Analgesics
Antiandrogens
Antihistamines
Azvudine
Bromhexine
Budesonide
Colchicine
Conv. Plasma
Curcumin
Famotidine
Favipiravir
Fluvoxamine
Hydroxychlor..
Ivermectin
Lifestyle
Melatonin
Metformin
Minerals
Molnupiravir
Monoclonals
Naso/orophar..
Nigella Sativa
Nitazoxanide
PPIs
Paxlovid
Quercetin
Remdesivir
Thermotherapy
Vitamins
More

Other
Feedback
Home
 
next
study
previous
study
c19early.org COVID-19 treatment researchExerciseExercise (more..)
Melatonin Meta
Metformin Meta
Antihistamines Meta
Azvudine Meta Molnupiravir Meta
Bromhexine Meta
Budesonide Meta
Colchicine Meta Nigella Sativa Meta
Conv. Plasma Meta Nitazoxanide Meta
Curcumin Meta PPIs Meta
Famotidine Meta Paxlovid Meta
Favipiravir Meta Quercetin Meta
Fluvoxamine Meta Remdesivir Meta
Hydroxychlor.. Meta Thermotherapy Meta
Ivermectin Meta

All Studies   Meta Analysis       

Relationship between physical activity, healthy lifestyle and COVID-19 disease severity; a cross-sectional study

Tavakol et al., Journal of Public Health, doi:10.1007/s10389-020-01468-9
Feb 2021  
  Post
  Facebook
Share
  Source   PDF   All Studies   Meta AnalysisMeta
Severe case 69% Improvement Relative Risk Exercise for COVID-19  Tavakol et al.  Prophylaxis Does physical activity reduce risk for COVID-19? Retrospective 188 patients in Iran (March - April 2020) Lower severe cases with higher activity levels (not stat. sig., p=0.05) c19early.org Tavakol et al., J. Public Health, February 2021 Favorsexercise Favorsinactivity 0 0.5 1 1.5 2+
Exercise for COVID-19
9th treatment shown to reduce risk in October 2020, now with p < 0.00000000001 from 68 studies.
No treatment is 100% effective. Protocols combine treatments.
5,100+ studies for 112 treatments. c19early.org
Retrospective 206 patients in Iran, showing COVID-19 disease severity associated with lower physical activity.
risk of severe case, 68.5% lower, RR 0.31, p = 0.05, high activity levels 3 of 64 (4.7%), low activity levels 19 of 124 (15.3%), NNT 9.4, adjusted per study, odds ratio converted to relative risk, moderate to high activity versus low activity, multivariable.
Effect extraction follows pre-specified rules prioritizing more serious outcomes. Submit updates
Tavakol et al., 4 Feb 2021, retrospective, Iran, peer-reviewed, 9 authors, study period 20 March, 2020 - 24 April, 2020.
This PaperExerciseAll
Relationship between physical activity, healthy lifestyle and COVID-19 disease severity; a cross-sectional study
Zahra Tavakol, Shima Ghannadi, Mastaneh Rajabian Tabesh, Farzin Halabchi, Pardis Noormohammadpour, Samaneh Akbarpour, Zahra Alizadeh, Malihe Hassan Nezhad, Sahar Karimpour Reyhan
Journal of Public Health, doi:10.1007/s10389-020-01468-9
Aim The COVID-19 pandemic is a global health emergency, and therefore the prevention and treatment of this disease is an important priority of world health. In the present study, some risk factors, including unhealthy nutrition, obesity, and physical inactivity, were assessed in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2, and their effects on the severity and duration of disease were evaluated. Subject and methods The present study was a cross-sectional study. Data was collected from all patients who visited the respiratory emergency department from March 20, 2020 to April 24, 2020 in the University Hospital. The outcome measures were body mass index, diet quality that was evaluated with a 16-item food intake questionnaire, and physical activity level that was assessed by the global physical activity questionnaire. Results Two hundred and six patients' data was analyzed. The results investigated that patients with lower levels of physical activity or lower MET.min/week were affected by a more severe form of the disease (p = 0.05 and p = 0.03, respectively). We found that patients with a healthier dietary pattern were affected by lower severity of illness (p < 0.05). Conclusion It seems that increasing levels of physical activity may partly reduce the severity of COVID-19 disease. Some dietary patterns such as increasing fruit and poultry consumption as well as drinking less tea were correlated significantly with a less severe form of the disease. The results did not confirm previous concerns regarding a potentially harmful effect of smoking on the severity or duration of symptoms.
Author's contribution All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation was performed by Zahra Tavakol, Mastaneh Rajabian Tabesh, Malihe Hassan Nezhad, and Sahar Karimpour Reyhan. Data collection and analysis were performed by Zahra Alizadeh, Pardis Noormohammadpour, Samaneh Akbarpour, and Farzin Halabchi. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Shima Ghannadi and Zahra Alizadeh, and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Compliance with ethical standards Conflict of interest The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. Ethics approval This study was approved by the ethical committee at Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (IRCTID: IR.TUMS.VCR.REC.1399.151). Informed consent Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.
References
Ainsworth, Compendium of physical activities: an update of activity codes and MET intensities, Med Sci Sports Exerc
Baik, Curhan, Rimm, Bendich, Willett et al., A prospective study of age and lifestyle factors in relation to community-acquired pneumonia in US men and women, Arch Intern Med
Barrett, Meditation or exercise for preventing acute respiratory infection (MEPARI-2): a randomized controlled trial, PLoS One
Blair, Brodney, Bull, Maslin, Effects of physical inactivity and obesity on morbidity and mortality: current evidence and research issues, Med Sci Sports Exerc
Calfee, Cigarette smoke exposure and the acute respiratory distress syndrome, Crit Care Med
Casas, Sacanella, Estruch, The immune protective effect of the Mediterranean diet against chronic low-grade inflammatory diseases, Endocr Metab Immune Disord
Cecchini, Sassi, Lauer, Lee, Guajardo-Barron et al., Chronic diseases: chronic diseases and development 3 tackling of unhealthy diets, physical inactivity, and obesity: health effects and cost-effectiveness, Lancet
Chandra, Nutrition and the immune system: an introduction, Am J Clin Nutr
Charland, Buckeridge, Hoen, Berry, Elixhauser et al., Relationship between community prevalence of obesity and associated behavioral factors and community rates of influenza-related hospitalizations in the United States, Influenza Other Respir Viruses
Chierico, Vernocchi, Dallapiccola, Putignani, Mediterranean diet and health: food effects on gut microbiota and disease control, Int J Mol Sci
Chubak, Moderate-intensity exercise reduces the incidence of colds among postmenopausal women, Am J Med
Esteghamati, Khalilzadeh, Rashidi, Kamgar, Meysamie et al., Physical activity in Iran: results of the third national surveillance of risk factors of non-communicable diseases (SuRFNCD-2007), J Phys Act Health, doi:10.1123/jpah.8.1.27
Fattahi, Halabchi, Golsoorat-Pahlaviani, Abouzari, Sajedi-Monfared, Physical activity, sedentary behavior and correlates among students of Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Acta Med Iran
Furushima, Ide, Yamada, Effect of tea Catechins on influenza infection and the common cold with a focus on epidemiological/clinical studies, Molecules, doi:10.3390/molecules23071795
Furushima, Prevention of acute upper respiratory infections by consumption of Catechins in healthcare workers: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial, Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu12010004
Gorbalenya, Baker, Baric, Groot, Drosten et al., The species Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus: classifying 2019-nCoV and naming it SARS-CoV-2, Nat Microbiol
Gralinski, Menachery, Return of the coronavirus: 2019-nCoV, Viruses
Halabchi, Regular sports participation as a potential predictor of better clinical outcome in adult patients with COVID-19: a large cross-sectional study, J Phys Act Health, doi:10.1123/jpah.2020-0392
Hemiö, Pölönen, Ahonen, Kosola, Viitasalo et al., A simple tool for diet evaluation in primary health care: validation of a 16-item food intake questionnaire, Int J Environ Res Public Health
Huang, Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China, Lancet
Ide, Kawasaki, Akutagawa, Yamada, Effects of green tea gargling on the prevention of influenza infection: an analysis using Bayesian approaches, J Altern Complement Med, doi:10.1089/acm.2016.0094
Israel, Feldhamer, Lahad, Levin-Zamir, Lavie, Smoking and the risk of COVID-19 in a large observational population study, doi:10.1101/2020.06.01.20118877
Kant, Dietary patterns: biomarkers and chronic disease risk, Appl Physiol Nutr Metab
Klein, Wadden, Sugerman, AGA technical review on obesity, Gastroenterology
Kohl Hw 3rd, The pandemic of physical inactivity: global action for public health, Lancet
Kohut, Sim, Yu, Yoon, Loiacono, Chronic exercise reduces illness severity, decreases viral load, and results in greater anti-inflammatory effects than acute exercise during influenza infection, J Infect Dis
Kornum, Obesity and risk of subsequent hospitalisation with pneumonia, Eur Respir J
Laddu, Lavie, Phillips, Arena, Physical activity for immunity protection: inoculating populations with healthy living medicine in preparation for the next pandemic, Prog Cardiovasc Dis, doi:10.1016/j.pcad.2020.04.006
Liu, Saif, Emerging viruses without borders: the Wuhan coronavirus, Viruses, doi:10.3390/v12020130
Lowder, Padgett, Woods, Moderate exercise early after influenza virus infection reduces the Th1 inflammatory response in lungs of mice, Exerc Immunol Rev
Lowder, Padgett, Woods, Moderate exercise protects mice from death due to influenza virus, Brain Behav Immun
Mark, Catharine, Batty, Lifestyle risk factors, inflammatory mechanisms, and COVID-19 hospitalization: a community-based cohort study of 387,109 adults in UK, Brain Behav Immun, doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.059
Murphy, Davis, Carmichael, Gangemi, Ghaffar et al., Exercise stress increases susceptibility to influenza infection, Brain Behav Immun
Neuman, Willett, Curhan, Physical activity and the risk of community-acquired pneumonia in US women, Am J Med
Nieman, Exercise effects on systemic immunity, Immunol Cell Biol
Nieman, Henson, Austin, Upper respiratory tract infection is reduced in physically fit and active adults, Br J Sports Med
Nieman, Immune function in female elite rowers and nonathletes, Br J Sports Med
Nieman, The effects of moderate exercise training on natural killer cells and acute upper respiratory tract infections, Int J Sports Med
Obasi, Advantage of meditation over exercise in reducing cold and flu illness is related to improved function and quality of life, Influenza Other Respir Viruses
Petrilli, patients with COVID-19 disease, doi:10.1101/2020.04.08.20057794
Pietiläinen, Physical inactivity and obesity: a vicious circle, Obesity
Popkin, Adair, Ng, Global nutrition transition and the pandemic of obesity in developing countries, Nutr Rev
Pratt, Varela, Salvo, Kohl, Iii et al., Attacking the pandemic of physical inactivity: what is holding us back?, Br J Sport Med
Qingxian, Obesity and COVID-19 severity in a designated hospital in Shenzhen, China, Diabetes Care
Selk-Ghaffari, COVID-19 epidemic: exercise or not to exercise; that is the question! Asian, J Sports Med
Simonnet, High prevalence of obesity in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) requiring invasive mechanical ventilation, Obesity
Swinburn, Sacks, Hall, Mcpherson, Finegood et al., The global obesity pandemic: shaped by global drivers and local environments, Lancet
Wang, Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China, Jama
Warren, Exercise improves host response to influenza viral infection in obese and non-obese mice through different mechanisms, PLoS One
Weber, Zimmermann, Kieseier, Hartung, Hofstetter, Bacteria and their cell wall components uniformly co-activate interleukin-17-producing thymocytes
Yang, Prevalence of comorbidities in the novel Wuhan coronavirus (COVID-19) infection: a systematic review and metaanalysis
{ 'indexed': {'date-parts': [[2022, 1, 24]], 'date-time': '2022-01-24T07:25:56Z', 'timestamp': 1643009156296}, 'reference-count': 55, 'publisher': 'Springer Science and Business Media LLC', 'license': [ { 'start': { 'date-parts': [[2021, 2, 4]], 'date-time': '2021-02-04T00:00:00Z', 'timestamp': 1612396800000}, 'content-version': 'tdm', 'delay-in-days': 0, 'URL': 'http://www.springer.com/tdm'}, { 'start': { 'date-parts': [[2021, 2, 4]], 'date-time': '2021-02-04T00:00:00Z', 'timestamp': 1612396800000}, 'content-version': 'vor', 'delay-in-days': 0, 'URL': 'http://www.springer.com/tdm'}], 'content-domain': {'domain': ['link.springer.com'], 'crossmark-restriction': False}, 'short-container-title': ['J Public Health (Berl.)'], 'DOI': '10.1007/s10389-020-01468-9', 'type': 'journal-article', 'created': {'date-parts': [[2021, 2, 4]], 'date-time': '2021-02-04T05:02:54Z', 'timestamp': 1612414974000}, 'update-policy': 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/springer_crossmark_policy', 'source': 'Crossref', 'is-referenced-by-count': 12, 'title': [ 'Relationship between physical activity, healthy lifestyle and COVID-19 disease severity; a ' 'cross-sectional study'], 'prefix': '10.1007', 'author': [ {'given': 'Zahra', 'family': 'Tavakol', 'sequence': 'first', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Shima', 'family': 'Ghannadi', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Mastaneh Rajabian', 'family': 'Tabesh', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Farzin', 'family': 'Halabchi', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Pardis', 'family': 'Noormohammadpour', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Samaneh', 'family': 'Akbarpour', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6843-2967', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Zahra', 'family': 'Alizadeh', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Malihe Hassan', 'family': 'Nezhad', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Sahar Karimpour', 'family': 'Reyhan', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}], 'member': '297', 'published-online': {'date-parts': [[2021, 2, 4]]}, 'reference': [ { 'key': '1468_CR1', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': 'S498', 'DOI': '10.1097/00005768-200009001-00009', 'volume': '32', 'author': 'BE Ainsworth', 'year': '2000', 'unstructured': 'Ainsworth BE et al (2000) Compendium of physical activities: an update ' 'of activity codes and MET intensities. Med Sci Sports Exerc 32:S498–S516', 'journal-title': 'Med Sci Sports Exerc'}, { 'key': '1468_CR2', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '3082', 'DOI': '10.1001/archinte.160.20.3082', 'volume': '160', 'author': 'I Baik', 'year': '2000', 'unstructured': 'Baik I, Curhan GC, Rimm EB, Bendich A, Willett WC, Fawzi WW (2000) A ' 'prospective study of age and lifestyle factors in relation to ' 'community-acquired pneumonia in US men and women. Arch Intern Med ' '160:3082–3088', 'journal-title': 'Arch Intern Med'}, { 'key': '1468_CR3', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Barrett B et al (2018) Meditation or exercise for preventing acute ' 'respiratory infection (MEPARI-2): a randomized controlled trial. PLoS ' 'One 13:e0197778', 'DOI': '10.1371/journal.pone.0197778'}, { 'key': '1468_CR4', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': 'S646', 'DOI': '10.1097/00005768-199911001-00025', 'volume': '31', 'author': 'SN Blair', 'year': '1999', 'unstructured': 'Blair SN, Brodney S (1999) Effects of physical inactivity and obesity on ' 'morbidity and mortality: current evidence and research issues. Med Sci ' 'Sports Exerc 31:S646', 'journal-title': 'Med Sci Sports Exerc'}, { 'key': '1468_CR5', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '790', 'DOI': '10.1123/jpah.6.6.790', 'volume': '6', 'author': 'FC Bull', 'year': '2009', 'unstructured': 'Bull FC, Maslin TS, Armstrong T (2009) Global physical activity ' 'questionnaire (GPAQ): nine country reliability and validity study. J ' 'Phys Act Health 6:790–804', 'journal-title': 'J Phys Act Health'}, { 'key': '1468_CR6', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '1790', 'DOI': '10.1097/CCM.0000000000001089', 'volume': '43', 'author': 'CS Calfee', 'year': '2015', 'unstructured': 'Calfee CS et al (2015) Cigarette smoke exposure and the acute ' 'respiratory distress syndrome. Crit Care Med 43:1790', 'journal-title': 'Crit Care Med'}, { 'key': '1468_CR7', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '245', 'DOI': '10.2174/1871530314666140922153350', 'volume': '14', 'author': 'R Casas', 'year': '2014', 'unstructured': 'Casas R, Sacanella E, Estruch R (2014) The immune protective effect of ' 'the Mediterranean diet against chronic low-grade inflammatory diseases. ' 'Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets (Formerly Current Drug ' 'Targets-Immune, Endocr Metab Disord) 14:245–254', 'journal-title': 'Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets'}, { 'key': '1468_CR8', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '1775', 'DOI': '10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61514-0', 'volume': '376', 'author': 'M Cecchini', 'year': '2010', 'unstructured': 'Cecchini M, Sassi F, Lauer JA, Lee YY, Guajardo-Barron V, Chisholm D ' '(2010) Chronic diseases: chronic diseases and development 3 tackling of ' 'unhealthy diets, physical inactivity, and obesity: health effects and ' 'cost-effectiveness. Lancet 376:1775–1784', 'journal-title': 'Lancet'}, { 'key': '1468_CR9', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Chandra RK (1997) Nutrition and the immune system: an introduction. Am J ' 'Clin Nutr 66:460S–463S', 'DOI': '10.1093/ajcn/66.2.460S'}, { 'key': '1468_CR10', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '718', 'DOI': '10.1111/irv.12019', 'volume': '7', 'author': 'KM Charland', 'year': '2013', 'unstructured': 'Charland KM, Buckeridge DL, Hoen AG, Berry JG, Elixhauser A, Melton F, ' 'Brownstein JS (2013) Relationship between community prevalence of ' 'obesity and associated behavioral factors and community rates of ' 'influenza-related hospitalizations in the United States. Influenza Other ' 'Respir Viruses 7:718–728', 'journal-title': 'Influenza Other Respir Viruses'}, { 'key': '1468_CR11', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '937', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.amjmed.2006.06.033', 'volume': '119', 'author': 'J Chubak', 'year': '2006', 'unstructured': 'Chubak J et al (2006) Moderate-intensity exercise reduces the incidence ' 'of colds among postmenopausal women. Am J Med 119:937–942 e935', 'journal-title': 'Am J Med'}, { 'key': '1468_CR12', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '11678', 'DOI': '10.3390/ijms150711678', 'volume': '15', 'author': 'F Del Chierico', 'year': '2014', 'unstructured': 'Del Chierico F, Vernocchi P, Dallapiccola B, Putignani L (2014) ' 'Mediterranean diet and health: food effects on gut microbiota and ' 'disease control. Int J Mol Sci 15:11678–11699', 'journal-title': 'Int J Mol Sci'}, { 'key': '1468_CR13', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '27', 'DOI': '10.1123/jpah.8.1.27', 'volume': '8', 'author': 'A Esteghamati', 'year': '2011', 'unstructured': 'Esteghamati A, Khalilzadeh O, Rashidi A, Kamgar M, Meysamie A, Abbasi M ' '(2011) Physical activity in Iran: results of the third national ' 'surveillance of risk factors of non-communicable diseases ' '(SuRFNCD-2007). J Phys Act Health 8:27–35. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.8.1.27', 'journal-title': 'J Phys Act Health'}, { 'key': '1468_CR14', 'first-page': '663', 'volume': '57', 'author': 'MRJD Fattahi', 'year': '2019', 'unstructured': 'Fattahi MRJD, Halabchi F, Golsoorat-Pahlaviani F, Abouzari F, ' 'Sajedi-Monfared (2019) Physical activity, sedentary behavior and ' 'correlates among students of Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Acta ' 'Med Iran 57:663–671', 'journal-title': 'Acta Med Iran'}, { 'key': '1468_CR15', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'unstructured': 'Furushima D, Ide K, Yamada H (2018) Effect of tea Catechins on influenza ' 'infection and the common cold with a focus on epidemiological/clinical ' 'studies. Molecules 23:1795. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23071795', 'DOI': '10.3390/molecules23071795'}, { 'key': '1468_CR16', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'unstructured': 'Furushima D et al (2019) Prevention of acute upper respiratory ' 'infections by consumption of Catechins in healthcare workers: a ' 'randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Nutrients 12:4. ' 'https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12010004', 'DOI': '10.3390/nu12010004'}, { 'key': '1468_CR17', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '536', 'DOI': '10.1038/s41564-020-0695-z', 'volume': '5', 'author': 'AE Gorbalenya', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Gorbalenya AE, Baker SC, Baric RS, Groot RJD, Drosten C, Gulyaeva AA, ' 'Haagmans BL (2020) The species Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related ' 'coronavirus: classifying 2019-nCoV and naming it SARS-CoV-2. Nat ' 'Microbiol 5:536–544', 'journal-title': 'Nat Microbiol'}, { 'key': '1468_CR18', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '135', 'DOI': '10.3390/v12020135', 'volume': '12', 'author': 'LE Gralinski', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Gralinski LE, Menachery VD (2020) Return of the coronavirus: 2019-nCoV. ' 'Viruses 12:135', 'journal-title': 'Viruses'}, { 'key': '1468_CR19', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'unstructured': 'Halabchi F et al (2020) Regular sports participation as a potential ' 'predictor of better clinical outcome in adult patients with COVID-19: a ' 'large cross-sectional study. J Phys Act Health 1–5. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2020-0392', 'DOI': '10.1123/jpah.2020-0392'}, { 'key': '1468_CR20', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '2683', 'DOI': '10.3390/ijerph110302683', 'volume': '11', 'author': 'K Hemiö', 'year': '2014', 'unstructured': 'Hemiö K, Pölönen A, Ahonen K, Kosola M, Viitasalo K, Lindström J (2014) ' 'A simple tool for diet evaluation in primary health care: validation of ' 'a 16-item food intake questionnaire. Int J Environ Res Public Health ' '11:2683–2697', 'journal-title': 'Int J Environ Res Public Health'}, { 'key': '1468_CR21', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '497', 'DOI': '10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5', 'volume': '395', 'author': 'C Huang', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Huang C et al (2020) Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 ' 'novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet 395:497–506', 'journal-title': 'Lancet'}, { 'key': '1468_CR22', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '116', 'DOI': '10.1089/acm.2016.0094', 'volume': '23', 'author': 'K Ide', 'year': '2017', 'unstructured': 'Ide K, Kawasaki Y, Akutagawa M, Yamada H (2017) Effects of green tea ' 'gargling on the prevention of influenza infection: an analysis using ' 'Bayesian approaches. J Altern Complement Med 23:116–120. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2016.0094', 'journal-title': 'J Altern Complement Med'}, { 'key': '1468_CR23', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'unstructured': 'Israel A, Feldhamer I, Lahad A, Levin-Zamir D, Lavie G (2020) Smoking ' 'and the risk of COVID-19 in a large observational population study. ' 'medRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.01.20118877', 'DOI': '10.1101/2020.06.01.20118877'}, { 'key': '1468_CR24', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '199', 'DOI': '10.1139/H10-005', 'volume': '35', 'author': 'AK Kant', 'year': '2010', 'unstructured': 'Kant AK (2010) Dietary patterns: biomarkers and chronic disease risk. ' 'Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 35:199–206', 'journal-title': 'Appl Physiol Nutr Metab'}, { 'key': '1468_CR25', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '882', 'DOI': '10.1053/gast.2002.35514', 'volume': '123', 'author': 'S Klein', 'year': '2002', 'unstructured': 'Klein S, Wadden T, Sugerman HJ (2002) AGA technical review on obesity. ' 'Gastroenterology 123:882–932', 'journal-title': 'Gastroenterology'}, { 'key': '1468_CR26', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '294', 'DOI': '10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60898-8', 'volume': '380', 'author': 'HW Kohl 3rd', 'year': '2012', 'unstructured': 'Kohl HW 3rd et al (2012) The pandemic of physical inactivity: global ' 'action for public health. Lancet 380:294–305', 'journal-title': 'Lancet'}, { 'key': '1468_CR27', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '1434', 'DOI': '10.1086/606014', 'volume': '200', 'author': 'ML Kohut', 'year': '2009', 'unstructured': 'Kohut ML, Sim Y-J, Yu S, Yoon KJ, Loiacono CM (2009) Chronic exercise ' 'reduces illness severity, decreases viral load, and results in greater ' 'anti-inflammatory effects than acute exercise during influenza ' 'infection. J Infect Dis 200:1434–1442', 'journal-title': 'J Infect Dis'}, { 'key': '1468_CR28', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '1330', 'DOI': '10.1183/09031936.00184209', 'volume': '36', 'author': 'JB Kornum', 'year': '2010', 'unstructured': 'Kornum JB et al (2010) Obesity and risk of subsequent hospitalisation ' 'with pneumonia. Eur Respir J 36:1330–1336', 'journal-title': 'Eur Respir J'}, { 'key': '1468_CR29', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'unstructured': 'Laddu DR, Lavie CJ, Phillips SA, Arena R (2020) Physical activity for ' 'immunity protection: inoculating populations with healthy living ' 'medicine in preparation for the next pandemic. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcad.2020.04.006', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.pcad.2020.04.006'}, { 'key': '1468_CR30', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'unstructured': 'Liu S-L, Saif L (2020) Emerging viruses without borders: the Wuhan ' 'coronavirus. Viruses 12:130. https://doi.org/10.3390/v12020130', 'DOI': '10.3390/v12020130'}, { 'key': '1468_CR31', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '377', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.bbi.2005.04.002', 'volume': '19', 'author': 'T Lowder', 'year': '2005', 'unstructured': 'Lowder T, Padgett DA, Woods JA (2005) Moderate exercise protects mice ' 'from death due to influenza virus. Brain Behav Immun 19:377–380', 'journal-title': 'Brain Behav Immun'}, { 'key': '1468_CR32', 'unstructured': 'Lowder T, Padgett DA, Woods JA (2006) Moderate exercise early after ' 'influenza virus infection reduces the Th1 inflammatory response in lungs ' 'of mice. Exerc Immunol Rev 12:97–111'}, { 'key': '1468_CR33', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'unstructured': 'Mark H, Mika K, Catharine RG, G. David Batty (2020) Lifestyle risk ' 'factors, inflammatory mechanisms, and COVID-19 hospitalization: a ' 'community-based cohort study of 387,109 adults in UK. Brain Behav Immun ' '87:184–187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.059', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.059'}, { 'key': '1468_CR34', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '1152', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.bbi.2008.06.004', 'volume': '22', 'author': 'E Murphy', 'year': '2008', 'unstructured': 'Murphy E, Davis J, Carmichael M, Gangemi J, Ghaffar A, Mayer E (2008) ' 'Exercise stress increases susceptibility to influenza infection. Brain ' 'Behav Immun 22:1152–1155', 'journal-title': 'Brain Behav Immun'}, { 'key': '1468_CR35', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '281. e287', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.amjmed.2009.07.028', 'volume': '123', 'author': 'MI Neuman', 'year': '2010', 'unstructured': 'Neuman MI, Willett WC, Curhan GC (2010) Physical activity and the risk ' 'of community-acquired pneumonia in US women. Am J Med 123:281. e287–281. ' 'e211', 'journal-title': 'Am J Med'}, { 'key': '1468_CR36', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '496', 'DOI': '10.1111/j.1440-1711.2000.t01-5-.x', 'volume': '78', 'author': 'DC Nieman', 'year': '2000', 'unstructured': 'Nieman DC (2000) Exercise effects on systemic immunity. Immunol Cell ' 'Biol 78:496–501', 'journal-title': 'Immunol Cell Biol'}, { 'key': '1468_CR37', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '467', 'DOI': '10.1055/s-2007-1024839', 'volume': '11', 'author': 'D Nieman', 'year': '1990', 'unstructured': 'Nieman D et al (1990) The effects of moderate exercise training on ' 'natural killer cells and acute upper respiratory tract infections. Int J ' 'Sports Med 11:467–473', 'journal-title': 'Int J Sports Med'}, { 'key': '1468_CR38', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '181', 'DOI': '10.1136/bjsm.34.3.181', 'volume': '34', 'author': 'DC Nieman', 'year': '2000', 'unstructured': 'Nieman DC et al (2000) Immune function in female elite rowers and ' 'non-athletes. Br J Sports Med 34:181–187', 'journal-title': 'Br J Sports Med'}, { 'key': '1468_CR39', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '987', 'DOI': '10.1136/bjsm.2010.077875', 'volume': '45', 'author': 'DC Nieman', 'year': '2011', 'unstructured': 'Nieman DC, Henson DA, Austin MD, Sha W (2011) Upper respiratory tract ' 'infection is reduced in physically fit and active adults. Br J Sports ' 'Med 45:987–992', 'journal-title': 'Br J Sports Med'}, { 'key': '1468_CR40', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '938', 'DOI': '10.1111/irv.12053', 'volume': '7', 'author': 'CN Obasi', 'year': '2013', 'unstructured': 'Obasi CN et al (2013) Advantage of meditation over exercise in reducing ' 'cold and flu illness is related to improved function and quality of ' 'life. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 7:938–944', 'journal-title': 'Influenza Other Respir Viruses'}, { 'key': '1468_CR41', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'unstructured': 'Petrilli CM et al (2020) Factors associated with hospitalization and ' 'critical illness among 4,103 patients with COVID-19 disease in New York ' 'City. medRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.08.20057794', 'DOI': '10.1101/2020.04.08.20057794'}, { 'key': '1468_CR42', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '409', 'DOI': '10.1038/oby.2007.72', 'volume': '16', 'author': 'KH Pietiläinen', 'year': '2008', 'unstructured': 'Pietiläinen KH et al (2008) Physical inactivity and obesity: a vicious ' 'circle. Obesity 16:409–414', 'journal-title': 'Obesity'}, { 'key': '1468_CR43', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '3', 'DOI': '10.1111/j.1753-4887.2011.00456.x', 'volume': '70', 'author': 'BM Popkin', 'year': '2012', 'unstructured': 'Popkin BM, Adair LS, Ng SW (2012) Global nutrition transition and the ' 'pandemic of obesity in developing countries. Nutr Rev 70:3–21', 'journal-title': 'Nutr Rev'}, { 'key': '1468_CR44', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Pratt M, Varela AR, Salvo D, Kohl HW III, Ding D (2019) Attacking the ' 'pandemic of physical inactivity: what is holding us back? Br J Sport Med ' '54:760–762', 'DOI': '10.1136/bjsports-2019-101392'}, { 'key': '1468_CR45', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Qingxian C et al (2020) Obesity and COVID-19 severity in a designated ' 'hospital in Shenzhen, China. Diabetes Care 43:1392–1398', 'DOI': '10.2337/dc20-0576'}, { 'key': '1468_CR46', 'first-page': 'e102630', 'volume': '11', 'author': 'FHZAM Selk-Ghaffari', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Selk-Ghaffari FHZAM (2020) COVID-19 epidemic: exercise or not to ' 'exercise; that is the question! Asian J Sports Med 11:e102630', 'journal-title': 'Asian J Sports Med'}, { 'key': '1468_CR47', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Simonnet A et al (2020) High prevalence of obesity in severe acute ' 'respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) requiring invasive ' 'mechanical ventilation. Obesity 28:1195–1199', 'DOI': '10.1002/oby.22831'}, { 'key': '1468_CR48', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '804', 'DOI': '10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60813-1', 'volume': '378', 'author': 'BA Swinburn', 'year': '2011', 'unstructured': 'Swinburn BA, Sacks G, Hall KD, McPherson K, Finegood DT, Moodie ML, ' 'Gortmaker SL (2011) The global obesity pandemic: shaped by global ' 'drivers and local environments. Lancet 378:804–814', 'journal-title': 'Lancet'}, { 'key': '1468_CR49', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '1061', 'DOI': '10.1001/jama.2020.1585', 'volume': '323', 'author': 'D Wang', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Wang D et al (2020) Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized ' 'patients with 2019 novel coronavirus–infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China. ' 'Jama 323:1061–1069', 'journal-title': 'Jama'}, { 'key': '1468_CR50', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Warren KJ et al (2015) Exercise improves host response to influenza ' 'viral infection in obese and non-obese mice through different ' 'mechanisms. PLoS One 10:e0129713', 'DOI': '10.1371/journal.pone.0129713'}, { 'key': '1468_CR51', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '504', 'DOI': '10.1111/cei.12414', 'volume': '178', 'author': 'A Weber', 'year': '2014', 'unstructured': 'Weber A, Zimmermann C, Kieseier B, Hartung HP, Hofstetter H (2014) ' 'Bacteria and their cell wall components uniformly co-activate ' 'interleukin-17-producing thymocytes. Clin Exp Immunol 178:504–515', 'journal-title': 'Clin Exp Immunol'}, { 'key': '1468_CR52', 'unstructured': 'WHO statement: Tobacco use and COVID-19 (2020) ' 'https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/11-05-2020-who-statement-tobacco-use-and-covid-19. ' 'Accessed 4 Dec 2020'}, { 'key': '1468_CR53', 'unstructured': 'WHO (2005a) Statement on the second meeting of the International Health ' 'Regulations. Emergency Committee regarding the outbreak of novel ' 'coronavirus (2019-nCoV). ' 'https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/30-01-2020-statement-on-the-second-meeting-of-the-international-health-regulations-(2005)-emergency-committee-regarding-the-outbreak-of-novel-coronavirus-(2019-ncov). ' 'Accessed 30 Jan 2020'}, { 'key': '1468_CR54', 'unstructured': 'WHO (2005b) WHO STEPS surveillance manual: The WHO STEPwise approach to ' 'chronic disease risk factor surveillance. World Health Organization, ' 'Geneva. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/43376'}, { 'key': '1468_CR55', 'unstructured': 'Yang J et al (2020) Prevalence of comorbidities in the novel Wuhan ' 'coronavirus (COVID-19) infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. ' 'Int J Infect Dis'}], 'container-title': ['Journal of Public Health'], 'original-title': [], 'language': 'en', 'link': [ { 'URL': 'http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10389-020-01468-9.pdf', 'content-type': 'application/pdf', 'content-version': 'vor', 'intended-application': 'text-mining'}, { 'URL': 'http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10389-020-01468-9/fulltext.html', 'content-type': 'text/html', 'content-version': 'vor', 'intended-application': 'text-mining'}, { 'URL': 'http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10389-020-01468-9.pdf', 'content-type': 'application/pdf', 'content-version': 'vor', 'intended-application': 'similarity-checking'}], 'deposited': { 'date-parts': [[2021, 2, 4]], 'date-time': '2021-02-04T06:14:04Z', 'timestamp': 1612419244000}, 'score': 1, 'subtitle': [], 'short-title': [], 'issued': {'date-parts': [[2021, 2, 4]]}, 'references-count': 55, 'alternative-id': ['1468'], 'URL': 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10389-020-01468-9', 'relation': {}, 'ISSN': ['2198-1833', '1613-2238'], 'issn-type': [{'value': '2198-1833', 'type': 'print'}, {'value': '1613-2238', 'type': 'electronic'}], 'subject': ['Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health'], 'published': {'date-parts': [[2021, 2, 4]]}, 'assertion': [ { 'value': '5 August 2020', 'order': 1, 'name': 'received', 'label': 'Received', 'group': {'name': 'ArticleHistory', 'label': 'Article History'}}, { 'value': '15 December 2020', 'order': 2, 'name': 'accepted', 'label': 'Accepted', 'group': {'name': 'ArticleHistory', 'label': 'Article History'}}, { 'value': '4 February 2021', 'order': 3, 'name': 'first_online', 'label': 'First Online', 'group': {'name': 'ArticleHistory', 'label': 'Article History'}}, { 'order': 1, 'name': 'Ethics', 'group': {'name': 'EthicsHeading', 'label': 'Compliance with ethical standards'}}, { 'value': 'The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.', 'order': 2, 'name': 'Ethics', 'group': {'name': 'EthicsHeading', 'label': 'Conflict of interest'}}, { 'value': 'This study was approved by the ethical committee at Tehran University of ' 'Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (IRCTID: IR.TUMS.VCR.REC.1399.151).', 'order': 3, 'name': 'Ethics', 'group': {'name': 'EthicsHeading', 'label': 'Ethics approval'}}, { 'value': 'Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the ' 'study.', 'order': 4, 'name': 'Ethics', 'group': {'name': 'EthicsHeading', 'label': 'Informed consent'}}, { 'value': 'This content has been made available to all.', 'name': 'free', 'label': 'Free to read'}]}
Loading..
Please send us corrections, updates, or comments. c19early involves the extraction of 100,000+ datapoints from thousands of papers. Community updates help ensure high accuracy. Treatments and other interventions are complementary. All practical, effective, and safe means should be used based on risk/benefit analysis. No treatment or intervention is 100% available and effective for all current and future variants. We do not provide medical advice. Before taking any medication, consult a qualified physician who can provide personalized advice and details of risks and benefits based on your medical history and situation. FLCCC and WCH provide treatment protocols.
  or use drag and drop   
Submit