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68 exercise COVID-19 controlled studies
39% improvement, RR
0.61
[0.56-0.67]
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
1.25
1.5
1.75
2+
Fernandez
47%
0.53 [0.29-0.90]
death
16/201
62/238
Improvement, RR [CI]
Treatment
Control
Hamer
28%
0.72 [0.61-0.87]
hosp.
n/a
n/a
Hamer
34%
0.66 [0.55-0.79]
hosp.
n/a
n/a
Brawner
74%
0.26 [0.11-0.58]
hosp.
n/a
n/a
Tret'yakov
98%
0.02 [0.00-0.27]
severe case
0/27
53/266
Gao
-105%
2.05 [1.39-3.02]
cases
case control
Ho
35%
0.65 [0.48-0.89]
hosp.
213/123,588
59/14,887
Halabchi
89%
0.11 [0.01-1.46]
death
0/249
79/4,445
Halabchi
28%
0.72 [0.51-0.98]
hosp.
30/249
878/4,445
Zhang
26%
0.74 [0.48-1.14]
death
n/a
n/a
Zhang
18%
0.82 [0.69-0.96]
cases
n/a
n/a
Li
81%
0.19 [0.05-0.74]
severe case
n/a
n/a
per SD increase
Li
56%
0.44 [0.18-1.07]
hosp.
n/a
n/a
per SD increase
Tavakol
69%
0.31 [0.10-1.02]
severe case
3/64
19/124
Yates
45%
0.55 [0.38-0.79]
death
72/163,912
62/30,119
Yates
47%
0.53 [0.43-0.66]
severe case
291/163,912
180/30,119
COVIDENCE UK
Holt
17%
0.83 [0.63-1.09]
cases
15,227 (all patients)
Cho
53%
0.47 [0.26-0.87]
death
case control
Cho
10%
0.90 [0.86-0.95]
cases
case control
Sallis
59%
0.41 [0.22-0.76]
death
11/3,118
170/6,984
Sallis
42%
0.58 [0.40-0.85]
ICU
32/3,118
195/6,984
Sallis
53%
0.47 [0.38-0.58]
hosp.
99/3,118
732/6,984
Christensen
63%
0.37 [0.16-0.85]
death
543 (n)
529 (n)
Christensen
23%
0.77 [0.52-1.15]
cases
55/543
77/529
Lobelo
20%
0.80 [0.66-0.97]
hosp.
2,121 (n)
1,648 (n)
Hegazy
46%
0.54 [0.26-1.15]
m/s case
24/82
7/13
Latorre-Román
76%
0.24 [0.05-1.04]
hosp.
n/a
n/a
Latorre-Román
87%
0.13 [0.01-1.17]
hosp.
n/a
n/a
Marcus
42%
0.58 [0.48-0.71]
symp. case
240/10,627
134/3,708
Yuan
91%
0.09 [0.01-1.65]
death
0/61
6/103
Yuan
70%
0.30 [0.09-0.92]
severe case
3/61
26/103
Brandenburg
-6%
1.06 [0.23-4.79]
hosp.
102 (n)
39 (n)
Brandenburg
78%
0.22 [0.05-1.02]
hosp.
177 (n)
34 (n)
Brandenburg
64%
0.36 [0.13-0.98]
hosp.
97 (n)
34 (n)
Brandenburg
35%
0.65 [0.28-1.48]
severe case
102 (n)
39 (n)
Brandenburg
24%
0.76 [0.28-2.04]
severe case
52 (n)
34 (n)
Bielik
30%
0.70 [0.40-1.21]
mod. case
775 (n)
365 (n)
Bielik
-9%
1.09 [0.69-1.73]
cases
775 (n)
365 (n)
af Geijerstam
50%
0.50 [0.31-0.81]
death
318,902 (n)
336,271 (n)
af Geijerstam
40%
0.60 [0.46-0.80]
ICU
318,902 (n)
336,271 (n)
af Geijerstam
27%
0.73 [0.64-0.83]
hosp.
318,902 (n)
336,271 (n)
Lee
74%
0.26 [0.07-0.99]
death
2/11,072
32/41,293
Lee
58%
0.42 [0.19-0.91]
severe case
39/11,072
273/41,293
Lee
16%
0.84 [0.73-0.98]
cases
291/11,072
1,293/41,293
Maltagliati
52%
0.48 [0.25-0.87]
hosp.
n/a
n/a
Baynouna AlKetbi
98%
0.01 [0.00-0.44]
death
n/a
n/a
Ahmadi
30%
0.70 [0.54-0.89]
death
160/232,613
112/95,221
Nguyen
20%
0.80 [0.72-0.88]
symp. case
904/2,836
483/1,111
Lin
47%
0.53 [0.12-2.33]
cases
n/a
n/a
de Souza
73%
0.27 [0.07-1.06]
ventilation
3/611
6/327
de Souza
34%
0.66 [0.43-0.99]
hosp.
49/611
42/327
Mohsin
19%
0.81 [0.66-0.99]
severe case
86/258
224/544
Mohsin
-1%
1.01 [0.88-1.15]
severe case
290/698
224/544
Ekblom-Bak
48%
0.52 [0.30-0.92]
severe case
n/a
n/a
Lengelé
74%
0.26 [0.07-0.80]
cases
23/229
4/12
Saadeh
9%
0.91 [0.56-1.43]
symp. case
362 (n)
225 (n)
Saadeh
4%
0.96 [0.62-1.43]
symp. case
362 (n)
225 (n)
Hamrouni
29%
0.71 [0.55-0.92]
death
138/106,006
109/47,827
Huang
47%
0.53 [0.23-1.22]
severe case
7/74
16/90
Huang
8%
0.92 [0.30-2.85]
severe case
3/23
20/141
Huang
66%
0.34 [0.17-0.70]
cases
n/a
n/a
Hamdan
16%
0.84 [0.49-1.39]
hosp.
22/128
37/172
Steenkamp
42%
0.58 [0.50-0.68]
death
29,469 (n)
13,366 (n)
Steenkamp
45%
0.55 [0.47-0.64]
ventilation
29,469 (n)
13,366 (n)
Steenkamp
41%
0.59 [0.52-0.66]
ICU
29,469 (n)
13,366 (n)
Steenkamp
34%
0.66 [0.63-0.70]
hosp.
29,469 (n)
13,366 (n)
Gilley
-42%
1.42 [0.60-3.35]
cases
172/1,917
5/79
Almansour
6%
0.94 [0.40-1.47]
cases
35/71
38/71
Beydoun
43%
0.57 [0.32-1.01]
cases
1,710 (n)
448 (n)
Beydoun
62%
0.38 [0.18-0.78]
cases
672 (n)
448 (n)
Salgado-Aranda
83%
0.17 [0.05-0.56]
death
4/223
41/297
Paul
38%
0.62 [0.30-1.20]
PASC
1,811 (all patients)
LONG COVID
Paul
4%
0.96 [0.53-1.63]
PASC
1,811 (all patients)
LONG COVID
Kontopoulou
66%
0.34 [0.24-0.47]
recov. time
42 (n)
24 (n)
Kontopoulou
67%
0.33 [0.24-0.46]
no recov.
42 (n)
24 (n)
Malisoux
63%
0.37 [0.14-0.98]
progression
115 (n)
108 (n)
Malisoux
52%
0.48 [0.18-1.29]
progression
116 (n)
108 (n)
Malisoux
43%
0.57 [0.20-1.58]
progression
113 (n)
108 (n)
Antunes
80%
0.20 [0.03-1.41]
ICU
1/14
9/25
Antunes
40%
0.60 [0.19-1.84]
misc.
3/14
9/25
Antunes
73%
0.27 [0.08-0.93]
misc.
2/14
13/25
Antunes
43%
0.57 [0.34-0.95]
hosp. time
14 (n)
25 (n)
Antunes
26%
0.74 [0.58-0.95]
misc.
14 (n)
25 (n)
Tsuzuki
56%
0.44 [0.36-0.52]
severe case
3,340 (n)
1,528 (n)
Reis
41%
0.59 [0.26-1.26]
hosp.
9/241
29/305
Pływaczewska-J..
11%
0.89 [0.72-1.11]
m/s case
490 (n)
1,357 (n)
Pływaczewska-J..
14%
0.86 [0.66-1.11]
PASC
389 (n)
1,128 (n)
Pitanga
33%
0.67 [0.45-1.01]
cases
1,469 (n)
1,552 (n)
Green
42%
0.58 [0.53-0.63]
cases
1,267/11,144
16,198/101,931
Kapusta
71%
0.29 [0.20-0.43]
severe case
181 (n)
387 (n)
Young
74%
0.26 [0.20-0.33]
death
11,279 (n)
29,099 (n)
Young
65%
0.35 [0.27-0.45]
death
11,279 (n)
83,452 (n)
Young
48%
0.52 [0.40-0.68]
death
11,279 (n)
42,490 (n)
Young
35%
0.65 [0.49-0.85]
death
11,279 (n)
27,871 (n)
Young
48%
0.52 [0.46-0.60]
hosp.
11,279 (n)
29,099 (n)
Young
42%
0.58 [0.51-0.66]
hosp.
11,279 (n)
83,452 (n)
Young
30%
0.70 [0.61-0.79]
hosp.
11,279 (n)
42,490 (n)
Young
20%
0.80 [0.70-0.91]
hosp.
11,279 (n)
27,871 (n)
Wang
11%
0.89 [0.75-1.06]
PASC
274/691
283/594
LONG COVID
Wang
49%
0.51 [0.33-0.78]
PASC
188 (n)
66 (n)
LONG COVID
Park
26%
0.74 [0.53-1.04]
death
n/a
n/a
Park
38%
0.62 [0.41-0.93]
death
n/a
n/a
Park
7%
0.93 [0.87-0.99]
cases
n/a
n/a
Park
10%
0.90 [0.84-0.96]
cases
n/a
n/a
Sanchez
54%
0.46 [0.38-0.55]
symp. case
n/a
n/a
Cardoso
73%
0.27 [0.17-0.45]
severe case
case control
Feter
26%
0.74 [0.58-0.95]
PASC
52 (n)
95 (n)
LONG COVID
Feter
17%
0.83 [0.69-0.99]
PASC
67 (n)
170 (n)
LONG COVID
Sutkowska
62%
0.38 [0.08-1.72]
death
71 (n)
60 (n)
Sutkowska
61%
0.39 [0.04-4.39]
no recov.
71 (n)
60 (n)
Frish
53%
0.47 [0.23-0.95]
cases
212 (n)
1,202 (n)
CoCo-Fakt
Schmidt
31%
0.69 [0.50-0.94]
cases
956 (n)
2,705 (n)
CoCo-Fakt
Schmidt
34%
0.66 [0.46-0.93]
cases
956 (n)
1,113 (n)
CoCo-Fakt
Schmidt
23%
0.77 [0.62-0.97]
cases
3,658 (n)
1,680 (n)
CoCo-Fakt
Schmidt
22%
0.78 [0.63-0.98]
cases
3,371 (n)
1,716 (n)
Šebić
89%
0.11 [0.01-0.96]
oxygen
0/53
4/47
Šebić
91%
0.09 [0.01-0.69]
hosp.
0/53
5/47
Šebić
84%
0.16 [0.06-0.43]
progression
4/53
22/47
Šebić
47%
0.53 [0.37-0.75]
no recov.
22/53
37/47
Hegazy
54%
0.46 [0.27-0.77]
m/s case
15/50
15/23
Hegazy
97%
0.03 [0.00-0.43]
m/s case
0/7
30/61
Akbar
7%
0.93 [0.79-1.10]
cases
3,333 (n)
3,333 (n)
Pavlidou
42%
0.58 [0.51-0.68]
cases
902 (n)
4,295 (n)
Rocha
20%
0.80 [0.63-0.99]
PASC
388 (n)
2,096 (n)
LONG COVID
Rocha
30%
0.70 [0.49-0.99]
PASC
388 (n)
2,096 (n)
LONG COVID
Rocha
39%
0.61 [0.43-0.88]
PASC
388 (n)
2,096 (n)
LONG COVID
Rocha
42%
0.58 [0.35-0.96]
PASC
388 (n)
2,096 (n)
LONG COVID
Rocha
5%
0.95 [0.66-1.35]
PASC
388 (n)
2,096 (n)
LONG COVID
Rocha
73%
0.27 [0.04-2.04]
PASC
388 (n)
2,096 (n)
LONG COVID
Wang
30%
0.70 [0.61-0.80]
death
57,930 (n)
10,966 (n)
Wang
12%
0.88 [0.83-0.94]
hosp.
57,930 (n)
10,966 (n)
Wang
14%
0.86 [0.80-0.92]
PASC
57,930 (n)
10,966 (n)
Muñoz-Vergara
27%
0.73 [0.60-0.90]
hosp.
332/42,159
203/12,405
Muñoz-Vergara
9%
0.91 [0.85-0.97]
cases
3,898/42,159
1,293/12,405
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