "(2025, May 09). ChatGPT[Large Language Model], Available online: https://chat.openai.com."
},
{
"DOI": "10.3390/nu12092775",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"key": "ref_30",
"unstructured": "Pizzini, A., Aichner, M., Sahanic, S., Böhm, A., Egger, A., Hoermann, G., Kurz, K., Widmann, G., Bellmann-Weiler, R., and Weiss, G. (2020). Impact of vitamin D deficiency on COVID-19: A prospective analysis from the CovILD Registry. Nutrients, 12."
},
{
"DOI": "10.3390/nu13072430",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"key": "ref_31",
"unstructured": "Townsend, L., Dyer, A.H., McCluskey, P., O’Brien, K., Dowds, J., Laird, E., Bannan, C., Bourke, N.M., Ní Cheallaigh, C., and Byrne, D.G. (2021). Investigating the relationship between vitamin D and persistent symptoms following SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nutrients, 13."
},
{
"DOI": "10.1016/j.mad.2022.111684",
"article-title": "Association between vitamin D status and physical performance in COVID-19 survivors: Results from the Gemelli against COVID-19 post-acute care project",
"author": "Galluzzo",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "111684",
"journal-title": "Mech. Ageing Dev.",
"key": "ref_32",
"volume": "205",
"year": "2022"
},
{
"DOI": "10.3389/fnut.2022.979667",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"key": "ref_33",
"unstructured": "Fernandes, A.L., Sales, L.P., Santos, M.D., Caparbo, V.F., Murai, I.H., and Pereira, R.M.R. (2022). Persistent or new symptoms 1 year after a single high dose of vitamin D3 in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19. Front. Nutr., 9."
},
{
"DOI": "10.1210/clinem/dgad207",
"article-title": "Low vitamin D levels are associated with long COVID syndrome in COVID-19 survivors",
"author": "Frara",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "e1106",
"journal-title": "J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.",
"key": "ref_34",
"volume": "108",
"year": "2023"
},
{
"DOI": "10.3390/ijerph20227058",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"key": "ref_35",
"unstructured": "Hikmet, R.G., Wejse, C., and Agergaard, J. (2023). Effect of vitamin D in long COVID patients. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 20."
},
{
"DOI": "10.1016/j.jtemb.2023.127278",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"key": "ref_36",
"unstructured": "Chen, K.Y., Lin, C.K., and Chen, N.H. (2023). Effects of vitamin D and zinc deficiency in acute and long COVID syndrome. J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol., 80."
},
{
"article-title": "Combined oral supplementation with magnesium plus vitamin D alleviates mild to moderate depressive symptoms related to long COVID: An open-label randomized, controlled clinical trial",
"first-page": "49",
"journal-title": "Magnes Res.",
"key": "ref_37",
"volume": "37",
"year": "2024"
},
{
"article-title": "Effects of an 8-week high-dose vitamin D supplementation on fatigue and neuropsychiatric manifestations in post-COVID syndrome: A randomized controlled trial",
"author": "Charoenporn",
"first-page": "595",
"journal-title": "Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci.",
"key": "ref_38",
"volume": "78",
"year": "2024"
},
{
"DOI": "10.3389/fmed.2024.1494129",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"key": "ref_39",
"unstructured": "Chadda, K.R., Roberts, S.A., Lugg, S.T., Faniyi, A.A., Faustini, S.E., Webster, C., Duffy, J.E., Hewison, M., Shields, A., and Richter, A.G. (2024). Vitamin D deficiency and duration of COVID-19 symptoms in UK healthcare workers. Front. Med., 11."
},
{
"DOI": "10.4103/ecdt.ecdt_30_23",
"article-title": "Investigating vitamin D status following severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection and its relationship with long coronavirus disease",
"author": "Kaddah",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "126",
"journal-title": "Egypt J. Chest Dis. Tuberc.",
"key": "ref_40",
"volume": "73",
"year": "2024"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1007/s00394-023-03298-3",
"article-title": "Association between vitamin D deficiency and post-acute outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 infection",
"author": "Wu",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "613",
"journal-title": "Eur. J. Nutr.",
"key": "ref_41",
"volume": "63",
"year": "2024"
},
{
"DOI": "10.3390/nu17020304",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"key": "ref_42",
"unstructured": "Atieh, O., Daher, J., Durieux, J.C., Abboud, M., Labbato, D., Baissary, J., Koberssy, Z., Ailstock, K., Cummings, M., and Funderburg, N.T. (2025). Vitamins K2 and D3 improve long COVID, fungal translocation, and inflammation: Randomized controlled trial. Nutrients, 17."
},
{
"DOI": "10.3390/brainsci13071014",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"key": "ref_43",
"unstructured": "Chung, T.W., Zhang, H., Wong, F.K., Sridhar, S., Lee, T.M., Leung, G.K., Chan, K.H., Lau, K.K., Tam, A.R., and Ho, D.T. (2023). A pilot study of short-course oral vitamin A and aerosolised diffuser olfactory training for the treatment of smell loss in long COVID. Brain Sci., 13."
},
{
"DOI": "10.5812/archcid-144280",
"article-title": "Efficacy of thiamine (vitamin B1) on post-acute COVID-19 syndrome: An open-label, randomized, controlled trial",
"author": "Tehrani",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "e144280",
"journal-title": "Arch. Clin. Infect. Dis.",
"key": "ref_44",
"volume": "19",
"year": "2024"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1016/j.clnesp.2021.08.031",
"article-title": "Observational study on the benefit of a nutritional supplement, supporting immune function and energy metabolism, on chronic fatigue associated with the SARS-CoV-2 post-infection progress",
"author": "Rossato",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "510",
"journal-title": "Clin. Nutr. ESPEN",
"key": "ref_45",
"volume": "46",
"year": "2021"
},
{
"article-title": "Proposal of a food supplement for the management of post-COVID syndrome",
"author": "Naureen",
"first-page": "67",
"journal-title": "Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci.",
"key": "ref_46",
"volume": "25",
"year": "2021"
},
{
"DOI": "10.3390/nu14112316",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"key": "ref_47",
"unstructured": "Landi, F., Martone, A.M., Ciciarello, F., Galluzzo, V., Savera, G., Calvani, R., Picca, A., Marzetti, E., Tosato, M., and Gemelli Against COVID-19 Post-Acute Care Team (2022). Effects of a new multicomponent nutritional supplement on muscle mass and physical performance in adult and old patients recovered from COVID-19: A pilot observational case-control study. Nutrients, 14."
},
{
"DOI": "10.1016/j.clnesp.2022.08.029",
"article-title": "Gemelli Against COVID-19 Post-Acute Care Team Fatigue in COVID-19 survivors: The potential impact of a nutritional supplement on muscle strength function",
"author": "Galluzzo",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "215",
"journal-title": "Clin. Nutr. ESPEN",
"key": "ref_48",
"volume": "51",
"year": "2022"
},
{
"DOI": "10.3390/nu14112203",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"key": "ref_49",
"unstructured": "Kharaeva, Z., Shokarova, A., Shomakhova, Z., Ibragimova, G., Trakhtman, P., Trakhtman, I., Chung, J., Mayer, W., De Luca, C., and Korkina, L. (2022). Fermented Carica papaya and Morinda citrifolia as perspective food supplements for the treatment of post-COVID symptoms: Randomized placebo-controlled clinical laboratory study. Nutrients, 14."
},
{
"DOI": "10.3389/fnut.2022.1034169",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"key": "ref_50",
"unstructured": "Gaylis, N.B., Kreychman, I., Sagliani, J., Mograbi, J., and Gabet, Y. (2022). The results of a unique dietary supplement (nutraceutical formulation) used to treat the symptoms of long-haul COVID. Front. Nutr., 9."
},
{
"DOI": "10.3390/nu16111631",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"key": "ref_51",
"unstructured": "Tomasa-Irriguible, T.M., Monfà, R., Miranda-Jiménez, C., Morros, R., Robert, N., Bordejé-Laguna, L., Vidal, S., Torán-Monserrat, P., and Barriocanal, A.M. (2024). Preventive intake of a multiple micronutrient supplement during mild, acute SARS-CoV-2 infection to reduce the post-acute COVID-19 condition: A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial. Nutrients, 16."
},
{
"DOI": "10.3390/ph17040463",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"key": "ref_52",
"unstructured": "Noce, A., Marrone, G., Di Lauro, M., Vita, C., Montalto, G., Giorgino, G., Chiaramonte, C., D’Agostini, C., Bernardini, S., and Pieri, M. (2024). Potential anti-inflammatory and anti-fatigue effects of an oral food supplement in long COVID patients. Pharmaceuticals, 17."
},
{
"DOI": "10.3390/jcm13154444",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"key": "ref_53",
"unstructured": "Marra, A.M., Giardino, F., Anniballo, A., Ferazzoli, S., Salzano, A., Arcopinto, M., D’Assante, R., De Mare, A., Esposito, G., and Saldamarco, L. (2024). Beneficial effects on exercise capacity associated with a combination of lactoferrin, lysozyme, Lactobacillus, resveratrol, vitamins, and oligoelements in patients with post-COVID-19 syndrome: A single-center retrospective study. J. Clin. Med., 13."
},
{
"DOI": "10.3390/nu14234984",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"key": "ref_54",
"unstructured": "Tosato, M., Calvani, R., Picca, A., Ciciarello, F., Galluzzo, V., Coelho-Júnior, H.J., Di Giorgio, A., Di Mario, C., Gervasoni, J., and Gremese, E. (2022). Effects of L-arginine plus vitamin C supplementation on physical performance, endothelial function, and persistent fatigue in adults with long COVID: A single-blind randomized controlled trial. Nutrients, 14."
},
{
"DOI": "10.1186/s12967-022-03488-3",
"article-title": "Oxaloacetate treatment for mental and physical fatigue in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) and long COVID fatigue patients: A non-randomized controlled clinical trial",
"author": "Cash",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "295",
"journal-title": "J. Transl. Med.",
"key": "ref_55",
"volume": "20",
"year": "2022"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106360",
"article-title": "Combining L-arginine with vitamin C improves long COVID symptoms: The LINCOLN Survey",
"author": "Izzo",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "106360",
"journal-title": "Pharmacol. Res.",
"key": "ref_56",
"volume": "183",
"year": "2022"
},
{
"DOI": "10.3390/healthcare11101477",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"key": "ref_57",
"unstructured": "Turcu-Stiolica, A., Ionele, C.M., Ungureanu, B.S., and Subtirelu, M.S. (2023). The effects of arginine-based supplements on fatigue levels following COVID-19 infection: A prospective study in Romania. Healthcare, 11."
},
{
"DOI": "10.1002/fsn3.3597",
"article-title": "Effects of six-month creatine supplementation on patient- and clinician-reported outcomes, and tissue creatine levels in patients with post-COVID-19 fatigue syndrome",
"author": "Slankamenac",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "6899",
"journal-title": "Food Sci. Nutr.",
"key": "ref_58",
"volume": "11",
"year": "2023"
},
{
"DOI": "10.3177/jnsv.70.174",
"article-title": "Eight-week creatine-glucose supplementation alleviates clinical features of long COVID",
"author": "Slankamenac",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "174",
"journal-title": "J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol.",
"key": "ref_59",
"volume": "70",
"year": "2024"
},
{
"DOI": "10.3390/covid2040031",
"article-title": "A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial evaluating concentrated phytochemical-rich nutritional capsule in addition to a probiotic capsule on clinical outcomes among individuals with COVID-19—The UK Phyto-V Study",
"author": "Thomas",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "433",
"journal-title": "COVID",
"key": "ref_60",
"volume": "2",
"year": "2022"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1212/NXI.0000000000200296",
"article-title": "Clinical and immunologic effects of paraprobiotics in long COVID patients: A pilot study",
"author": "Docampo",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "e200296",
"journal-title": "Neurol. Neuroimmunol. Neuroinflamm.",
"key": "ref_61",
"volume": "11",
"year": "2024"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1016/S1473-3099(23)00685-0",
"article-title": "A synbiotic preparation (SIM01) for post-acute COVID-19 syndrome in Hong Kong (RECOVERY): A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial",
"author": "Lau",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "256",
"journal-title": "Lancet Infect. Dis.",
"key": "ref_62",
"volume": "24",
"year": "2024"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1016/j.clnu.2024.11.023",
"article-title": "Beetroot juice intake positively influenced gut microbiota and inflammation but failed to improve functional outcomes in adults with long COVID: A pilot randomized controlled trial",
"author": "Calvani",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "344",
"journal-title": "Clin. Nutr.",
"key": "ref_63",
"volume": "43",
"year": "2024"
},
{
"DOI": "10.3390/antiox13111358",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"key": "ref_64",
"unstructured": "Cuevas-Sierra, A., de la, O.V., Higuera-Gómez, A., Chero-Sandoval, L., de Cuevillas, B., Martínez-Urbistondo, M., Moreno-Torres, V., Pintos-Pascual, I., Castejón, R., and Martínez, J.A. (2024). Mediterranean diet and olive oil redox interactions on lactate dehydrogenase mediated by gut Oscillibacter in patients with long COVID-19 syndrome. Antioxidants, 13."
},
{
"DOI": "10.1007/s00394-024-03546-0",
"article-title": "The effects of 3-month supplementation with synbiotic on patient-reported outcomes, exercise tolerance, and brain and muscle metabolism in adult patients with post-COVID-19 chronic fatigue syndrome (STOP-FATIGUE): A randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial",
"author": "Ranisavljev",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "28",
"journal-title": "Eur. J. Nutr.",
"key": "ref_65",
"volume": "64",
"year": "2024"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1001/jamainternmed.2022.6555",
"article-title": "Adherence to a healthy lifestyle prior to infection and risk of post-COVID-19 condition",
"author": "Wang",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "232",
"journal-title": "JAMA Intern. Med.",
"key": "ref_66",
"volume": "183",
"year": "2023"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1038/s41467-024-50495-7",
"article-title": "Modifiable lifestyle factors and the risk of post-COVID-19 multisystem sequelae, hospitalization, and death",
"author": "Wang",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "6363",
"journal-title": "Nat. Commun.",
"key": "ref_67",
"volume": "15",
"year": "2024"
},
{
"DOI": "10.3390/nu13113964",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"key": "ref_68",
"unstructured": "Gérard, M., Mahmutovic, M., Malgras, A., Michot, N., Scheyer, N., Jaussaud, R., Nguyen-Thi, P.L., and Quilliot, D. (2021). Long-term evolution of malnutrition and loss of muscle strength after COVID-19: A major and neglected component of long COVID-19. Nutrients, 13."
},
{
"DOI": "10.1016/j.clnu.2023.08.008",
"article-title": "Long-term outcomes in critically ill patients who survived COVID-19: The NUTRICOVID observational cohort study",
"author": "Cuerda",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "2029",
"journal-title": "Clin. Nutr.",
"key": "ref_69",
"volume": "42",
"year": "2023"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1016/j.nut.2023.112025",
"article-title": "Nutritional status of patients with COVID-19 one year post-ICU stay: A prospective observational study",
"author": "Lakenman",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "112025",
"journal-title": "Nutrition",
"key": "ref_70",
"volume": "111",
"year": "2023"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1002/hsr2.70042",
"article-title": "Comparison of sleep quality, diet quality, and weight change between COVID-19-recovered patients and healthy controls: A matched case-control study",
"author": "Muzaffar",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "e70042",
"journal-title": "Health Sci. Rep.",
"key": "ref_71",
"volume": "7",
"year": "2024"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1038/s41598-024-65698-7",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"key": "ref_72",
"unstructured": "Mejía Alonso, L.A., Espinosa-Poblano, E., de Regil López, S., Lemus Eslava, V., Serrano Sánchez, J.G., Paredes-Manjarrez, C., Balderas-Chairéz, A.T., Anda-Garay, J.C., Miguel-Puga, J.A., and Jáuregui-Renaud, K. (2024). Malnutrition contribution to the functional status and health related quality of life after COVID-19: A correlational follow-up study. Sci. Rep., 14."
},
{
"DOI": "10.3390/nu14122501",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"key": "ref_73",
"unstructured": "Sousa-Catita, D., Godinho, C., Mascarenhas, P., Quaresma, F., and Fonseca, J. (2022). The effects of an intensive rehabilitation program on the nutritional and functional status of post-COVID-19 pneumonia patients. Nutrients, 14."
},
{
"DOI": "10.3390/jcm11226668",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"key": "ref_74",
"unstructured": "Nikolic Turnic, T., Vasiljevic, I., Stanic, M., Jakovljevic, B., Mikerova, M., Ekkert, N., Reshetnikov, V., and Jakovljevic, V. (2022). Post-COVID-19 status and its physical, nutritional, psychological, and social effects in working-age adults—A prospective questionnaire study. J. Clin. Med., 11."
},
{
"DOI": "10.3389/fphys.2023.1219252",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"key": "ref_75",
"unstructured": "Sordi, A.F., Lemos, M.M., de Souza Marques, D.C., Ryal, J.J., de Paula Silva Lalucci, P., Marques, M.G., Amaro Camilo, M.L., De Paula Ramos, S., Franzói De Moraes, S.M., and Valdés-Badilla, P. (2023). Effects of a multi-professional intervention on body composition, physical fitness and biochemical markers in overweight COVID-19 survivors: A clinical trial. Front. Physiol., 14."
},
{
"DOI": "10.3390/ijerph20054132",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"key": "ref_76",
"unstructured": "Ryal, J.J., Perli, V.A.S., Marques, D.C.S., Sordi, A.F., Marques, M.G.S., Camilo, M.L., Milani, R.G., Mota, J., Valdés-Badilla, P., and Magnani Branco, B.H. (2023). Effects of a multi-professional intervention on mental health of middle-aged overweight survivors of COVID-19: A clinical trial. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 20."
},
{
"DOI": "10.3390/nu16234056",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"key": "ref_77",
"unstructured": "Pink, I., Wiestler, M., Pueschel, L., Ruwisch, J., Drick, N., Boblitz, L., Scharbau, M., Welte, T., Haufe, S., and Tegtbur, U. (2024). Exploring physical activity, sleep, and nutrition’s role in fatigue among post-COVID-19 patients. Nutrients, 16."
},
{
"DOI": "10.1038/s41591-024-03384-x",
"article-title": "Remotely delivered weight management for people with long COVID and overweight: The randomized wait-list-controlled ReDIRECT trial",
"author": "Combet",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "258",
"journal-title": "Nat. Med.",
"key": "ref_78",
"volume": "31",
"year": "2025"
},
{
"DOI": "10.3390/nu16142356",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"key": "ref_79",
"unstructured": "Rusu, M.E., Bigman, G., Ryan, A.S., and Popa, D.S. (2024). Investigating the effects and mechanisms of combined vitamin D and K supplementation in postmenopausal women: An up-to-date comprehensive review of clinical studies. Nutrients, 16."
},
{
"DOI": "10.1016/j.cger.2022.04.004",
"article-title": "Nutraceuticals and dietary supplements for older adults with long COVID-19",
"author": "Tosato",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "565",
"journal-title": "Clin. Geriatr. Med.",
"key": "ref_80",
"volume": "38",
"year": "2022"
},
{
"DOI": "10.3390/nu15040866",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"key": "ref_81",
"unstructured": "Mey, J.T., Kirwan, J.P., and Axelrod, C.L. (2023). The role of nutrition in mitigating the effects of COVID-19 from infection through PASC. Nutrients, 15."
},
{
"DOI": "10.1016/j.jns.2024.123295",
"article-title": "The impact of gut microbiome and diet on post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection",
"author": "Reyes",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "123295",
"journal-title": "J. Neurol. Sci.",
"key": "ref_82",
"volume": "467",
"year": "2024"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1007/s13679-022-00475-z",
"article-title": "From the ketogenic diet to the Mediterranean diet: The potential dietary therapy in patients with obesity after COVID-19 infection (post COVID syndrome)",
"author": "Barrea",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "144",
"journal-title": "Curr. Obes. Rep.",
"key": "ref_83",
"volume": "11",
"year": "2022"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1016/j.ymeth.2024.10.004",
"article-title": "Protocol for a pilot study: Feasibility of a web-based platform to improve nutrition, mindfulness, and physical function in people living with post COVID-19 condition (BLEND)",
"author": "Godziuk",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "186",
"journal-title": "Methods",
"key": "ref_84",
"volume": "231",
"year": "2024"
},
{
"DOI": "10.3310/nihropenres.13315.2",
"article-title": "The remote diet intervention to reduce Long COVID symptoms trial (ReDIRECT): Protocol for a randomised controlled trial to determine the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of a remotely delivered supported weight management programme for people with Long COVID and excess weight, with personalised improvement goals",
"author": "Haag",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "57",
"journal-title": "NIHR Open Res.",
"key": "ref_85",
"volume": "2",
"year": "2023"
},
{
"DOI": "10.3390/nu16234249",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"key": "ref_86",
"unstructured": "Bigman, G., Rusu, M.E., Kleckner, A.S., Sorkin, J.D., Jin, Y., Talegawkar, S.A., Tanaka, T., Ferrucci, L., and Ryan, A.S. (2024). Plant-based diets and their associations with physical performance in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. Nutrients, 16."
},
{
"DOI": "10.3389/fnut.2024.1375449",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"key": "ref_87",
"unstructured": "Guerra, G., Lucariello, A., and Komici, K. (2024). Editorial: Long COVID: Nutrition and lifestyle changes. Front. Nutr., 11."
},
{
"DOI": "10.1016/j.jclinepi.2020.01.005",
"article-title": "Single-reviewer abstract screening missed 13 percent of relevant studies: A crowd-based, randomized controlled trial",
"author": "Gartlehner",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "20",
"journal-title": "J. Clin. Epidemiol.",
"key": "ref_88",
"volume": "121",
"year": "2020"
}
],
"reference-count": 88,
"references-count": 88,
"relation": {},
"resource": {
"primary": {
"URL": "https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/17/11/1802"
}
},
"score": 1,
"short-title": [],
"source": "Crossref",
"subject": [],
"subtitle": [],
"title": "A Comprehensive Scoping Review on Diet and Nutrition in Relation to Long COVID-19 Symptoms and Recovery",
"type": "journal-article",
"volume": "17"
}