Evidence for possible association of vitamin D status with cytokine storm and unregulated inflammation in COVID-19 patients

{ 'indexed': { 'date-parts': [[2023, 12, 15]], 'date-time': '2023-12-15T21:59:43Z', 'timestamp': 1702677583111}, 'reference-count': 102, 'publisher': 'Springer Science and Business Media LLC', 'issue': '10', 'license': [ { 'start': { 'date-parts': [[2020, 9, 2]], 'date-time': '2020-09-02T00:00:00Z', 'timestamp': 1599004800000}, 'content-version': 'tdm', 'delay-in-days': 0, 'URL': 'https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0'}, { 'start': { 'date-parts': [[2020, 9, 2]], 'date-time': '2020-09-02T00:00:00Z', 'timestamp': 1599004800000}, 'content-version': 'vor', 'delay-in-days': 0, 'URL': 'https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0'}], 'funder': [ {'name': 'Carinato Charitable Foundation'}, {'name': 'Mark and Ingeborg Holliday'}, {'name': 'Kristin Hudson & Rob Goldman'}, {'name': 'Ms. Susan Brice & Mr. Jordi Esteve'}], 'content-domain': {'domain': ['link.springer.com'], 'crossmark-restriction': False}, 'abstract': '<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:sec>\n' ' <jats:title>Objectives</jats:title>\n' ' <jats:p>We present evidence for a possible role of Vitamin D (VitD) ' 'deficiency in unregulated cytokine production and inflammation leading to complications in ' 'COVID-19 patients.</jats:p>\n' ' </jats:sec><jats:sec>\n' ' <jats:title>Design</jats:title>\n' ' <jats:p>The time-adjusted case mortality ratio (T-CMR) was estimated as the ' 'ratio of deceased patients on day <jats:italic>N</jats:italic> to the confirmed cases on day ' 'N-8. The adaptive average of T-CMR (A-CMR) was calculated as a metric of COVID-19 associated ' 'mortality. A model based on positivity change (PC) and an estimated prevalence of COVID-19 ' 'was used to determine countries with similar screening strategies. A possible association of ' 'A-CMR with the mean concentration of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) in elderly individuals in ' 'countries with similar screening strategy was investigated. We considered high C-reactive ' 'protein (CRP) in severe COVID-19 patients (CRP\u2009≥\u20091\xa0mg/dL) as a surrogate of a ' 'cytokine storm. We considered high-sensitivity CRP (hs-CRP) in healthy subjects as ' 'hs-CRP\u2009≥\u20090.2\xa0mg/dL.</jats:p>\n' ' </jats:sec><jats:sec>\n' ' <jats:title>Results</jats:title>\n' ' <jats:p>A link between 25(OH)D and A-CMR in countries with similar screening ' 'strategy is evidence for VitD’s possible role in reducing unregulated cytokine production and ' 'inflammation among patients with severe COVID-19. We observed an odds ratio (OR) of 1.8 with ' '95% confidence interval (95% CI) (1.2 to 2.6) and an OR of 1.9 with 95% CI (1.4 to 2.7) for ' 'hs-CRP in VitD deficient elderly from low-income families and high-income families, ' 'respectively. COVID-19 patient-level data show an OR of 3.4 with 95% CI (2.15 to 5.4) for ' 'high CRP in severe COVID-19 patients.</jats:p>\n' ' </jats:sec><jats:sec>\n' ' <jats:title>Conclusion</jats:title>\n' ' <jats:p>We conclude that future studies on VitD’s role in reducing cytokine ' 'storm and COVID-19 mortality are warranted.</jats:p>\n' ' </jats:sec>', 'DOI': '10.1007/s40520-020-01677-y', 'type': 'journal-article', 'created': {'date-parts': [[2020, 9, 2]], 'date-time': '2020-09-02T13:03:48Z', 'timestamp': 1599051828000}, 'page': '2141-2158', 'update-policy': 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/springer_crossmark_policy', 'source': 'Crossref', 'is-referenced-by-count': 93, 'title': 'Evidence for possible association of vitamin D status with cytokine storm and unregulated ' 'inflammation in COVID-19 patients', 'prefix': '10.1007', 'volume': '32', 'author': [ {'given': 'Ali', 'family': 'Daneshkhah', 'sequence': 'first', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Vasundhara', 'family': 'Agrawal', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Adam', 'family': 'Eshein', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Hariharan', 'family': 'Subramanian', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Hemant Kumar', 'family': 'Roy', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1981-1818', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Vadim', 'family': 'Backman', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}], 'member': '297', 'published-online': {'date-parts': [[2020, 9, 2]]}, 'reference': [ { 'key': '1677_CR1', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'author': 'X Tang', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Tang X, Wu C, Li X et al (2020) On the origin and continuing evolution ' 'of SARS-CoV-2. 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JAMA ' '315:362–370. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2015.18589', 'journal-title': 'JAMA'}], 'container-title': 'Aging Clinical and Experimental Research', 'original-title': [], 'language': 'en', 'link': [ { 'URL': 'https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40520-020-01677-y.pdf', 'content-type': 'application/pdf', 'content-version': 'vor', 'intended-application': 'text-mining'}, { 'URL': 'https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40520-020-01677-y/fulltext.html', 'content-type': 'text/html', 'content-version': 'vor', 'intended-application': 'text-mining'}, { 'URL': 'https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40520-020-01677-y.pdf', 'content-type': 'application/pdf', 'content-version': 'vor', 'intended-application': 'similarity-checking'}], 'deposited': { 'date-parts': [[2023, 12, 8]], 'date-time': '2023-12-08T07:23:25Z', 'timestamp': 1702020205000}, 'score': 1, 'resource': {'primary': {'URL': 'https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s40520-020-01677-y'}}, 'subtitle': [], 'short-title': [], 'issued': {'date-parts': [[2020, 9, 2]]}, 'references-count': 102, 'journal-issue': {'issue': '10', 'published-online': {'date-parts': [[2020, 10]]}}, 'alternative-id': ['1677'], 'URL': 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40520-020-01677-y', 'relation': {}, 'ISSN': ['1720-8319'], 'subject': ['Geriatrics and Gerontology', 'Aging'], 'container-title-short': 'Aging Clin Exp Res', 'published': {'date-parts': [[2020, 9, 2]]}, 'assertion': [ { 'value': '20 June 2020', 'order': 1, 'name': 'received', 'label': 'Received', 'group': {'name': 'ArticleHistory', 'label': 'Article History'}}, { 'value': '4 August 2020', 'order': 2, 'name': 'accepted', 'label': 'Accepted', 'group': {'name': 'ArticleHistory', 'label': 'Article History'}}, { 'value': '2 September 2020', 'order': 3, 'name': 'first_online', 'label': 'First Online', 'group': {'name': 'ArticleHistory', 'label': 'Article History'}}, { 'value': '8 December 2023', 'order': 4, 'name': 'change_date', 'label': 'Change Date', 'group': {'name': 'ArticleHistory', 'label': 'Article History'}}, { 'value': 'Correction', 'order': 5, 'name': 'change_type', 'label': 'Change Type', 'group': {'name': 'ArticleHistory', 'label': 'Article History'}}, { 'value': 'A Correction to this paper has been published:', 'order': 6, 'name': 'change_details', 'label': 'Change Details', 'group': {'name': 'ArticleHistory', 'label': 'Article History'}}, { 'value': 'https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-023-02627-0', 'URL': 'https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-023-02627-0', 'order': 7, 'name': 'change_details', 'label': 'Change Details', 'group': {'name': 'ArticleHistory', 'label': 'Article History'}}, { 'order': 1, 'name': 'Ethics', 'group': {'name': 'EthicsHeading', 'label': 'Compliance with ethical standards'}}, { 'value': 'On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no ' 'conflict of interest.', 'order': 2, 'name': 'Ethics', 'group': {'name': 'EthicsHeading', 'label': 'Conflict of interest'}}, { 'value': 'The study is approved by the institutional review board of the National Center ' 'for Health Statistics (Continuation of Protocol #2005–06).', 'order': 3, 'name': 'Ethics', 'group': {'name': 'EthicsHeading', 'label': 'Ethical approval'}}, { 'value': 'Informed consent was obtained from all participants providing vitamin D (VitD) ' 'and C-reactive protein (CRP) data used from NHANES 2009–2010.', 'order': 4, 'name': 'Ethics', 'group': {'name': 'EthicsHeading', 'label': 'Informed consent'}}]}