Greater risk of severe COVID-19 in Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic populations is not explained by cardiometabolic, socioeconomic or behavioural factors, or by 25(OH)-vitamin D status: study of 1326 cases from the UK Biobank

{ 'indexed': {'date-parts': [[2024, 5, 9]], 'date-time': '2024-05-09T21:11:49Z', 'timestamp': 1715289109884}, 'reference-count': 34, 'publisher': 'Oxford University Press (OUP)', 'issue': '3', 'license': [ { 'start': { 'date-parts': [[2020, 6, 19]], 'date-time': '2020-06-19T00:00:00Z', 'timestamp': 1592524800000}, 'content-version': 'vor', 'delay-in-days': 0, 'URL': 'http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/'}], 'funder': [ { 'name': 'British Heart Foundation Clinical Research Training Fellowship', 'award': ['FS/17/81/33318']}, { 'DOI': '10.13039/501100000272', 'name': 'National Institute for Health Research', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher'}], 'content-domain': {'domain': [], 'crossmark-restriction': False}, 'published-print': {'date-parts': [[2020, 8, 18]]}, 'abstract': '<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title>\n' ' <jats:sec>\n' ' <jats:title>Background</jats:title>\n' ' <jats:p>We examined whether the greater severity of coronavirus disease ' '2019 (COVID-19) amongst men and Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic (BAME) individuals is ' 'explained by cardiometabolic, socio-economic or behavioural factors.</jats:p>\n' ' </jats:sec>\n' ' <jats:sec>\n' ' <jats:title>Methods</jats:title>\n' ' <jats:p>We studied 4510 UK Biobank participants tested for COVID-19 ' '(positive, n\xa0=\xa01326). Multivariate logistic regression models including age, sex and ' 'ethnicity were used to test whether addition of (1) cardiometabolic factors [diabetes, ' 'hypertension, high cholesterol, prior myocardial infarction, smoking and body mass index ' '(BMI)]; (2) 25(OH)-vitamin D; (3) poor diet; (4) Townsend deprivation score; (5) housing ' '(home type, overcrowding) or (6) behavioural factors (sociability, risk taking) attenuated ' 'sex/ethnicity associations with COVID-19 status.</jats:p>\n' ' </jats:sec>\n' ' <jats:sec>\n' ' <jats:title>Results</jats:title>\n' ' <jats:p>There was over-representation of men and BAME ethnicities in the ' 'COVID-19 positive group. BAME individuals had, on average, poorer cardiometabolic profile, ' 'lower 25(OH)-vitamin D, greater material deprivation, and were more likely to live in larger ' 'households and in flats/apartments. Male sex, BAME ethnicity, higher BMI, higher Townsend ' 'deprivation score and household overcrowding were independently associated with significantly ' 'greater odds of COVID-19. The pattern of association was consistent for men and women; ' 'cardiometabolic, socio-demographic and behavioural factors did not attenuate sex/ethnicity ' 'associations.</jats:p>\n' ' </jats:sec>\n' ' <jats:sec>\n' ' <jats:title>Conclusions</jats:title>\n' ' <jats:p>In this study, sex and ethnicity differential pattern of COVID-19 ' 'was not adequately explained by variations in cardiometabolic factors, 25(OH)-vitamin D ' 'levels or socio-economic factors. Factors which underlie ethnic differences in COVID-19 may ' 'not be easily captured, and so investigation of alternative biological and genetic ' 'susceptibilities as well as more comprehensive assessment of the complex economic, social and ' 'behavioural differences should be prioritised.</jats:p>\n' ' </jats:sec>', 'DOI': '10.1093/pubmed/fdaa095', 'type': 'journal-article', 'created': {'date-parts': [[2020, 6, 4]], 'date-time': '2020-06-04T11:10:29Z', 'timestamp': 1591269029000}, 'page': '451-460', 'source': 'Crossref', 'is-referenced-by-count': 229, 'title': 'Greater risk of severe COVID-19 in Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic populations is not explained ' 'by cardiometabolic, socioeconomic or behavioural factors, or by 25(OH)-vitamin D status: study ' 'of 1326 cases from the UK Biobank', 'prefix': '10.1093', 'volume': '42', 'author': [ { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7757-5465', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Zahra', 'family': 'Raisi-Estabragh', 'sequence': 'first', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'William Harvey Research Institute, NIHR Barts Biomedical ' 'Research Centre, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK'}, { 'name': 'Barts Heart Centre, St Bartholomew’s Hospital, Barts Health NHS ' 'Trust, London, UK'}]}, { 'given': 'Celeste', 'family': 'McCracken', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'William Harvey Research Institute, NIHR Barts Biomedical ' 'Research Centre, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK'}]}, { 'given': 'Mae S', 'family': 'Bethell', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'North West Anglia NHS Foundation Trust, Hinchingbrooke Hospital, ' 'Huntingdon, UK'}]}, { 'given': 'Jackie', 'family': 'Cooper', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'William Harvey Research Institute, NIHR Barts Biomedical ' 'Research Centre, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK'}]}, { 'given': 'Cyrus', 'family': 'Cooper', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, ' 'Southampton, UK'}, { 'name': 'NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of ' 'Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation ' 'Trust, Southampton, UK'}, { 'name': 'NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, ' 'UK'}]}, { 'given': 'Mark J', 'family': 'Caulfield', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'William Harvey Research Institute, NIHR Barts Biomedical ' 'Research Centre, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK'}]}, { 'given': 'Patricia B', 'family': 'Munroe', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'William Harvey Research Institute, NIHR Barts Biomedical ' 'Research Centre, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK'}]}, { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8194-2512', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Nicholas C', 'family': 'Harvey', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of 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