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Supplementary Data — Remdesivir for COVID-19: real-time meta analysis of 82 studies

@CovidAnalysis, October 2025, Version 103V103
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https://c19early.org/smeta.html
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2+ Madan (ES) 66% 0.34 [0.12-0.96] death 4/112 27/260 Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control PINETREE Gottlieb (DB RCT) 87% 0.13 [0.03-0.59] death/hosp. 2/279 15/283 PINETREE Gottlieb (DB RCT) 72% 0.28 [0.11-0.75] hosp. 5/279 18/283 PINETREE Gottlieb (DB RCT) 29% 0.71 [0.37-1.37] no recov. 43/66 45/60 PINETREE Gottlieb (DB RCT) 48% 0.52 [0.34-0.79] no recov. 108/169 132/165 Killingley -60% 1.60 [0.51-5.03] progression 6 (n) 12 (n) Piccicacco 66% 0.34 [0.01-8.32] death 0/82 1/90 Piccicacco 30% 0.70 [0.28-1.72] hosp. 7/82 11/90 Piccicacco 52% 0.48 [0.21-0.96] hosp./ER 9/82 21/90 Piccicacco 78% 0.22 [0.05-0.97] progression 2/82 10/90 Kneidinger 20% 0.80 [0.35-1.82] severe case 6/46 28/172 Ong -75% 1.75 [0.23-13.0] recov. time 4 (n) 14 (n) Ong -56% 1.56 [0.67-3.60] hosp. time 4 (n) 14 (n) Ong -61% 1.61 [0.86-3.00] viral time 4 (n) 14 (n) Chew -68% 1.68 [0.51-5.58] progression 12 (n) 151 (n) PLATCOV Jittamala (RCT) 66% 0.34 [0.01-8.12] hosp. 0/67 1/69 PLATCOV Jittamala (RCT) 29% 0.71 [0.61-0.83] viral rate 67 (n) 69 (n) Seah -129% 2.29 [0.26-20.1] no recov. 2/7 1/8 Choi -267% 3.67 [0.20-3.27] death 308 (n) 13,656 (n) Choi -600% 7.00 [4.00-11.5] ICU 308 (n) 13,656 (n) Choi -686% 7.86 [6.40-9.40] oxygen 308 (n) 13,656 (n) Choi -182% 2.82 [2.35-3.33] misc. 308 (n) 13,656 (n) Siami -70% 1.70 [0.76-3.82] hosp. 341 (n) 148 (n) Wang (RCT) -9% 1.09 [0.54-2.18] death 22/158 10/78 Wang (RCT) 24% 0.76 [0.29-1.95] death 8/71 7/47 Wang (RCT) -48% 1.48 [0.45-4.88] death 12/84 3/31 Olender 59% 0.41 [0.24-0.71] death 24/312 102/818 Spinner (RCT) 35% 0.65 [0.18-2.40] death 5/384 4/200 Pasquini (ICU) 16% 0.84 [0.69-0.94] death 14/25 24/26 ICU patients Fried 61% 0.39 [0.15-0.99] death 4/48 2,510/11,673 Fried -37% 1.37 [0.81-2.30] ventilation 11/48 1,956/11,673 Beigel (RCT) 27% 0.73 [0.52-1.03] death 541 (n) 521 (n) Beigel (RCT) 45% 0.55 [0.36-0.83] death 541 (n) 521 (n) Beigel (RCT) 22% 0.78 [0.67-0.89] no recov. 541 (n) 521 (n) SOLIDARITY SOLIDARITY .. (RCT) 5% 0.95 [0.81-1.11] death 301/2,743 303/2,708 El-Solh 29% 0.71 [0.52-0.97] death 63/219 202/424 SARSTer Flisiak 49% 0.51 [0.19-1.30] death 5/122 17/211 SARSTer Flisiak 58% 0.42 [0.13-1.18] death 4/82 14/119 SARSTer Flisiak 56% 0.44 [0.21-0.86] no improv. 9/122 36/211 Garibaldi 20% 0.80 [0.46-1.41] death 23/303 45/303 Garibaldi 35% 0.65 [0.53-0.78] no improv. 52/303 80/303 Ullah -100% 2.00 [0.67-5.94] death 8/30 4/30 Ullah -250% 3.50 [0.79-15.5] ventilation 7/30 2/30 Yeramaneni -24% 1.24 [0.11-14.2] death 32 (n) 7,126 (n) Goldberg 9% 0.91 [0.50-1.67] hosp. time 29 (n) 113 (n) Goldberg 0% 1.00 [0.92-1.09] viral+ 29 (n) 113 (n) Tsuzuki -4% 1.04 [0.98-1.09] death 69/824 285/11,663 Tsuzuki 2% 0.98 [0.91-1.07] ventilation 48/824 98/11,663 Tsuzuki 15% 0.85 [0.41-1.77] progression 559/824 1,784/11,663 Mahajan (RCT) -76% 1.76 [0.46-6.82] death 5/34 3/36 Mahajan (RCT) -112% 2.12 [0.41-10.8] ventilation 4/34 2/36 Mulhem -86% 1.86 [0.21-5.24] death 1/8 515/3,211 Haji Aghajani 19% 0.81 [0.46-1.46] death 46 (n) 945 (n) Elhadi (ICU) -11% 1.11 [0.81-1.51] death 14/21 267/444 ICU patients Pourhoseingholi -2% 1.02 [0.72-1.44] death 42/123 297/2,345 Arch (PSM) 20% 0.80 [0.64-0.98] death 203/1,491 777/4,676 Arch (PSM) 18% 0.82 [0.63-1.06] death 140/1,502 565/4,728 Arch (PSM) -68% 1.68 [1.19-2.34] ventilation 106/1,498 153/4,602 Barrat-Due (DB RCT) 0% 1.00 [0.20-4.60] death 3/42 4/57 Barrat-Due (DB RCT) -36% 1.36 [0.29-6.39] death 3/42 3/57 Barrat-Due (DB RCT) 55% 0.45 [0.05-4.20] death 1/42 3/57 Barrat-Due (DB RCT) -47% 1.47 [1.10-1.98] no recov. 42 (n) 76 (n) Barrat-Due (DB RCT) -43% 1.43 [1.09-1.87] no recov. 42 (n) 76 (n) Barrat-Due (DB RCT) -24% 1.24 [0.96-1.60] no recov. 42 (n) 76 (n) Barrat-Due (DB RCT) -50% 1.50 [1.01-2.23] no recov. 42 (n) 76 (n) Ohl (PSM) -6% 1.06 [0.83-1.36] death 143/1,172 124/1,172 Ohl (PSM) -100% 2.00 [1.33-3.02] hosp. time 1,172 (n) 1,172 (n) Madan 44% 0.56 [0.33-0.95] death 23/398 27/260 Madan 66% 0.34 [0.12-0.96] death 4/112 27/260 Madan 62% 0.38 [0.18-0.80] death 9/226 27/260 Madan -60% 1.60 [0.82-3.13] death 10/60 27/260 Madan 31% 0.69 [0.37-1.29] death 19/398 18/260 Madan 35% 0.65 [0.32-1.35] death 14/398 14/260 Madan 48% 0.52 [0.21-1.31] death 8/398 10/260 Madan 35% 0.65 [0.19-2.23] death 5/398 5/260 Madan 13% 0.87 [0.20-3.86] death 4/398 3/260 Kuno (PSM) 1% 0.99 [0.84-1.17] death 214/999 216/999 Kuno (PSM) 0% 1.00 [0.80-1.24] ventilation 140/999 140/999 Kuno (PSM) -17% 1.17 [1.00-1.37] ICU 260/999 222/999 Elavarasi -137% 2.37 [1.98-2.83] death 146/403 207/1,352 Diaz 35% 0.65 [0.46-0.92] death 33/286 173/852 Diaz 44% 0.56 [0.32-0.97] death 286 (n) 852 (n) DISCOVERY Ader (RCT) 6% 0.94 [0.59-1.45] death 34/414 37/418 DISCOVERY Ader (RCT) 12% 0.88 [0.50-1.56] death 21/414 24/418 DISCOVERY Ader (RCT) 10% 0.90 [0.70-1.15] 7-point status 414 (n) 418 (n) DISCOVERY Ader (RCT) -2% 1.02 [0.80-1.30] 7-point status 414 (n) 418 (n) Mozaffari 12% 0.88 [0.81-0.96] death 4,441/28,855 5,499/28,855 Mozaffari 24% 0.76 [0.69-0.83] death 3,057/28,855 4,437/28,855 Sarhan (RCT) -35% 1.35 [0.70-2.60] death 15/52 12/56 OT​1​ Sarhan (RCT) -35% 1.35 [0.70-2.60] no disch. 15/52 12/56 OT​1​ Schmidt (PSM) -509% 6.09 [2.71-13.7] severe case 43 (n) 434 (n) Jamir (ICU) 8% 0.92 [0.55-1.55] death 60/181 41/85 ICU patients Mustafa 33% 0.67 [0.38-1.20] death 16/200 29/244 CATCO Ali (RCT) 12% 0.88 [0.72-1.07] death 127/634 152/647 CATCO Ali (RCT) 17% 0.83 [0.67-1.03] death 117/634 145/647 CATCO Ali (RCT) 21% 0.79 [0.40-1.58] death 14/634 18/647 CATCO Ali (RCT) 47% 0.53 [0.38-0.75] ventilation 46/634 89/647 CATCO Ali (RCT) 9% 0.91 [0.73-1.14] no recov. 634 (n) 647 (n) CATCO Ali (RCT) -11% 1.11 [1.01-1.23] hosp. time 634 (n) 647 (n) Kurniyanto -460% 5.60 [2.32-13.5] death 7/45 12/432 Siraj 53% 0.47 [0.35-0.62] death 108/413 197/587 Salehi (ICU) 37% 0.63 [0.43-0.94] death 17/40 57/85 ICU patients Elec 19% 0.81 [0.38-1.69] death 7/38 29/127 Elec 11% 0.89 [0.45-1.78] ventilation 8/38 30/127 Elec -72% 1.72 [1.11-2.66] ICU 18/38 35/127 Zangeneh (ICU) 32% 0.68 [0.45-1.01] death n/a n/a ICU patients Malundo -17% 1.17 [0.80-1.70] death 24/115 197/1,100 Bowen -57% 1.57 [1.25-1.97] death 817 (n) 3,814 (n) Raad 42% 0.58 [0.39-0.88] death n/a n/a Oku -40% 1.40 [0.41-4.36] death 3/46 8/172 Behboodikhah 38% 0.62 [0.30-1.30] death 1,214 (n) 960 (n) Cacho -80% 1.80 [0.37-8.82] death 5/57 2/41 Cacho -44% 1.44 [0.53-3.89] severe case 10/57 5/41 Cacho -73% 1.73 [0.93-3.21] m/s case 24/57 10/41 Cacho -92% 1.92 [0.54-6.79] no disch. 8/57 3/41 Hartantri 11% 0.89 [0.31-2.53] death n/a n/a Hartantri 24% 0.76 [0.33-1.77] death n/a n/a Alshamrani (PSM) 17% 0.83 [0.72-0.93] death 137/246 725/1,078 Alshamrani (PSM) 4% 0.96 [0.90-1.00] progression 215/246 984/1,078 Alshamrani (PSM) -43% 1.43 [1.13-1.80] ICU 245 (n) 995 (n) Alshamrani (PSM) 7% 0.93 [0.81-1.05] hosp. time 246 (n) 1,078 (n) Mitsushima -44% 1.44 [1.09-1.90] death n/a n/a Punzalan -42% 1.42 [0.92-2.20] death 47/224 26/176 Punzalan -59% 1.59 [1.19-2.13] progression 93/224 46/176 Kim -1612% 17.12 [0.19-1565] death 14/145 0/22 Aweimer -13% 1.13 [0.93-1.37] death 40/51 68/98 Intubated patients Arfijanto 1% 0.99 [0.64-1.53] viral+ 17/44 46/118 Bavaro (PSW) 7% 0.93 [0.89-0.97] severe case 120 (n) 211 (n) Shamsi -23% 1.23 [0.56-2.69] death 8/53 16/130 Mozaffari (PSM) 25% 0.75 [0.68-0.83] death 14,169 (n) 5,341 (n) Mozaffari (PSM) 30% 0.70 [0.62-0.78] death 14,169 (n) 5,341 (n) Nadeem -12% 1.12 [0.39-3.26] death 12/96 4/36 Burhan (ICU) -15% 1.15 [0.96-1.37] death 33/43 345/516 ICU patients Hagman 0% 1.00 [0.60-1.80] death 105 (n) 213 (n) Hagman 0% 1.00 [0.50-1.90] death 105 (n) 213 (n) Hagman 20% 0.80 [0.30-2.40] death 105 (n) 213 (n) Hagman -40% 1.40 [0.80-2.40] progression 105 (n) 213 (n) Hagman 29% 0.71 [0.50-1.11] viral+ 105 (n) 213 (n) Ho -62% 1.62 [1.35-1.95] death 5,294 (n) 21,151 (n) Amirizadeh (ICU) -3% 1.03 [0.86-1.24] death 31/35 30/35 ICU patients Amirizadeh (ICU) -52% 1.52 [0.83-2.78] ventilation time 35 (n) 35 (n) ICU patients Amirizadeh (ICU) -27% 1.27 [0.86-1.88] ICU 35 (n) 35 (n) ICU patients Amirizadeh (ICU) -24% 1.24 [0.88-1.75] hosp. time 35 (n) 35 (n) ICU patients Muntean -45% 1.45 [1.04-2.03] death 71/287 45/264 Chang -185% 2.85 [1.03-7.85] death 81 (n) 81 (n) Alsaraj (RCT) -83% 1.83 [0.66-5.11] death 9/52 5/53 Liao -25% 1.25 [0.55-2.86] death 37/59 3/6 Sokolski 0% 1.00 [0.67-1.47] death 88 (n) 460 (n) Lewandowski -21% 1.21 [0.66-2.22] death 430 (all patients) Drouin -46% 1.46 [1.15-1.54] severe case 52/102 135/354 Milan -34% 1.34 [0.20-8.91] death 1/8 16/172 Milan -122% 2.22 [0.86-5.78] ventilation 3/8 29/172 Milan -419% 5.19 [3.40-7.92] ICU 7/8 29/172 REDPINE Sise (DB RCT) -0% 1.00 [0.67-1.49] death 51/163 25/80 REDPINE Sise (DB RCT) 17% 0.83 [0.50-1.39] death 41/163 23/80 REDPINE Sise (DB RCT) 18% 0.82 [0.50-1.32] death/int. 48/163 26/80 REDPINE Sise (DB RCT) 16% 0.84 [0.52-1.38] misc. 163 (n) 80 (n) REDPINE Sise (DB RCT) -5% 1.05 [0.64-1.72] misc. 163 (n) 80 (n) Anzalone (PSM) -33% 1.33 [1.29-1.37] death n/a n/a Anzalone (PSM) 8% 0.92 [0.89-0.96] ventilation n/a n/a Kawther -9% 1.09 [0.46-2.57] death 111 (n) 340 (n) Angleitner -223% 3.23 [1.46-7.17] viral time 8 (n) 55 (n) Mohammed (PSM) 67% 0.33 [0.04-3.15] death 1/101 3/101 Mohammed (PSM) -117% 2.17 [1.63-2.91] hosp. time 101 (n) 101 (n) Mohammed (PSM) -58% 1.58 [1.11-2.26] misc. 49/101 31/101 Remdesivir COVID-19 outcomes c19early.org October 2025 ​1​ OT: comparison with other treatment Favors remdesivir Favors control
Fig. S1. All outcomes.
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Fig. S2. Comparison of results for RCTs versus observational studies. For COVID-19 treatments, there is no significant difference between the results of RCTs and observational studies. Observational studies do not systematically over or underestimate efficacy. For high-cost treatments, there is a non-significant trend towards RCTs showing greater efficacy.
Please send us corrections, updates, or comments. c19early involves the extraction of 200,000+ datapoints from thousands of papers. Community updates help ensure high accuracy. Treatments and other interventions are complementary. All practical, effective, and safe means should be used based on risk/benefit analysis. No treatment or intervention is 100% available and effective for all current and future variants. We do not provide medical advice. Before taking any medication, consult a qualified physician who can provide personalized advice and details of risks and benefits based on your medical history and situation. IMA and WCH provide treatment protocols.
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