Abstract: Journal Pre-proofs Original article Comprehensive evaluation of six interventions for hospitalized patients with COVID-19: A propensity score matching study Ali A. Alshamrani, Ahmed M. Assiri, Omar A. Almohammed PII: DOI: Reference: S1319-0164(23)00034-8 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsps.2023.02.004 SPJ 1580 To appear in: Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal Received Date: Revised Date: Accepted Date: 30 August 2022 10 February 2023 12 February 2023 Please cite this article as: Alshamrani, A.A., Assiri, A.M., Almohammed, O.A., Comprehensive evaluation of six interventions for hospitalized patients with COVID-19: A propensity score matching study, Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal (2023), doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsps.2023.02.004 This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the addition of a cover page and metadata, and formatting for readability, but it is not yet the definitive version of record. This version will undergo additional copyediting, typesetting and review before it is published in its final form, but we are providing this version to give early visibility of the article. Please note that, during the production process, errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. © 2023 Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of King Saud University. Comprehensive evaluation of six interventions for hospitalized patients with COVID-19: A propensity score matching study Abstract Purpose The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of either hydroxychloroquine, triple combination therapy (TCT), favipiravir, dexamethasone, remdesivir, or COVID-19 convalescent plasma (CCP) in comparison with standard-of-care for hospitalized patients with COVID-19 using real-world data from Saudi Arabia. Patients and methods A secondary database analysis was conducted using the Saudi Ministry of Health database for patients with COVID-19. Adult (≥ 18 years) hospitalized patients with COVID-19 between March 2020 and January 2021 were included in the analysis. A propensity score matching technique was used to establish comparable groups for each therapeutic approach. Lastly, an independent t-test and chi-square test were used to compare the matching groups in the aspects of the duration of hospitalization, length of stay (LOS) in intensive care units (ICU), in-hospital mortality, and composite poor outcome. Multilevel logistic regression model was used to assess the association between the severity stage of COVID-19 and the outcomes while using the medication or intervention used as a grouping variable in the model. Results The mean duration of hospitalization was significantly longer for patients who received TCT, favipiravir, dexamethasone, or CCP compared to patients who did not receive these therapies, with a mean difference ranging between 2.2 and 4.9 days for dexamethasone and CCP, respectively. Furthermore, the use of favipiravir or CCP was associated with a longer stay in ICU. Remdesivir was the only agent associated with in-hospital mortality benefit. A higher risk of mortality and poorer composite outcome were associated with the use of favipiravir or dexamethasone. However, the logistic regression model reveled that the difference between the two matched cohorts was due to the severity stage not the medication. Additionally, the use of hydroxychloroquine, TCT, or CCP had no impact on the incidence of in-hospital mortality or..