Acute Kidney Injury and Drugs Prescribed for COVID-19 in Diabetes Patients: A Real-World Disproportionality Analysis
Yu Zhou, Jianbin Li, Linyao Wang, Xinyan Zhu, Meilian Zhang, Jiaping Zheng, Kenichiro Sato
doi:10.3389/fphar.2022.833679
Background: The information is relatively scarce regarding the occurrence of druginduced acute kidney injury (AKI) when anti-coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) drugs are prescribed for patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate a pharmacovigilance signal for AKI upon the use of common drugs prescribed for COVID-19 treatment, especially in patients with DM.
Methods: The FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) database were used, and data from the first quarter of 2020 to the third quarter of 2021 were retrieved. A disproportionality analysis was performed to determine whether AKI was more frequently reported with anti-COVID-19 drugs compared to that with other drugs in different populations. Further, reporting odds ratios (RORs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to calculate disproportionality. Results: We identified 33,488 COVID-19 patients and 2397 COVID-19 patients with DM. AKI was the most frequent adverse drug reaction (ADR) reported in this patient population. The primary suspected drugs related to AKI in more than half of the reports (75.60%, 127/ 168) were four common anti-COVID-19 drugs (remdesivir, tocilizumab, hydroxychloroquine, and lopinavir/ritonavir). Compared with other drugs in the same time window, remdesivir and lopinavir/ritonavir were associated with an increased risk of AKI in all COVID-19 patients (ROR: 3.97, 95% CI: 3.51-4.50; ROR: 4.02, 95% CI: 3.11-5.19, respectively). In COVID-19 patients with DM, remdesivir was significantly associated with AKI (ROR: 5.65, 95% CI: 4.06-7.87); meanwhile, there was a new AKI signal associated with tocilizumab (ROR: 2.37, 95% CI: 1.19-4.72). After sensitivity analyses in COVID-19 patients with DM, consistent results for remdesivir were observed; however, the AKI signals for tocilizumab were unstable.
Conclusion: Our study confirmed the association of AKI with the usage of common anti-COVID-19 drugs (especially remdesivir and tocilizumab) in DM patients. These safety signals suggested more individualized treatments for COVID-19 patients with
ETHICS STATEMENT Ethical review and approval was not required for the study on human participants in accordance with the local legislation and institutional requirements. Written informed consent from the participants' legal guardian/next of kin was not required to participate in this study in accordance with the national legislation and the institutional requirements.
AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS YZ, MZ, and JZ were responsible for study design, data acquisition and interpretation, statistical analysis, and writing and editing of the manuscript. JL, LW, and XZ aided in data acquisition and interpretation, statistical analysis. Conflict of Interest: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Publisher's Note: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher. Copyright © 2022 Zhou, Li, Wang, Zhu, Zhang and Zheng. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited..
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'abstract': '<jats:p><jats:bold>Background</jats:bold>: The information is relatively scarce regarding the '
'occurrence of drug-induced acute kidney injury (AKI) when anti-coronavirus disease 2019 '
'(COVID-19) drugs are prescribed for patients with diabetes mellitus '
'(DM).</jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Objective</jats:bold>: The objective of this study was to '
'evaluate a pharmacovigilance signal for AKI upon the use of common drugs prescribed for '
'COVID-19 treatment, especially in patients with '
'DM.</jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods</jats:bold>: The FDA Adverse Event Reporting System '
'(FAERS) database were used, and data from the first quarter of 2020 to the third quarter of '
'2021 were retrieved. A disproportionality analysis was performed to determine whether AKI was '
'more frequently reported with anti-COVID-19 drugs compared to that with other drugs in '
'different populations. Further, reporting odds ratios (RORs) and their 95% confidence '
'intervals (CIs) were used to calculate disproportionality. <jats:bold>Results:</jats:bold> We '
'identified 33,488 COVID-19 patients and 2397 COVID-19 patients with DM. AKI was the most '
'frequent adverse drug reaction (ADR) reported in this patient population. The primary '
'suspected drugs related to AKI in more than half of the reports (75.60%, 127/168) were four '
'common anti-COVID-19 drugs (remdesivir, tocilizumab, hydroxychloroquine, and '
'lopinavir/ritonavir). Compared with other drugs in the same time window, remdesivir and '
'lopinavir/ritonavir were associated with an increased risk of AKI in all COVID-19 patients '
'(ROR: 3.97, 95% CI: 3.51–4.50; ROR: 4.02, 95% CI: 3.11–5.19, respectively). In COVID-19 '
'patients with DM, remdesivir was significantly associated with AKI (ROR: 5.65, 95% CI: '
'4.06–7.87); meanwhile, there was a new AKI signal associated with tocilizumab (ROR: 2.37, 95% '
'CI: 1.19–4.72). After sensitivity analyses in COVID-19 patients with DM, consistent results '
'for remdesivir were observed; however, the AKI signals for tocilizumab were '
'unstable.</jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion:</jats:bold> Our study confirmed the '
'association of AKI with the usage of common anti-COVID-19 drugs (especially remdesivir and '
'tocilizumab) in DM patients. These safety signals suggested more individualized treatments '
'for COVID-19 patients with comorbidities. Cross-disciplinary collaborative is needed to '
'improve current strategy of clinical treatment and develop new approaches to '
'management.</jats:p>',
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