Modifiable lifestyle factors and severe COVID-19 risk: a Mendelian randomisation study

{ 'indexed': {'date-parts': [[2022, 8, 23]], 'date-time': '2022-08-23T00:29:17Z', 'timestamp': 1661214557558}, 'reference-count': 29, 'publisher': 'Springer Science and Business Media LLC', 'issue': '1', 'license': [ { 'start': { 'date-parts': [[2021, 2, 3]], 'date-time': '2021-02-03T00:00:00Z', 'timestamp': 1612310400000}, 'content-version': 'tdm', 'delay-in-days': 0, 'URL': 'http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/'}, { 'start': { 'date-parts': [[2021, 2, 3]], 'date-time': '2021-02-03T00:00:00Z', 'timestamp': 1612310400000}, 'content-version': 'vor', 'delay-in-days': 0, 'URL': 'http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/'}], 'funder': [ { 'DOI': '10.13039/100008018', 'name': 'Victorian Cancer Agency', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'award': ['ECRF19020']}], 'content-domain': {'domain': ['link.springer.com'], 'crossmark-restriction': False}, 'published-print': {'date-parts': [[2021, 12]]}, 'abstract': '<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:sec>\n' ' <jats:title>Background</jats:title>\n' ' <jats:p>Lifestyle factors including obesity and smoking are suggested to be ' 'correlated with increased risk of COVID-19 severe illness or related death. However, whether ' 'these relationships are causal is not well known; neither for the relationships between ' 'COVID-19 severe illness and other common lifestyle factors, such as physical activity and ' 'alcohol consumption.</jats:p>\n' ' </jats:sec><jats:sec>\n' ' <jats:title>Methods</jats:title>\n' ' <jats:p>Genome-wide significant genetic variants associated with body mass ' 'index (BMI), lifetime smoking, physical activity and alcohol consumption identified by ' 'large-scale genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of up to 941,280 individuals were selected ' 'as instrumental variables. Summary statistics of the genetic variants on severe illness of ' 'COVID-19 were obtained from GWAS analyses of up to 6492 cases and 1,012,809 controls. ' 'Two-sample Mendelian randomisation analyses were conducted.</jats:p>\n' ' </jats:sec><jats:sec>\n' ' <jats:title>Results</jats:title>\n' ' <jats:p>Both per-standard deviation (SD) increase in genetically predicted ' 'BMI and lifetime smoking were associated with about two-fold increased risks of severe ' 'respiratory COVID-19 and COVID-19 hospitalization (all P\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Per-SD ' 'increase in genetically predicted physical activity was associated with decreased risks of ' 'severe respiratory COVID-19 (odds ratio [OR]\u2009=\u20090.19; 95% confidence interval ' '[CI], 0.05, 0.74; P\u2009=\u20090.02), but not with COVID-19 hospitalization (OR\u2009=\u2009' '0.44; 95% CI 0.18, 1.07; P\u2009=\u20090.07). No evidence of association was found for ' 'genetically predicted alcohol consumption. Similar results were found across robust Mendelian ' 'randomisation methods.</jats:p>\n' ' </jats:sec><jats:sec>\n' ' <jats:title>Conclusions</jats:title>\n' ' <jats:p>Evidence is found that BMI and smoking causally increase and physical ' 'activity might causally decrease the risk of COVID-19 severe illness. This study highlights ' 'the importance of maintaining a healthy lifestyle in protecting from COVID-19 severe illness ' 'and its public health value in fighting against COVID-19 pandemic.</jats:p>\n' ' </jats:sec>', 'DOI': '10.1186/s12920-021-00887-1', 'type': 'journal-article', 'created': {'date-parts': [[2021, 2, 3]], 'date-time': '2021-02-03T12:06:26Z', 'timestamp': 1612353986000}, 'update-policy': 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/springer_crossmark_policy', 'source': 'Crossref', 'is-referenced-by-count': 18, 'title': 'Modifiable lifestyle factors and severe COVID-19 risk: a Mendelian randomisation study', 'prefix': '10.1186', 'volume': '14', 'author': [ { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8696-8594', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Shuai', 'family': 'Li', 'sequence': 'first', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Xinyang', 'family': 'Hua', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}], 'member': '297', 'published-online': {'date-parts': [[2021, 2, 3]]}, 'reference': [ { 'key': '887_CR1', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Docherty AB, Harrison EM, Green CA, Hardwick HE, Pius R, Norman L, ' 'Holden KA, Read JM, Dondelinger F, Carson G, et al. 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No human participants were contacted or involved. No ' 'administrative permissions were required to access the summary statistics.', 'order': 1, 'name': 'Ethics', 'group': {'name': 'EthicsHeading', 'label': 'Ethics approval and consent to participate'}}, { 'value': 'Not applicable.', 'order': 2, 'name': 'Ethics', 'group': {'name': 'EthicsHeading', 'label': 'Consent for publication'}}, { 'value': 'The authors declare that they have no competing interests.', 'order': 3, 'name': 'Ethics', 'group': {'name': 'EthicsHeading', 'label': 'Competing interests'}}], 'article-number': '38'}