Clinical characteristics and outcomes among critically ill patients with cancer and COVID-19-related acute respiratory failure

{ 'indexed': {'date-parts': [[2024, 1, 16]], 'date-time': '2024-01-16T00:13:46Z', 'timestamp': 1705364026834}, 'reference-count': 45, 'publisher': 'Springer Science and Business Media LLC', 'issue': '1', 'license': [ { 'start': { 'date-parts': [[2024, 1, 15]], 'date-time': '2024-01-15T00:00:00Z', 'timestamp': 1705276800000}, 'content-version': 'tdm', 'delay-in-days': 0, 'URL': 'https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0'}, { 'start': { 'date-parts': [[2024, 1, 15]], 'date-time': '2024-01-15T00:00:00Z', 'timestamp': 1705276800000}, 'content-version': 'vor', 'delay-in-days': 0, 'URL': 'https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0'}], 'content-domain': {'domain': ['link.springer.com'], 'crossmark-restriction': False}, 'abstract': '<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:sec>\n' ' <jats:title>Background</jats:title>\n' ' <jats:p>Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has affected individuals ' 'worldwide, and patients with cancer are particularly vulnerable to COVID-19-related severe ' 'illness, respiratory failure, and mortality. The relationship between COVID-19 and cancer ' 'remains a critical concern, and a comprehensive investigation of the factors affecting ' 'survival among patients with cancer who develop COVID-19-related respiratory failure is ' 'warranted. We aim to compare the characteristics and outcomes of COVID-19-related acute ' 'respiratory failure in patients with and without underlying cancer, while analyzing factors ' 'affecting in-hospital survival among cancer patients.</jats:p>\n' ' </jats:sec><jats:sec>\n' ' <jats:title>Methods</jats:title>\n' ' <jats:p>We conducted a retrospective observational study at Taipei Veterans ' 'General Hospital in Taiwan from May to September 2022, a period during which the omicron ' 'variant of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 was circulating. Eligible ' 'patients had COVID-19 and acute respiratory failure. Clinical data, demographic information, ' 'disease severity markers, treatment details, and outcomes were collected and ' 'analyzed.</jats:p>\n' ' </jats:sec><jats:sec>\n' ' <jats:title>Results</jats:title>\n' ' <jats:p>Of the 215 enrolled critically ill patients with COVID-19, 65 had ' 'cancer. The patients with cancer were younger and had lower absolute lymphocyte counts, ' 'higher ferritin and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) concentrations, and increased vasopressor use ' 'compared with those without cancer. The patients with cancer also received more COVID-19 ' 'specific treatments but had higher in-hospital mortality rate (61.5% vs 36%, ' '<jats:italic>P\u2009=</jats:italic>\xa00.002) and longer viral shedding (13 vs 10\u2009days, ' '<jats:italic>P\u2009=</jats:italic>\xa00.007) than those without cancer did. Smoking [odds ' 'ratio (OR): 5.804, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.847–39.746], elevated LDH (OR: 1.004, 95% ' 'CI: 1.001–1.012), vasopressor use (OR: 5.437, 95% CI: 1.202–24.593), and new renal ' 'replacement therapy (OR: 3.523, 95% CI: 1.203–61.108) were independent predictors of ' 'in-hospital mortality among patients with cancer and respiratory failure.</jats:p>\n' ' </jats:sec><jats:sec>\n' ' <jats:title>Conclusion</jats:title>\n' ' <jats:p>Critically ill patients with cancer experiencing COVID-19-related ' 'acute respiratory failure present unique clinical features and worse clinical outcomes ' 'compared with those without cancer. Smoking, elevated LDH, vasopressor use, and new renal ' 'replacement therapy were risk factors for in-hospital mortality in these patients.</jats:p>\n' ' </jats:sec>', 'DOI': '10.1186/s12890-024-02850-z', 'type': 'journal-article', 'created': {'date-parts': [[2024, 1, 15]], 'date-time': '2024-01-15T08:02:34Z', 'timestamp': 1705305754000}, 'update-policy': 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/springer_crossmark_policy', 'source': 'Crossref', 'is-referenced-by-count': 0, 'title': 'Clinical characteristics and outcomes among critically ill patients with cancer and ' 'COVID-19-related acute respiratory failure', 'prefix': '10.1186', 'volume': '24', 'author': [ {'given': 'Ying-Ting', 'family': 'Liao', 'sequence': 'first', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Hsiao-Chin', 'family': 'Shen', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Jhong-Ru', 'family': 'Huang', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Chuan-Yen', 'family': 'Sun', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Hung-Jui', 'family': 'Ko', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Chih-Jung', 'family': 'Chang', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Yuh-Min', 'family': 'Chen', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Jia-Yih', 'family': 'Feng', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Wei-Chih', 'family': 'Chen', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Kuang-Yao', 'family': 'Yang', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}], 'member': '297', 'published-online': {'date-parts': [[2024, 1, 15]]}, 'reference': [ { 'key': '2850_CR1', 'unstructured': 'WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard. Accessed Nov 27, 2023. ' 'https://covid19.who.int/'}, { 'key': '2850_CR2', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '98', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.lungcan.2020.12.012', 'volume': '152', 'author': 'JT Zhang', 'year': '2021', 'unstructured': 'Zhang JT, Zhong WZ, Wu YL. Cancer treatment in the coronavirus disease ' 'pandemic. Lung Cancer. 2021;152:98–103. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lungcan.2020.12.012.', 'journal-title': 'Lung Cancer.'}, { 'issue': '7', 'key': '2850_CR3', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '935', 'DOI': '10.1158/2159-8290.Cd-20-0516', 'volume': '10', 'author': 'V Mehta', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Mehta V, Goel S, Kabarriti R, et al. Case fatality rate of Cancer ' 'patients with COVID-19 in a New York hospital system. Cancer Discov. ' '2020;10(7):935–41. https://doi.org/10.1158/2159-8290.Cd-20-0516.', 'journal-title': 'Cancer Discov.'}, { 'issue': '25', 'key': '2850_CR4', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '2451', 'DOI': '10.1056/NEJMcp2009575', 'volume': '383', 'author': 'DA Berlin', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Berlin DA, Gulick RM, Martinez FJ. Severe Covid-19. N Engl J Med. ' '2020;383(25):2451–60. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMcp2009575.', 'journal-title': 'N Engl J Med.'}, { 'issue': '5', 'key': '2850_CR5', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '854', 'DOI': '10.1007/s00134-020-06022-5', 'volume': '46', 'author': 'W Alhazzani', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Alhazzani W, Møller MH, Arabi YM, et al. Surviving Sepsis campaign: ' 'guidelines on the management of critically ill adults with coronavirus ' 'disease 2019 (COVID-19). Intensive Care Med. 2020;46(5):854–87. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-020-06022-5.', 'journal-title': 'Intensive Care Med.'}, { 'issue': '8', 'key': '2850_CR6', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '693', 'DOI': '10.1056/NEJMoa2021436', 'volume': '384', 'author': 'P Horby', 'year': '2021', 'unstructured': 'Horby P, Lim WS, Emberson JR, et al. Dexamethasone in Hospitalized ' 'Patients with Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2021;384(8):693–704. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2021436.', 'journal-title': 'N Engl J Med.'}, { 'issue': '10241', 'key': '2850_CR7', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '1919', 'DOI': '10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31173-9', 'volume': '395', 'author': 'LY Lee', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Lee LY, Cazier JB, Angelis V, et al. COVID-19 mortality in patients with ' 'cancer on chemotherapy or other anticancer treatments: a prospective ' 'cohort study. Lancet. 2020;395(10241):1919–26. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31173-9.', 'journal-title': 'Lancet.'}, { 'issue': '6', 'key': '2850_CR8', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '787', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.annonc.2021.02.024', 'volume': '32', 'author': 'P Grivas', 'year': '2021', 'unstructured': 'Grivas P, Khaki AR, Wise-Draper TM, et al. Association of clinical ' 'factors and recent anticancer therapy with COVID-19 severity among ' 'patients with cancer: a report from the COVID-19 and Cancer consortium. ' 'Ann Oncol. 2021;32(6):787–800. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annonc.2021.02.024.', 'journal-title': 'Ann Oncol.'}, { 'issue': '26', 'key': '2850_CR9', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '3499', 'DOI': '10.2217/fon-2021-0121', 'volume': '17', 'author': 'M Aboueshia', 'year': '2021', 'unstructured': 'Aboueshia M, Hussein MH, Attia AS, et al. Cancer and COVID-19: analysis ' 'of patient outcomes. Future Oncol. 2021;17(26):3499–510. ' 'https://doi.org/10.2217/fon-2021-0121.', 'journal-title': 'Future Oncol.'}, { 'issue': '7', 'key': '2850_CR10', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '914', 'DOI': '10.1016/S1470-2045(20)30314-4', 'volume': '21', 'author': 'MC Garassino', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Garassino MC, Whisenant JG, Huang L-C, et al. COVID-19 in patients with ' 'thoracic malignancies (TERAVOLT): first results of an international, ' 'registry-based, cohort study. The Lancet Oncol. 2020;21(7):914–22. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(20)30314-4.', 'journal-title': 'The Lancet Oncol.'}, { 'issue': '30', 'key': '2850_CR11', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '3538', 'DOI': '10.1200/jco.20.01307', 'volume': '38', 'author': 'J Jee', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Jee J, Foote MB, Lumish M, et al. Chemotherapy and COVID-19 outcomes in ' 'patients with Cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2020;38(30):3538–46. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1200/jco.20.01307.', 'journal-title': 'J Clin Oncol.'}, { 'key': '2850_CR12', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '92', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.ejca.2020.09.028', 'volume': '141', 'author': 'E Yekedüz', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Yekedüz E, Utkan G, Ürün Y. A systematic review and meta-analysis: the ' 'effect of active cancer treatment on severity of COVID-19. Eur J Cancer. ' '2020;141:92–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2020.09.028.', 'journal-title': 'Eur J Cancer.'}, { 'issue': '7', 'key': '2850_CR13', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '707', 'DOI': '10.1007/bf01709751', 'volume': '22', 'author': 'JL Vincent', 'year': '1996', 'unstructured': 'Vincent JL, Moreno R, Takala J, et al. The SOFA (Sepsis-related organ ' 'failure assessment) score to describe organ dysfunction/failure. On ' 'behalf of the working group on Sepsis-related problems of the European ' 'Society of Intensive Care Medicine. Intensive Care Med. ' '1996;22(7):707–10. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01709751.', 'journal-title': 'Intensive Care Med.'}, { 'issue': '10', 'key': '2850_CR14', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '818', 'DOI': '10.1097/00003246-198510000-00009', 'volume': '13', 'author': 'WA Knaus', 'year': '1985', 'unstructured': 'Knaus WA, Draper EA, Wagner DP, Zimmerman JE. APACHE II: a severity of ' 'disease classification system. Crit Care Med. 1985;13(10):818–29.', 'journal-title': 'Crit Care Med.'}, { 'issue': '7872', 'key': '2850_CR15', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '81', 'DOI': '10.1016/s0140-6736(74)91639-0', 'volume': '2', 'author': 'G Teasdale', 'year': '1974', 'unstructured': 'Teasdale G, Jennett B. Assessment of coma and impaired consciousness. A ' 'practical scale. Lancet. 1974;2(7872):81–4. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(74)91639-0.', 'journal-title': 'Lancet.'}, { 'key': '2850_CR16', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '413216', 'DOI': '10.1155/2013/413216', 'volume': '2013', 'author': 'HC Kao', 'year': '2013', 'unstructured': 'Kao HC, Lai TY, Hung HL, et al. Sequential oxygenation index and organ ' 'dysfunction assessment within the first 3 days of mechanical ventilation ' 'predict the outcome of adult patients with severe acute respiratory ' 'failure. Sci World J. 2013;2013:413216. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/413216.', 'journal-title': 'Sci World J.'}, { 'issue': '1', 'key': '2850_CR17', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '1854424', 'DOI': '10.1080/2162402x.2020.1854424', 'volume': '10', 'author': 'G Cai', 'year': '2021', 'unstructured': 'Cai G, Gao Y, Zeng S, et al. Immunological alternation in COVID-19 ' 'patients with cancer and its implications on mortality. Oncoimmunology. ' '2021;10(1):1854424. https://doi.org/10.1080/2162402x.2020.1854424.', 'journal-title': 'Oncoimmunology.'}, { 'issue': '9', 'key': '2850_CR18', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': 'e2932', 'DOI': '10.1093/cid/ciaa1280', 'volume': '73', 'author': 'BE Young', 'year': '2021', 'unstructured': 'Young BE, Ong SWX, Ng LFP, et al. Viral Dynamics and Immune Correlates ' 'of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Severity. Clin Infect Dis. ' '2021;73(9):e2932–42. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa1280.', 'journal-title': 'Clin Infect Dis.'}, { 'key': '2850_CR19', 'unstructured': 'CECC revises criteria for releasing COVID-19 patients with moderate and ' 'severe symptoms from isolation to preserve isolation care capacity 2022. ' 'Accessed Nov 27, 2023. ' 'https://covid19.mohw.gov.tw/en/cp-4868-69897-206.html'}, { 'key': '2850_CR20', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '16', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.ajem.2021.02.054', 'volume': '46', 'author': 'Z Illg', 'year': '2021', 'unstructured': 'Illg Z, Muller G, Mueller M, Nippert J, Allen B. Analysis of absolute ' 'lymphocyte count in patients with COVID-19. Am J Emerg Med. ' '2021;46:16–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2021.02.054.', 'journal-title': 'Am J Emerg Med.'}, { 'issue': '10', 'key': '2850_CR21', 'first-page': '605', 'volume': '22', 'author': 'D Elhadad', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Elhadad D, Bronstein Y, Yana M, et al. Characteristics and outcomes of ' 'patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 in Israel: correlation between ' 'laboratory findings on admission to emergency department and subsequent ' 'respiratory failure. Isr Med Assoc J. 2020;22(10):605–11.', 'journal-title': 'Isr Med Assoc J.'}, { 'issue': '3', 'key': '2850_CR22', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '107', 'DOI': '10.1136/bmjebm-2020-111536', 'volume': '26', 'author': 'P Malik', 'year': '2021', 'unstructured': 'Malik P, Patel U, Mehta D, et al. Biomarkers and outcomes of COVID-19 ' 'hospitalisations: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Evid Based ' 'Med. 2021;26(3):107–8. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjebm-2020-111536.', 'journal-title': 'BMJ Evid Based Med.'}, { 'issue': '6', 'key': '2850_CR23', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '773', 'DOI': '10.1111/ijlh.13309', 'volume': '42', 'author': 'J Feld', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Feld J, Tremblay D, Thibaud S, Kessler A, Naymagon L. Ferritin levels in ' 'patients with COVID-19: a poor predictor of mortality and hemophagocytic ' 'lymphohistiocytosis. Int J Lab Hematol. 2020;42(6):773–9. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1111/ijlh.13309.', 'journal-title': 'Int J Lab Hematol.'}, { 'key': '2850_CR24', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '249', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.cca.2020.06.033', 'volume': '509', 'author': 'J Gómez-Pastora', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Gómez-Pastora J, Weigand M, Kim J, et al. Hyperferritinemia in ' 'critically ill COVID-19 patients - is ferritin the product of ' 'inflammation or a pathogenic mediator? Clin Chim Acta. 2020;509:249–51. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cca.2020.06.033.', 'journal-title': 'Clin Chim Acta.'}, { 'key': '2850_CR25', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '172', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.jcrc.2021.09.023', 'volume': '67', 'author': 'K Kaushal', 'year': '2022', 'unstructured': 'Kaushal K, Kaur H, Sarma P, et al. Serum ferritin as a predictive ' 'biomarker in COVID-19. A systematic review, meta-analysis and ' 'meta-regression analysis. J Crit Care. Feb 2022;67:172–81. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrc.2021.09.023.', 'journal-title': 'J Crit Care.'}, { 'issue': '6', 'key': '2850_CR26', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': 'e15462', 'DOI': '10.7759/cureus.15462', 'volume': '13', 'author': 'G Topp', 'year': '2021', 'unstructured': 'Topp G, Bouyea M, Cochran-Caggiano N, et al. Biomarkers predictive of ' 'Extubation and survival of COVID-19 patients. Cureus. 2021;13(6):e15462. ' 'https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.15462.', 'journal-title': 'Cureus.'}, { 'key': '2850_CR27', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'unstructured': 'Martinez Mesa A, Cabrera César E, Martín-Montañez E, et al. Acute lung ' 'injury biomarkers in the prediction of COVID-19 severity: Total thiol, ' 'ferritin and lactate dehydrogenase. Antioxidants (Basel). 2021;10(8) ' 'https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10081221.', 'DOI': '10.3390/antiox10081221'}, { 'issue': '15', 'key': '2850_CR28', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '15670', 'DOI': '10.18632/aging.103770', 'volume': '12', 'author': 'C Li', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Li C, Ye J, Chen Q, et al. Elevated Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) level as ' 'an independent risk factor for the severity and mortality of COVID-19. ' 'Aging (Albany NY). 2020;12(15):15670–81. ' 'https://doi.org/10.18632/aging.103770.', 'journal-title': 'Aging (Albany NY).'}, { 'issue': '6', 'key': '2850_CR29', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '1', 'DOI': '10.1002/rmv.2141', 'volume': '30', 'author': 'EA Coomes', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Coomes EA, Haghbayan H. Interleukin-6 in Covid-19: a systematic review ' 'and meta-analysis. Rev Med Virol. 2020;30(6):1–9. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1002/rmv.2141.', 'journal-title': 'Rev Med Virol.'}, { 'issue': '9', 'key': '2850_CR30', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '11553', 'DOI': '10.1007/s13277-016-5098-7', 'volume': '37', 'author': 'N Kumari', 'year': '2016', 'unstructured': 'Kumari N, Dwarakanath BS, Das A, Bhatt AN. Role of interleukin-6 in ' 'cancer progression and therapeutic resistance. Tumour Biol. ' '2016;37(9):11553–72. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13277-016-5098-7.', 'journal-title': 'Tumour Biol.'}, { 'issue': '3', 'key': '2850_CR31', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '127', 'DOI': '10.1093/intimm/dxaa078', 'volume': '33', 'author': 'T Hirano', 'year': '2021', 'unstructured': 'Hirano T. IL-6 in inflammation, autoimmunity and cancer. Int Immunol. ' '2021;33(3):127–48. https://doi.org/10.1093/intimm/dxaa078.', 'journal-title': 'Int Immunol.'}, { 'issue': 's', 'key': '2850_CR32', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '696', 'DOI': '10.1186/s13054-020-03400-9', 'volume': '24', 'author': 'J van Paassen', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'van Paassen J, Vos JS, Hoekstra EM, Neumann KMI, Boot PC, Arbous SM. ' 'Corticosteroid use in COVID-19 patients: a systematic review and ' 'meta-analysis on clinical outcomes. Crit Care. 2020;24(s):696. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-020-03400-9.', 'journal-title': 'Crit Care.'}, { 'issue': '1', 'key': '2850_CR33', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '76', 'DOI': '10.1186/s12943-021-01363-1', 'volume': '20', 'author': 'Z Zong', 'year': '2021', 'unstructured': 'Zong Z, Wei Y, Ren J, Zhang L, Zhou F. The intersection of COVID-19 and ' 'cancer: signaling pathways and treatment implications. Mol Cancer. ' '2021;20(1):76. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12943-021-01363-1.', 'journal-title': 'Mol Cancer.'}, { 'issue': '1', 'key': '2850_CR34', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '20', 'DOI': '10.1056/NEJMoa2030340', 'volume': '384', 'author': 'C Salama', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Salama C, Han J, Yau L, et al. Tocilizumab in patients hospitalized with ' 'Covid-19 pneumonia. N Engl J Med. 2020;384(1):20–30. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2030340.', 'journal-title': 'N Engl J Med.'}, { 'issue': '3', 'key': '2850_CR35', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '1620', 'DOI': '10.1002/jmv.26509', 'volume': '93', 'author': 'M Aziz', 'year': '2021', 'unstructured': 'Aziz M, Haghbin H, Abu Sitta E, et al. Efficacy of tocilizumab in ' 'COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Med Virol. ' '2021;93(3):1620–30. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.26509.', 'journal-title': 'J Med Virol.'}, { 'issue': '12', 'key': '2850_CR36', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '3297', 'DOI': '10.1038/s41418-021-00817-9', 'volume': '28', 'author': 'A-G Goubet', 'year': '2021', 'unstructured': 'Goubet A-G, Dubuisson A, Geraud A, et al. Prolonged SARS-CoV-2 RNA virus ' 'shedding and lymphopenia are hallmarks of COVID-19 in cancer patients ' 'with poor prognosis. Cell Death Different. 2021;28(12):3297–315. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1038/s41418-021-00817-9.', 'journal-title': 'Cell Death Different.'}, { 'issue': '3', 'key': '2850_CR37', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '527', 'DOI': '10.1001/archinte.1982.00340160107022', 'volume': '142', 'author': 'MJ Hauser', 'year': '1982', 'unstructured': 'Hauser MJ, Tabak J, Baier H. Survival of patients with Cancer in a ' 'medical critical care unit. Arch Intern Med. 1982;142(3):527–9. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.1982.00340160107022.', 'journal-title': 'Arch Intern Med.'}, { 'issue': '1', 'key': '2850_CR38', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '285', 'DOI': '10.1136/bmjnph-2021-000269', 'volume': '4', 'author': 'C Espejo-Paeres', 'year': '2021', 'unstructured': 'Espejo-Paeres C, Núñez-Gil IJ, Estrada V, et al. Impact of smoking on ' 'COVID-19 outcomes: a HOPE registry subanalysis. BMJ Nutr Prev Health. ' '2021;4(1):285–92. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjnph-2021-000269.', 'journal-title': 'BMJ Nutr Prev Health.'}, { 'issue': '10', 'key': '2850_CR39', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '1915', 'DOI': '10.1002/jmv.25889', 'volume': '92', 'author': 'Q Zhao', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Zhao Q, Meng M, Kumar R, et al. The impact of COPD and smoking history ' 'on the severity of COVID-19: a systemic review and meta-analysis. J Med ' 'Virol. 2020;92(10):1915–21. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25889.', 'journal-title': 'J Med Virol.'}, { 'issue': '9', 'key': '2850_CR40', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '1653', 'DOI': '10.1093/ntr/ntaa082', 'volume': '22', 'author': 'R Patanavanich', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Patanavanich R, Glantz SA. Smoking Is Associated With COVID-19 ' 'Progression: A Meta-analysis. Nicotine Tob Res. 2020;22(9):1653–6. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntaa082.', 'journal-title': 'Nicotine Tob Res.'}, { 'issue': '5', 'key': '2850_CR41', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '514', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.devcel.2020.05.012', 'volume': '53', 'author': 'JC Smith', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Smith JC, Sausville EL, Girish V, et al. Cigarette Smoke Exposure and ' 'Inflammatory Signaling Increase the Expression of the SARS-CoV-2 ' 'Receptor ACE2 in the Respiratory Tract. Dev Cell. 2020;53(5):514–529.e3. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1016/j.devcel.2020.05.012.', 'journal-title': 'Dev Cell.'}, { 'key': '2850_CR42', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '107', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.ejim.2020.03.014', 'volume': '75', 'author': 'G Lippi', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Lippi G, Henry BM. Active smoking is not associated with severity of ' 'coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Eur J Intern Med. 2020;75:107–8. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejim.2020.03.014.', 'journal-title': 'Eur J Intern Med.'}, { 'key': '2850_CR43', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '638', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.ajem.2020.11.025', 'volume': '45', 'author': 'L Szarpak', 'year': '2021', 'unstructured': 'Szarpak L, Ruetzler K, Safiejko K, et al. Lactate dehydrogenase level as ' 'a COVID-19 severity marker. Am J Emerg Med. 2021;45:638–9. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2020.11.025.', 'journal-title': 'Am J Emerg Med.'}, { 'issue': '3', 'key': '2850_CR44', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '808', 'DOI': '10.1097/01.Ccm.0000256846.27192.7a', 'volume': '35', 'author': 'L Lecuyer', 'year': '2007', 'unstructured': 'Lecuyer L, Chevret S, Thiery G, Darmon M, Schlemmer B, Azoulay E. The ' 'ICU trial: a new admission policy for cancer patients requiring ' 'mechanical ventilation. Crit Care Med. 2007;35(3):808–14. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1097/01.Ccm.0000256846.27192.7a.', 'journal-title': 'Crit Care Med.'}, { 'issue': '5', 'key': '2850_CR45', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '563', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.accpm.2020.08.001', 'volume': '39', 'author': 'F Michard', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Michard F, Malbrain ML, Martin GS, et al. Haemodynamic monitoring and ' 'management in COVID-19 intensive care patients: an international survey. ' 'Anaesth Crit Care Pain Med. 2020;39(5):563–9. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1016/j.accpm.2020.08.001.', 'journal-title': 'Anaesth Crit Care Pain Med.'}], 'container-title': 'BMC Pulmonary Medicine', 'original-title': [], 'language': 'en', 'link': [ { 'URL': 'https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s12890-024-02850-z.pdf', 'content-type': 'application/pdf', 'content-version': 'vor', 'intended-application': 'text-mining'}, { 'URL': 'https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12890-024-02850-z/fulltext.html', 'content-type': 'text/html', 'content-version': 'vor', 'intended-application': 'text-mining'}, { 'URL': 'https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s12890-024-02850-z.pdf', 'content-type': 'application/pdf', 'content-version': 'vor', 'intended-application': 'similarity-checking'}], 'deposited': { 'date-parts': [[2024, 1, 15]], 'date-time': '2024-01-15T19:02:33Z', 'timestamp': 1705345353000}, 'score': 1, 'resource': { 'primary': { 'URL': 'https://bmcpulmmed.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12890-024-02850-z'}}, 'subtitle': [], 'short-title': [], 'issued': {'date-parts': [[2024, 1, 15]]}, 'references-count': 45, 'journal-issue': {'issue': '1', 'published-online': {'date-parts': [[2024, 12]]}}, 'alternative-id': ['2850'], 'URL': 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12890-024-02850-z', 'relation': {}, 'ISSN': ['1471-2466'], 'subject': ['Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine'], 'container-title-short': 'BMC Pulm Med', 'published': {'date-parts': [[2024, 1, 15]]}, 'assertion': [ { 'value': '18 September 2023', 'order': 1, 'name': 'received', 'label': 'Received', 'group': {'name': 'ArticleHistory', 'label': 'Article History'}}, { 'value': '5 January 2024', 'order': 2, 'name': 'accepted', 'label': 'Accepted', 'group': {'name': 'ArticleHistory', 'label': 'Article History'}}, { 'value': '15 January 2024', 'order': 3, 'name': 'first_online', 'label': 'First Online', 'group': {'name': 'ArticleHistory', 'label': 'Article History'}}, {'order': 1, 'name': 'Ethics', 'group': {'name': 'EthicsHeading', 'label': 'Declarations'}}, { 'value': 'This retrospective study was performed in accordance with the Declaration of ' 'Helsinki and approved by the Institutional Ethical Review Board of Taipei ' 'Veterans General Hospital (Approval No. 2022–11-002\u2009AC). Written informed ' 'consent was waived by Institutional Ethical Review Board of Taipei Veterans ' 'General Hospital due to retrospective design of the study.', 'order': 2, 'name': 'Ethics', 'group': {'name': 'EthicsHeading', 'label': 'Ethics approval and consent to participate'}}, { 'value': 'Not applicable.', 'order': 3, 'name': 'Ethics', 'group': {'name': 'EthicsHeading', 'label': 'Consent for publication'}}, { 'value': 'The authors declare no competing interests.', 'order': 4, 'name': 'Ethics', 'group': {'name': 'EthicsHeading', 'label': 'Competing interests'}}], 'article-number': '34'}