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69 aspirin COVID-19 controlled studies, 7 RCTs
67% improvement
for early treatment, RR
0.33
[0.01-7.96]
https://c19early.org/emeta.html
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
1.25
1.5
1.75
2+
Connors (DB RCT)
67%
0.33 [0.01-7.96]
hosp.
0/144
1/136
Improvement, RR [CI]
Treatment
Control
Connors (DB RCT)
19%
0.81 [0.28-2.35]
progression
6/144
7/136
Connors (DB RCT)
6%
0.94 [0.06-15.0]
progression
1/144
1/136
Alamdari
-28%
1.28 [0.67-2.43]
death
9/53
54/406
Husain
80%
0.20 [0.01-3.55]
death
0/11
3/31
Husain
65%
0.35 [0.05-2.51]
no recov.
1/11
8/31
Husain
96%
0.04 [0.00-0.64]
progression
0/11
17/31
Goshua (PSM)
35%
0.65 [0.42-0.98]
death
319 (n)
319 (n)
Goshua (PSM)
-49%
1.49 [1.03-2.18]
ventilation
319 (n)
319 (n)
Goshua (PSM)
-45%
1.45 [1.06-1.98]
ICU
319 (n)
319 (n)
Meizlish (PSM)
48%
0.52 [0.34-0.81]
death
319 (n)
319 (n)
Liu (PSM)
75%
0.25 [0.07-0.87]
death
2/28
11/204
Liu (PSM)
81%
0.19 [0.05-0.78]
death
1/28
9/204
Liu (PSM)
-2%
1.02 [0.64-1.61]
viral time
24 (n)
24 (n)
Mura (PSM)
15%
0.85 [0.69-1.01]
death
527 (n)
527 (n)
Mura (PSM)
37%
0.63 [0.47-0.83]
death
305 (n)
305 (n)
Chow
47%
0.53 [0.31-0.90]
death
26/98
73/314
Chow
44%
0.56 [0.37-0.85]
ventilation
35/98
152/314
Chow
43%
0.57 [0.38-0.85]
ICU
38/98
160/314
Haji Aghajani
25%
0.75 [0.57-0.99]
death
336 (n)
655 (n)
Elhadi (ICU)
10%
0.90 [0.67-1.21]
death
22/40
259/425
ICU patients
Sahai (PSM)
13%
0.87 [0.56-1.34]
death
33/248
38/248
Pourhoseingholi
-32%
1.32 [1.02-1.71]
death
71/290
268/2,178
Vahedian-Azimi
22%
0.78 [0.33-1.74]
death
13/337
28/250
Vahedian-Azimi
-10%
1.10 [0.68-1.68]
ICU
36/337
44/250
Abdelwahab
-8%
1.08 [0.15-3.82]
ventilation
11/31
6/36
Karruli (ICU)
46%
0.54 [0.09-3.13]
death
1/5
22/27
ICU patients
Al Harthi (PSM)
27%
0.73 [0.56-0.97]
death
98/176
107/173
Al Harthi (PSM)
14%
0.86 [0.65-1.14]
death
95/176
97/175
Kim (PSM)
34%
0.66 [0.36-1.23]
death
14/124
23/135
Kim (PSM)
-102%
2.02 [0.83-4.90]
ventilation
13/124
7/135
Kim (PSM)
-91%
1.91 [0.57-6.35]
ICU
7/124
4/135
Zhao
43%
0.57 [0.41-0.78]
death
121/473
140/473
Zhao
28%
0.72 [0.54-0.96]
death
473 (n)
1,597 (n)
RECOVERY
RECOVERY (RCT)
4%
0.96 [0.89-1.04]
death
7,351 (n)
7,541 (n)
RECOVERY
RECOVERY (RCT)
17%
0.83 [0.66-1.04]
death
7,351 (n)
7,541 (n)
RECOVERY
RECOVERY (RCT)
5%
0.95 [0.87-1.05]
ventilation
7,351 (n)
7,541 (n)
RECOVERY
RECOVERY (RCT)
6%
0.94 [0.91-0.98]
no disch.
7,351 (n)
7,541 (n)
RECOVERY
RECOVERY (RCT)
16%
0.84 [0.71-0.99]
no disch.
7,351 (n)
7,541 (n)
Mustafa
44%
0.56 [0.21-1.51]
death
4/66
41/378
REMAP-CAP
Bradbury (RCT)
16%
0.84 [0.70-1.00]
death
165/563
170/521
REMAP-CAP
Bradbury (RCT)
17%
0.83 [0.67-1.02]
no disch.
161/563
167/521
REMAP-CAP
Bradbury (RCT)
21%
0.79 [0.65-0.96]
progression
204/563
212/521
REMAP-CAP
Bradbury (RCT)
5%
0.95 [0.77-1.18]
progression
563 (n)
521 (n)
Chow (PSW)
13%
0.87 [0.81-0.93]
death
population-based cohort
Santoro (PSM)
38%
0.62 [0.42-0.92]
death
360 (n)
2,949 (n)
RESIST
Ghati (RCT)
22%
0.78 [0.31-1.98]
death
11/442
7/219
RESIST
Ghati (RCT)
58%
0.42 [0.11-1.62]
death
3/221
7/219
RESIST
Ghati (RCT)
9%
0.91 [0.34-2.42]
ventilation
11/442
6/219
RESIST
Ghati (RCT)
50%
0.50 [0.13-1.96]
ventilation
3/221
6/219
RESIST
Ghati (RCT)
30%
0.70 [0.27-1.81]
progression
11/442
7/219
RESIST
Ghati (RCT)
60%
0.40 [0.10-1.54]
progression
3/221
7/219
Karimpour-Razke..
-123%
2.23 [1.26-3.38]
death
39/90
64/363
ACT inpatient
Eikelboom (RCT)
-5%
1.05 [0.86-1.28]
death
193/1,063
186/1,056
CT1
ACT inpatient
Eikelboom (RCT)
8%
0.92 [0.78-1.09]
progression
281/1,063
300/1,056
CT1
ACT inpatient
Eikelboom (RCT)
11%
0.89 [0.73-1.09]
progression
191/1,063
210/1,056
CT1
ACT outpatient
Eikelboom (RCT)
-9%
1.09 [0.48-2.46]
death
12/1,945
11/1,936
ACT outpatient
Eikelboom (RCT)
20%
0.80 [0.57-1.13]
progression
59/1,945
73/1,936
ACT outpatient
Eikelboom (RCT)
17%
0.83 [0.58-1.19]
hosp.
56/1,945
67/1,936
Ali (ICU)
40%
0.60 [0.51-0.72]
death
152/660
202/530
ICU patients
Ali (ICU)
37%
0.63 [0.47-0.83]
ARDS
74/660
95/530
ICU patients
Aidouni (ICU)
31%
0.69 [0.54-0.88]
death
202/712
165/412
ICU patients
Aidouni (ICU)
10%
0.90 [0.74-1.10]
ventilation
189/712
121/412
ICU patients
Singla (RCT)
57%
0.43 [0.04-3.27]
death
3/49
5/49
CT1
Singla (RCT)
15%
0.85 [0.11-6.31]
death
49 (n)
49 (n)
CT1
Singla (RCT)
20%
0.80 [0.23-2.80]
ventilation
4/49
5/49
CT1
Singla (RCT)
29%
0.71 [0.24-2.10]
ICU
5/49
7/49
CT1
Singla (RCT)
33%
0.67 [0.20-2.22]
progression
4/49
6/49
CT1
Singla (RCT)
76%
0.24 [0.02-2.10]
progression
4/49
7/49
CT1
Singla (RCT)
44%
0.56 [0.20-1.54]
progression
5/49
9/49
CT1
Singla (RCT)
86%
0.14 [0.01-2.69]
progression
0/49
3/49
CT1
Singla (RCT)
25%
0.75 [0.35-1.62]
progression
9/49
12/49
CT1
Shamsi
96%
0.04 [0.00-7.20]
death
0/13
24/170
Huh
71%
0.29 [0.14-0.58]
cases
population-based cohort
Holt
-34%
1.34 [0.98-1.84]
death/ICU
35/116
129/573
Wang
58%
0.42 [0.01-1.98]
death
1/9
13/49
Yuan
4%
0.96 [0.47-1.72]
death
11/52
29/131
Ramos-Rincón
-29%
1.29 [1.05-1.51]
death
132/264
253/526
Osborne (PSM)
59%
0.41 [0.35-0.48]
death
272/6,300
661/6,300
Osborne (PSM)
60%
0.40 [0.33-0.48]
death
170/6,814
427/6,814
Merzon
28%
0.72 [0.53-0.99]
cases
73/1,621
589/8,856
Merzon
62%
0.38 [0.02-4.94]
death
1/21
6/91
Merzon
10%
0.90 [0.82-1.00]
viral time
73 (n)
589 (n)
Merzon
15%
0.85 [0.76-0.95]
viral time
73 (n)
589 (n)
Bejan
1%
0.99 [0.61-1.63]
ventilation
1,899 (n)
7,330 (n)
Mulhem
-14%
1.14 [0.93-1.40]
death
300/1,354
216/1,865
Reese (PSM)
-61%
1.61 [1.31-1.99]
death
4,921 (n)
4,921 (n)
Reese (PSM)
-309%
4.09 [3.72-4.50]
severe case
4,921 (n)
4,921 (n)
Drew
22%
0.78 [0.49-1.24]
progression
n/a
n/a
Drew
-3%
1.03 [0.83-1.28]
cases
n/a
n/a
Pan
-13%
1.13 [0.70-1.82]
death
239 (n)
523 (n)
Pan
-2%
1.02 [0.66-1.57]
death/int.
239 (n)
523 (n)
Oh
1%
0.99 [0.65-1.50]
death
n/a
n/a
Oh
12%
0.88 [0.79-0.99]
cases
n/a
n/a
Son (PSM)
24%
0.76 [0.34-1.71]
death
case control
Son (PSM)
-7%
1.07 [0.65-1.75]
progression
case control
Son (PSM)
-11%
1.11 [0.94-1.30]
cases
case control
Ma (PSM)
9%
0.91 [0.82-1.02]
death
Ma (PSM)
2%
0.98 [0.92-1.04]
hosp.
Ma (PSM)
-9%
1.09 [0.96-1.25]
symp. case
Ma (PSM)
-7%
1.07 [0.99-1.16]
cases
Chow (PSM)
19%
0.81 [0.76-0.87]
death
1,280/6,781
2,271/10,566
Chow (PSM)
3%
0.97 [0.93-1.02]
ventilation
2,122/6,781
3,403/10,566
Kim (PSM)
-700%
8.00 [1.07-59.6]
death
6/15
1/20
Kim (PSM)
-433%
5.33 [0.66-43.0]
ventilation
4/15
1/20
Kim (PSM)
-433%
5.33 [0.66-43.0]
ICU
4/15
1/20
Kim (PSM)
33%
0.67 [0.30-1.36]
cases
15/136
20/136
Kim (PSM)
34%
0.66 [0.36-1.23]
death
14/124
23/135
Kim (PSM)
-102%
2.02 [0.83-4.90]
ventilation
13/124
7/135
Kim (PSM)
-91%
1.91 [0.57-6.35]
ICU
7/124
4/135
Basheer
-13%
1.13 [1.05-1.21]
death
45/140
29/250
Sisinni
-7%
1.07 [0.89-1.29]
death
93/253
251/731
Sisinni
30%
0.70 [0.53-0.92]
death/int.
253 (n)
731 (n)
Pérez-Segura
-49%
1.49 [1.20-1.80]
death
66/155
183/608
Formiga (PSM)
-3%
1.03 [0.94-1.13]
death
1,000/3,291
874/2,885
Formiga (PSM)
-3%
1.03 [0.85-1.25]
ventilation
213/3,291
181/2,885
Formiga (PSM)
-4%
1.04 [0.88-1.23]
ICU
283/3,291
238/2,885
Sullerot (PSW)
-10%
1.10 [0.81-1.49]
death
101/301
224/746
Sullerot (PSW)
-110%
2.10 [1.21-3.64]
ICU
22/301
26/746
Sullerot (PSW)
-10%
1.10 [1.01-1.20]
hosp. time
301 (n)
746 (n)
Monserrat .. (PSM)
-31%
1.31 [1.01-1.71]
death
n/a
n/a
Levy
26%
0.74 [0.49-1.10]
death/hosp.
29/159
178/690
Nimer
4%
0.96 [0.69-1.33]
hosp.
83/427
136/1,721
Nimer
-18%
1.18 [0.87-1.56]
severe case
98/427
162/1,721
Gogtay
-6%
1.06 [0.51-1.89]
death
12/38
21/87
Gogtay
50%
0.50 [0.18-1.22]
ventilation
5/38
21/87
Gogtay
49%
0.51 [0.06-1.46]
ICU
9/38
38/87
Campbell (PSW)
3%
0.97 [0.95-1.00]
death
419 (n)
20,311 (n)
Campbell (PSW)
2%
0.98 [0.95-1.00]
death
419 (n)
20,311 (n)
Lal
11%
0.89 [0.82-0.97]
death
4,691 (n)
16,888 (n)
Lal
22%
0.78 [0.73-0.84]
ICU
4,691 (n)
16,888 (n)
Lal
9%
0.91 [0.84-0.99]
progression
4,691 (n)
16,888 (n)
Botton
-4%
1.04 [0.98-1.10]
death/int.
population-based cohort
Botton
-3%
1.03 [1.00-1.06]
hosp.
population-based cohort
Malik
14%
0.86 [0.39-1.80]
death
15/87
24/223
Malik
28%
0.72 [0.44-1.11]
ICU
28/87
77/223
Malik
25%
0.75 [0.38-1.39]
ARDS
13/87
40/223
Malik
2%
0.98 [0.53-1.78]
hosp.
25 (n)
176 (n)
Abul
33%
0.67 [0.47-0.95]
death
46/511
201/1,176
Abul
40%
0.60 [0.40-0.90]
death
33/511
154/1,176
Abul
20%
0.80 [0.60-1.07]
hosp.
103/511
352/1,176
Loucera
18%
0.82 [0.74-0.92]
death
2,127 (n)
13,841 (n)
Morrison (PSM)
8%
0.92 [0.73-1.18]
death
1,667 (n)
1,667 (n)
Morrison (PSM)
-1%
1.01 [0.71-1.43]
ventilation
1,667 (n)
1,667 (n)
Morrison (PSM)
-12%
1.12 [0.88-1.43]
ICU
1,667 (n)
1,667 (n)
Morrison (PSM)
-18%
1.18 [1.00-1.39]
hosp.
1,667 (n)
1,667 (n)
Ali
28%
0.72 [0.51-1.03]
death
481 (n)
1,164 (n)
Zadeh
37%
0.63 [0.30-1.29]
death
n/a
n/a
Zadeh
-1%
1.01 [0.89-1.15]
ICU
n/a
n/a
Azizi
0%
1.00 [0.53-1.87]
death
17/131
17/131
Aweimer
-10%
1.10 [0.90-1.34]
death
34/44
74/105
Intubated patients
Tse (PSM)
67%
0.33 [0.18-0.59]
death/int.
2,664 (all patients)
Aspirin COVID-19 outcomes
c19 early .org
October 2023
1 CT: study uses combined treatment
Favors aspirin
Favors control
Please send us corrections, updates, or comments. Vaccines and
treatments are complementary. All practical, effective, and safe means should
be used based on risk/benefit analysis. No treatment, vaccine, or intervention
is 100% available and effective for all current and future variants. We do not
provide medical advice. Before taking any medication, consult a qualified
physician who can provide personalized advice and details of risks and
benefits based on your medical history and situation.
FLCCC and
WCH
provide treatment protocols.
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