Analgesics
Antiandrogens
Antihistamines
Azvudine
Bromhexine
Budesonide
Colchicine
Conv. Plasma
Curcumin
Famotidine
Favipiravir
Fluvoxamine
Hydroxychlor..
Ivermectin
Lifestyle
Melatonin
Metformin
Minerals
Molnupiravir
Monoclonals
Naso/orophar..
Nigella Sativa
Nitazoxanide
PPIs
Paxlovid
Quercetin
Remdesivir
Thermotherapy
Vitamins
More

Other
Feedback
Home
 
next
study
previous
study
c19early.org COVID-19 treatment researchAspirinAspirin (more..)
Melatonin Meta
Metformin Meta
Antihistamines Meta
Azvudine Meta Molnupiravir Meta
Bromhexine Meta
Budesonide Meta
Colchicine Meta Nigella Sativa Meta
Conv. Plasma Meta Nitazoxanide Meta
Curcumin Meta PPIs Meta
Famotidine Meta Paxlovid Meta
Favipiravir Meta Quercetin Meta
Fluvoxamine Meta Remdesivir Meta
Hydroxychlor.. Meta Thermotherapy Meta
Ivermectin Meta

All Studies   Meta Analysis       

Mortality Risk Factors among Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients in a Major Referral Center in Iran

Alamdari et al., The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine, doi:10.1620/tjem.252.73
Sep 2020  
  Post
  Facebook
Share
  Source   PDF   All Studies   Meta AnalysisMeta
Mortality -28% Improvement Relative Risk Aspirin for COVID-19  Alamdari et al.  LATE TREATMENT Is late treatment with aspirin beneficial for COVID-19? Retrospective 459 patients in Iran Higher mortality with aspirin (not stat. sig., p=0.52) c19early.org Alamdari et al., The Tohoku J. Experim.., Sep 2020 Favorsaspirin Favorscontrol 0 0.5 1 1.5 2+
Retrospective 459 patients in Iran, 53 treated with aspirin, showing no significant difference with treatment.
This study is excluded in the after exclusion results of meta analysis: substantial unadjusted confounding by indication likely.
Study covers aspirin and HCQ.
risk of death, 27.7% higher, RR 1.28, p = 0.52, treatment 9 of 53 (17.0%), control 54 of 406 (13.3%).
Effect extraction follows pre-specified rules prioritizing more serious outcomes. Submit updates
Alamdari et al., 9 Sep 2020, retrospective, Iran, peer-reviewed, 14 authors, average treatment delay 5.72 days.
This PaperAspirinAll
Mortality Risk Factors among Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients in a Major Referral Center in Iran
Nasser Malekpour Alamdari, Siamak Afaghi, Fatemeh Sadat Rahimi, Farzad Esmaeili Tarki, Sasan Tavana, Alireza Zali, Mohammad Fathi, Sara Besharat, Leyla Bagheri, Fatemeh Pourmotahari, Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani, Ali Dabbagh, Seyed Ali Mousavi
The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine, doi:10.1620/tjem.252.73
The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has killed many people worldwide since December 2019, and Iran has been among the most affected countries. In this retrospective study, we aimed to determine the prognostic factors associated with mortality in COVID-19 patients by analyzing 396 survived and 63 non-survived patients in Shahid Modarres Hospital, Tehran, Iran, from January 30 th until April 5 th , 2020. As the results, the BMI > 35 (p = 0.0003), lung cancer (p = 0.007), chronic kidney disease (p = 0.002), Immunocompromised condition (p = 0.003), and diabetes (p = 0.018) were more frequently observed in the expired group. The history of statins use was more common in the discharged group (p = 0.002), while there was no significant difference in the drug history of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, aspirin, and/or steroids, and in the past-year influenza vaccination. Multivariable regression demonstrated rising odds of in-hospital death related with age (odds ratio (OR) = 1.055, p = 0.002), levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) (OR = 2.915, p < 0.001), creatinine (OR = 1.740, p = 0.023), lymphocyte count (OR = 0.999, p = 0.008), and magnesium level (OR = 0.032, p < 0.001) on admission. In conclusion, the patients with older age and higher BMI with lymphopenia, hypomagnesemia, elevated CRP and/or raised creatinine on admission are at higher risk of mortality due to the COVID-19 infection, which requires the physicians to use timely and strong therapeutic measures for such patients.
Conflict of Interest The authors declare no conflict of interest.
References
Abdi, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in Iran: actions and problems, Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol
Alraddadi, Watson, Almarashi, Abedi, Turkistani et al., Risk factors for primary middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus illness in humans, Saudi Arabia, Emerg. Infect. Dis
Borba, Val, Sampaio, Alexandre, Melo et al., Effect of high vs low doses of chloroquine diphosphate as adjunctive therapy for patients hospitalized with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection: a randomized clinical trial, JAMA Netw. Open
Boulware, Pullen, Bangdiwala, Pastick, Lofgren et al., A randomized trial of hydroxychloroquine as postexposure prophylaxis for Covid-19, N. Engl. J. Med
Casey, Iteen, Nicolini, Auten, COVID-19 pneumonia with hemoptysis: acute segmental pulmonary emboli associated with novel coronavirus infection, Am. J. Emerg. Med
Conti, Younes, Coronavirus COV-19/SARS-CoV-2 affects women less than men: clinical response to viral infection, J. Biol. Regul. Homeost. Agents
Cucinotta, Vanelli, WHO declares COVID-19 a pandemic, Acta Biomed
D'antiga, Coronaviruses and immunosuppressed patients: the facts during the third epidemic, Liver Transpl
Dai, ABO blood group predisposes to COVID-19 severity and cardiovascular diseases, Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol
De Wit, Van Doremalen, Falzarano, Munster, SARS and MERS: recent insights into emerging coronaviruses, Nat. Rev. Microbiol
Duwe, Influenza viruses-antiviral therapy and resistance, GMS Infect. Dis
Gautret, Lagier, Parola, Hoang, Meddeb et al., Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as a treatment of COVID-19: results of an open-label non-randomized clinical trial, Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents
Geleris, Sun, Platt, Zucker, Baldwin et al., Observational study of hydroxychloroquine in hospitalized patients with Covid-19, N. Engl. J. Med
Goldwasser, Feldman, Association of serum albumin and mortality risk, J. Clin. Epidemiol
Grasselli, Zangrillo, Zanella, Antonelli, Cabrini et al., Baseline characteristics and outcomes of 1591 patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 admitted to ICUs of the Lombardy Region, Italy, JAMA
Guan, Ni, Hu, Liang, Ou et al., Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China, N. Engl. J. Med
Helfant, Hypokalemia and arrhythmias, Am. J. Med
Holshue, Debolt, Lindquist, Lofy, Wiesman et al., First case of 2019 Novel Coronavirus in the United States, N. Engl. J. Med
Hong, Choi, Hong, Lee, Kwon et al., Predictors of mortality in Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), Thorax
Huang, Wang, Li, Ren, Zhao et al., Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China, Lancet
Hui, Azhar, Kim, Memish, Oh et al., Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: risk factors and determinants of primary, household, and nosocomial transmission, Lancet Infect. Dis
Hulme, Gallo, Short, Influenza virus and glycemic variability in diabetes: a killer combination?, Front. Microbiol
Jia, Feng, Fang, Richardus, Han et al., Case fatality of SARS in mainland China and associated risk factors, Trop. Med. Int. Health
Jin, Bai, He, Wu, Liu et al., Gender differences in patients with COVID-19: focus on severity and mortality, Front. Public Health
Joyce, Fabre, Mahon, Hydroxychloroquine cardiotoxicity presenting as a rapidly evolving biventricular cardiomyopathy: key diagnostic features and literature review, Eur. Heart J. Acute Cardiovasc. Care
Kanne, Little, Chung, Elicker, Ketai, Essentials for radiologists on COVID-19: an updateradiology scientific expert panel, Radiology
Li, Guan, Wu, Wang, Zhou et al., Early transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China, of novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia, N. Engl. J. Med
Lippi, Henry, Active smoking is not associated with severity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), Eur. J. Intern. Med
Mackenzie, Smith, COVID-19: a novel zoonotic disease caused by a coronavirus from China: what we know and what we don't, Microbiol. Aust
Milbrandt, Reade, Lee, Shook, Angus et al., Prevalence and significance of coagulation abnormalities in community-acquired pneumonia, Mol. Med
Oostra, De Haan, De Groot, Rottier, Glycosylation of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus triple-spanning membrane proteins 3a and M, J. Virol
Plein, Rittner, Opioids and the immune system -friend or foe, Br. J. Pharmacol
Rao, Mann, Shoaibi, Bennett, Nahhas et al., Azithromycin and levofloxacin use and increased risk of cardiac arrhythmia and death, Ann. Fam. Med
Rizzo, Vieceli Dalla Sega, Fortini, Marracino, Rapezzi et al., COVID-19 in the heart and the lungs: could we "Notch" the inflammatory storm?, Basic Res. Cardiol
Rodelo, De La Rosa, Valencia, Ospina, Arango et al., D-dimer is a significant prognostic factor in patients with suspected infection and sepsis, Am. J. Emerg. Med
Rubeiz, Thill-Baharozian, Hardie, Carlson, Association of hypomagnesemia and mortality in acutely ill medical patients, Crit. Care Med
Salimi, Hennus, Mokhtari-Azad, Shokri, Janssen et al., Opioid receptors control viral replication in the airways, Crit. Care Med
Sarnak, Jaber, Pulmonary infectious mortality among patients with end-stage renal disease, Chest
Shahverdi, Moghaddam, Talebian, Abolghasemi, Distribution of blood groups in the Iranian general population, Immunohematology
Simonnet, Chetboun, Poissy, Raverdy, Noulette et al., LICORN and the Lille COVID-19 and Obesity study group (2020) High prevalence of obesity in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) requiring invasive mechanical ventilation, Obesity (Silver Spring)
Syedmoradi, Ghasemi, Zahediasl, Azizi, Prevalence of hypo-and hypermagnesemia in an Iranian urban population, Ann. Hum. Biol
Wang, Zhang, Risk of COVID-19 for patients with cancer, Lancet Oncol
Yan, Faraji, Prajapati, Boone, Deconde, Association of chemosensory dysfunction and COVID-19 in patients presenting with influenza-like symptoms, Int. Forum Allergy Rhinol
Yang, Feng, Yuan, Yuan, Fu et al., Plasma glucose levels and diabetes are independent predictors for mortality and morbidity in patients with SARS, Diabet. Med
Yang, Wang, COVID-19: a new challenge for human beings, Cell. Mol. Immunol
Yuan, Statins may decrease the fatality rate of Middle East respiratory syndrome infection, mBio
Zhou, Yu, Du, Fan, Liu et al., Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study, Lancet
{ 'indexed': {'date-parts': [[2024, 4, 8]], 'date-time': '2024-04-08T20:32:41Z', 'timestamp': 1712608361775}, 'reference-count': 49, 'publisher': 'Tohoku University Medical Press', 'issue': '1', 'content-domain': {'domain': [], 'crossmark-restriction': False}, 'published-print': {'date-parts': [[2020]]}, 'DOI': '10.1620/tjem.252.73', 'type': 'journal-article', 'created': {'date-parts': [[2020, 9, 8]], 'date-time': '2020-09-08T22:06:25Z', 'timestamp': 1599602785000}, 'page': '73-84', 'source': 'Crossref', 'is-referenced-by-count': 96, 'title': 'Mortality Risk Factors among Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients in a Major Referral Center in Iran', 'prefix': '10.1620', 'volume': '252', 'author': [ { 'given': 'Nasser Malekpour', 'family': 'Alamdari', 'sequence': 'first', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of General Surgery, Critical Care Quality Improvement ' 'Research Center, Shahid Modarres Hospital, Shahid Beheshti ' 'University of Medical Sciences'}]}, { 'given': 'Siamak', 'family': 'Afaghi', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Internal Medicine, Shahid Modarres Hospital, ' 'Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences'}]}, { 'given': 'Fatemeh Sadat', 'family': 'Rahimi', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Internal Medicine, Shahid Modarres Hospital, ' 'Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences'}]}, { 'given': 'Farzad Esmaeili', 'family': 'Tarki', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Internal Medicine, Shahid Modarres Hospital, ' 'Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences'}]}, { 'given': 'Sasan', 'family': 'Tavana', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Clinical Research and ' 'Development Center, Shahid Modarres Hospital, Shahid Beheshti ' 'University of Medical Sciences'}]}, { 'given': 'Alireza', 'family': 'Zali', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Functional Neurosurgery Research Center, Shahid Modarres ' 'Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences'}]}, { 'given': 'Mohammad', 'family': 'Fathi', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care Quality Improvement ' 'Research Center, Shahid Modarres Hospital, Shahid Beheshti ' 'University of Medical Sciences'}]}, { 'given': 'Sara', 'family': 'Besharat', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Radiology, Clinical Research and Development ' 'Center, Shahid Modarres Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of ' 'Medical Sciences'}]}, { 'given': 'Leyla', 'family': 'Bagheri', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Internal Medicine, Shahid Modarres Hospital, ' 'Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences'}]}, { 'given': 'Fatemeh', 'family': 'Pourmotahari', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Radiology, Clinical Research and Development ' 'Center, Shahid Modarres Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of ' 'Medical Sciences'}]}, { 'given': 'Seyed Sina Naghibi', 'family': 'Irvani', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Research Institute for Endocrine Science, Shahid Beheshti ' 'University of Medical Sciences'}]}, { 'given': 'Ali', 'family': 'Dabbagh', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Anesthesiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of ' 'Medical Science'}]}, { 'given': 'Seyed Ali', 'family': 'Mousavi', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Hematology, Oncology, and Hematopoietic Stem Cell ' 'Transplantation Research Center, Shariati Hospital, Tehran ' 'University of Medical Science'}]}], 'member': '622', 'reference': [ { 'key': '1', 'unstructured': 'Abdi, M. (2020) Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in Iran: ' 'actions and problems. <i>Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol.</i>, 41, ' '754-755.'}, { 'key': '2', 'unstructured': 'Alraddadi, B.M., Watson, J.T., Almarashi, A., Abedi, G.R., Turkistani, ' 'A., Sadran, M., Housa, A., Almazroa, M.A., Alraihan, N., Banjar, A., ' 'Albalawi, E., Alhindi, H., Choudhry, A.J., Meiman, J.G., Paczkowski, M., ' 'et al. (2016) Risk factors for primary middle east respiratory syndrome ' 'coronavirus illness in humans, Saudi Arabia, 2014. <i>Emerg. Infect. ' 'Dis.</i>, 22, 49-55.'}, { 'key': '3', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Borba, M.G.S., Val, F.F.A., Sampaio, V.S., Alexandre, M.A.A., Melo, ' 'G.C., Brito, M., Mourão, M.P.G., Brito-Sousa, J.D., Baía-da-Silva, D., ' 'Guerra, M.V.F., Hajjar, L.A., Pinto, R.C., Balieiro, A.A.S., Pacheco, ' 'A.G.F., Santos, J.D.O. Jr., et al. (2020) Effect of high vs low doses of ' 'chloroquine diphosphate as adjunctive therapy for patients hospitalized ' 'with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) ' 'infection: a randomized clinical trial. <i>JAMA Netw. Open</i>, 3, ' 'e208857.', 'DOI': '10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.8857'}, { 'key': '4', 'unstructured': 'Boulware, D.R., Pullen, M.F., Bangdiwala, A.S., Pastick, K.A., Lofgren, ' 'S.M., Okafor, E.C., Skipper, C.P., Nascene, A.A., Nicol, M.R., Abassi, ' 'M., Engen, N.W., Cheng, M.P., LaBar, D., Lother, S.A., MacKenzie, L.J., ' 'et al. (2020) A randomized trial of hydroxychloroquine as postexposure ' 'prophylaxis for Covid-19. <i>N. Engl. J. Med.</i>, 383, 517-525.'}, { 'key': '5', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Casey, K., Iteen, A., Nicolini, R. &amp; Auten, J. (2020) COVID-19 ' 'pneumonia with hemoptysis: acute segmental pulmonary emboli associated ' 'with novel coronavirus infection. <i>Am. J. Emerg. Med.</i>, 38, 1544. ' 'e1-3.', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.ajem.2020.04.011'}, { 'key': '6', 'unstructured': 'Conti, P. &amp; Younes, A. (2020) Coronavirus COV-19/SARS-CoV-2 affects ' 'women less than men: clinical response to viral infection. <i>J. Biol. ' 'Regul. Homeost. Agents</i>, 34, 339-343.'}, { 'key': '7', 'unstructured': 'Cucinotta, D. &amp; Vanelli, M. (2020) WHO declares COVID-19 a pandemic. ' '<i>Acta Biomed.</i>, 91, 157-160.'}, { 'key': '8', 'unstructured': 'D’Antiga, L. (2020) Coronaviruses and immunosuppressed patients: the ' 'facts during the third epidemic. <i>Liver Transpl.</i>, 26, 832-834.'}, { 'key': '9', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Dai, X. (2020) ABO blood group predisposes to COVID-19 severity and ' 'cardiovascular diseases. <i>Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol.</i>, ' '2047487320922370.', 'DOI': '10.1177/2047487320922370'}, { 'key': '10', 'unstructured': 'de Wit, E., van Doremalen, N., Falzarano, D. &amp; Munster, V.J. (2016) ' 'SARS and MERS: recent insights into emerging coronaviruses. <i>Nat. Rev. ' 'Microbiol.</i>, 14, 523-534.'}, { 'key': '11', 'unstructured': 'Duwe, S. (2017) Influenza viruses-antiviral therapy and resistance. ' '<i>GMS Infect. Dis.</i>, 5, Doc04.'}, { 'key': '12', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Gautret, P., Lagier, J.C., Parola, P., Hoang, V.T., Meddeb, L., Mailhe, ' 'M., Doudier, B., Courjon, J., Giordanengo, V., Vieira, V.E., Tissot ' 'Dupont, H., Honoré, S., Colson, P., Chabrière, E., La Scola, B., et al. ' '(2020) Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as a treatment of COVID-19: ' 'results of an open-label non-randomized clinical trial. <i>Int. J. ' 'Antimicrob. Agents</i>, 105949.', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105949'}, { 'key': '13', 'unstructured': 'Geleris, J., Sun, Y., Platt, J., Zucker, J., Baldwin, M., Hripcsak, G., ' 'Labella, A., Manson, D.K., Kubin, C., Barr, R.G., Sobieszczyk, M.E. ' '&amp; Schluger, N.W. (2020) Observational study of hydroxychloroquine in ' 'hospitalized patients with Covid-19. <i>N. Engl. J. Med.</i>, 382, ' '2411-2418.'}, { 'key': '14', 'unstructured': 'Goldwasser, P. &amp; Feldman, J. (1997) Association of serum albumin and ' 'mortality risk. <i>J. Clin. Epidemiol.</i>, 50, 693-703.'}, { 'key': '15', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Grasselli, G., Zangrillo, A., Zanella, A., Antonelli, M., Cabrini, L., ' 'Castelli, A., Cereda, D., Coluccello, A., Foti, G., Fumagalli, R., ' 'Iotti, G., Latronico, N., Lorini, L., Merler, S., Natalini, G., et al. ' '(2020) Baseline characteristics and outcomes of 1591 patients infected ' 'with SARS-CoV-2 admitted to ICUs of the Lombardy Region, Italy. ' '<i>JAMA</i>, 323, 1574-1581.', 'DOI': '10.1001/jama.2020.5394'}, { 'key': '16', 'unstructured': 'Guan, W.J., Ni, Z.Y., Hu, Y., Liang, W.H., Ou, C.Q., He, J.X., Liu, L., ' 'Shan, H., Lei, C.L., Hui, D.S.C., Du, B., Li, L.J., Zeng, G., Yuen, ' 'K.Y., Chen, R.C., et al. (2020) Clinical characteristics of coronavirus ' 'disease 2019 in China. <i>N. Engl. J. Med.</i>, 382, 1708-1720.'}, { 'key': '17', 'unstructured': 'Helfant, R.H. (1986) Hypokalemia and arrhythmias. <i>Am. J. Med.</i>, ' '80, 13-22.'}, { 'key': '18', 'unstructured': 'Holshue, M.L., DeBolt, C., Lindquist, S., Lofy, K.H., Wiesman, J., ' 'Bruce, H., Spitters, C., Ericson, K., Wilkerson, S., Tural, A., Diaz, ' 'G., Cohn, A., Fox, L., Patel, A., Gerber, S.I., et al. (2020) First case ' 'of 2019 Novel Coronavirus in the United States. <i>N. Engl. J. Med.</i>, ' '382, 929-936.'}, { 'key': '19', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Hong, K.H., Choi, J.P., Hong, S.H., Lee, J., Kwon, J.S., Kim, S.M., ' 'Park, S.Y., Rhee, J.Y., Kim, B.N., Choi, H.J., Shin, E.C., Pai, H., ' 'Park, S.H. &amp; Kim, S.H. (2018) Predictors of mortality in Middle East ' 'respiratory syndrome (MERS). <i>Thorax</i>, 73, 286-289.', 'DOI': '10.1136/thoraxjnl-2016-209313'}, { 'key': '20', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Huang, C., Wang, Y., Li, X., Ren, L., Zhao, J., Hu, Y., Zhang, L., Fan, ' 'G., Xu, J., Gu, X., Cheng, Z., Yu, T., Xia, J., Wei, Y., Wu, W., et al. ' '(2020) Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel ' 'coronavirus in Wuhan, China. <i>Lancet</i>, 395, 497-506.', 'DOI': '10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5'}, { 'key': '21', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Hui, D.S., Azhar, E.I., Kim, Y.J., Memish, Z.A., Oh, M.D. &amp; Zumla, ' 'A. (2018) Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: risk factors and ' 'determinants of primary, household, and nosocomial transmission. ' '<i>Lancet Infect. Dis.</i>, 18, e217-e227.', 'DOI': '10.1016/S1473-3099(18)30127-0'}, { 'key': '22', 'unstructured': 'Hulme, K.D., Gallo, L.A. &amp; Short, K.R. (2017) Influenza virus and ' 'glycemic variability in diabetes: a killer combination? <i>Front. ' 'Microbiol.</i>, 8, 861.'}, { 'key': '23', 'unstructured': 'Jia, N., Feng, D., Fang, L.Q., Richardus, J.H., Han, X.N., Cao, W.C. ' '&amp; de Vlas, S.J. (2009) Case fatality of SARS in mainland China and ' 'associated risk factors. <i>Trop. Med. Int. Health</i>, 14 Suppl 1, ' '21-27.'}, { 'key': '24', 'unstructured': 'Jin, J.M., Bai, P., He, W., Wu, F., Liu, X.F., Han, D.M., Liu, S. &amp; ' 'Yang, J.K. (2020) Gender differences in patients with COVID-19: focus on ' 'severity and mortality. <i>Front. Public Health</i>, 8, 152.'}, { 'key': '25', 'unstructured': 'Joyce, E., Fabre, A. &amp; Mahon, N. (2013) Hydroxychloroquine ' 'cardiotoxicity presenting as a rapidly evolving biventricular ' 'cardiomyopathy: key diagnostic features and literature review. <i>Eur. ' 'Heart J. Acute Cardiovasc. Care</i>, 2, 77-83.'}, { 'key': '26', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Kanne, J.P., Little, B.P., Chung, J.H., Elicker, B.M. &amp; Ketai, L.H. ' '(2020) Essentials for radiologists on COVID-19: an update-radiology ' 'scientific expert panel. <i>Radiology</i>, 296, E113-E114.', 'DOI': '10.1148/radiol.2020200527'}, { 'key': '27', 'unstructured': 'Li, Q., Guan, X., Wu, P., Wang, X., Zhou, L., Tong, Y., Ren, R., Leung, ' 'K.S.M., Lau, E.H.Y., Wong, J.Y., Xing, X., Xiang, N., Wu, Y., Li, C., ' 'Chen, Q., et al. (2020) Early transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China, of ' 'novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia. <i>N. Engl. J. Med.</i>, 382, ' '1199-1207.'}, { 'key': '28', 'unstructured': 'Lippi, G. &amp; Henry, B.M. (2020) Active smoking is not associated with ' 'severity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). <i>Eur. J. Intern. ' 'Med.</i>, 75, 107-108.'}, { 'key': '29', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Mackenzie, J.S. &amp; Smith, D.W. (2020) COVID-19: a novel zoonotic ' 'disease caused by a coronavirus from China: what we know and what we ' 'don’t. <i>Microbiol. Aust.</i>, MA20013.', 'DOI': '10.1071/MA20013'}, { 'key': '30', 'unstructured': 'Milbrandt, E.B., Reade, M.C., Lee, M., Shook, S.L., Angus, D.C., Kong, ' 'L., Carter, M., Yealy, D.M., Kellum, J.A. &amp; Gen, I.M.S.I. (2009) ' 'Prevalence and significance of coagulation abnormalities in ' 'community-acquired pneumonia. <i>Mol. Med.</i>, 15, 438-445.'}, { 'key': '31', 'unstructured': 'Oostra, M., de Haan, C.A., de Groot, R.J. &amp; Rottier, P.J. (2006) ' 'Glycosylation of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus ' 'triple-spanning membrane proteins 3a and M. <i>J. Virol.</i>, 80, ' '2326-2336.'}, { 'key': '32', 'unstructured': 'Plein, L.M. &amp; Rittner, H.L. (2018) Opioids and the immune system - ' 'friend or foe. <i>Br. J. Pharmacol.</i>, 175, 2717-2725.'}, { 'key': '33', 'unstructured': 'Rao, G.A., Mann, J.R., Shoaibi, A., Bennett, C.L., Nahhas, G., Sutton, ' 'S.S., Jacob, S. &amp; Strayer, S.M. (2014) Azithromycin and levofloxacin ' 'use and increased risk of cardiac arrhythmia and death. <i>Ann. Fam. ' 'Med.</i>, 12, 121-127.'}, { 'key': '34', 'unstructured': 'Rizzo, P., Vieceli Dalla Sega, F., Fortini, F., Marracino, L., Rapezzi, ' 'C. &amp; Ferrari, R. (2020) COVID-19 in the heart and the lungs: could ' 'we “Notch” the inflammatory storm? <i>Basic Res. Cardiol.</i>, 115, 31.'}, { 'key': '35', 'unstructured': 'Rodelo, J.R., De la Rosa, G., Valencia, M.L., Ospina, S., Arango, C.M., ' 'Gómez, C.I., García, A., Nuñez, E. &amp; Jaimes, F.A. (2012) D-dimer is ' 'a significant prognostic factor in patients with suspected infection and ' 'sepsis. <i>Am. J. Emerg. Med.</i>, 30, 1991-1999.'}, { 'key': '36', 'unstructured': 'Rubeiz, G.J., Thill-Baharozian, M., Hardie, D. &amp; Carlson, R.W. ' '(1993) Association of hypomagnesemia and mortality in acutely ill ' 'medical patients. <i>Crit. Care Med.</i>, 21, 203-209.'}, { 'key': '37', 'unstructured': 'Salimi, V., Hennus, M.P., Mokhtari-Azad, T., Shokri, F., Janssen, R., ' 'Hodemaekers, H.M., Rygiel, T.P., Coenjaerts, F.E., Meyaard, L. &amp; ' 'Bont, L. (2013) Opioid receptors control viral replication in the ' 'airways. <i>Crit. Care Med.</i>, 41, 205-214.'}, { 'key': '38', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Sarnak, M.J. &amp; Jaber, B.L. (2001) Pulmonary infectious mortality ' 'among patients with end-stage renal disease. <i>Chest</i>, 120, ' '1883-1887.', 'DOI': '10.1378/chest.120.6.1883'}, { 'key': '39', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Shahverdi, E., Moghaddam, M., Talebian, A. &amp; Abolghasemi, H. (2016) ' 'Distribution of blood groups in the Iranian general population. ' '<i>Immunohematology</i>, 32, 135-139.', 'DOI': '10.21307/immunohematology-2019-058'}, { 'key': '40', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Simonnet, A., Chetboun, M., Poissy, J., Raverdy, V., Noulette, J., ' 'Duhamel, A., Labreuche, J., Mathieu, D., Pattou, F. &amp; Jourdain, M.; ' 'LICORN and the Lille COVID-19 and Obesity study group (2020) High ' 'prevalence of obesity in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 ' '(SARS-CoV-2) requiring invasive mechanical ventilation. <i>Obesity ' '</i>(<i>Silver Spring</i>), 28, 1195-1199.', 'DOI': '10.1002/oby.22831'}, { 'key': '41', 'unstructured': 'Syedmoradi, L., Ghasemi, A., Zahediasl, S. &amp; Azizi, F. (2011) ' 'Prevalence of hypo- and hypermagnesemia in an Iranian urban population. ' '<i>Ann. Hum. Biol.</i>, 38, 150-155.'}, { 'key': '42', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Wang, H. &amp; Zhang, L. (2020) Risk of COVID-19 for patients with ' 'cancer. <i>Lancet Oncol.</i>, 21, e181.', 'DOI': '10.1016/S1470-2045(20)30149-2'}, { 'key': '43', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'World Health Organization (WHO) (2020a) Clinical management of severe ' 'acute respiratory infection (SARI) when COVID-19 disease is suspected: ' 'interim guidance, 13 March 2020. ' 'https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/331446 [<i>Accessed</i>: 5 June ' '2020].', 'DOI': '10.15557/PiMR.2020.0003'}, { 'key': '44', 'unstructured': 'World Health Organization (WHO) (2020b) Coronavirus disease 2019 ' '(COVID-19): situation report, 98. ' 'https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200427-sitrep-98-covid-19.pdf?sfvrsn=90323472_4 ' '[<i>Accessed</i>: 5 June 2020].'}, { 'key': '45', 'unstructured': 'Yan, C.H., Faraji, F., Prajapati, D.P., Boone, C.E. &amp; DeConde, A.S. ' '(2020) Association of chemosensory dysfunction and COVID-19 in patients ' 'presenting with influenza-like symptoms. <i>Int. Forum Allergy ' 'Rhinol.</i>, 10, 806-813.'}, { 'key': '46', 'unstructured': 'Yang, J.K., Feng, Y., Yuan, M.Y., Yuan, S.Y., Fu, H.J., Wu, B.Y., Sun, ' 'G.Z., Yang, G.R., Zhang, X.L., Wang, L., Xu, X., Xu, X.P. &amp; Chan, ' 'J.C. (2006) Plasma glucose levels and diabetes are independent ' 'predictors for mortality and morbidity in patients with SARS. <i>Diabet. ' 'Med.</i>, 23, 623-628.'}, { 'key': '47', 'unstructured': 'Yang, P. &amp; Wang, X. (2020) COVID-19: a new challenge for human ' 'beings. <i>Cell. Mol. Immunol.</i>, 17, 555-557.'}, { 'key': '48', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Yuan, S. (2015) Statins may decrease the fatality rate of Middle East ' 'respiratory syndrome infection. <i>mBio</i>, 6, e01120.', 'DOI': '10.1128/mBio.01120-15'}, { 'key': '49', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Zhou, F., Yu, T., Du, R., Fan, G., Liu, Y., Liu, Z., Xiang, J., Wang, ' 'Y., Song, B., Gu, X., Guan, L., Wei, Y., Li, H., Wu, X., Xu, J., et al. ' '(2020) Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult ' 'inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. ' '<i>Lancet</i>, 395, 1054-1062.', 'DOI': '10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30566-3'}], 'container-title': 'The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine', 'original-title': [], 'language': 'en', 'link': [ { 'URL': 'https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/tjem/252/1/252_73/_pdf', 'content-type': 'unspecified', 'content-version': 'vor', 'intended-application': 'similarity-checking'}], 'deposited': { 'date-parts': [[2022, 11, 17]], 'date-time': '2022-11-17T11:36:56Z', 'timestamp': 1668685016000}, 'score': 1, 'resource': {'primary': {'URL': 'https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/tjem/252/1/252_73/_article'}}, 'subtitle': [], 'short-title': [], 'issued': {'date-parts': [[2020]]}, 'references-count': 49, 'journal-issue': {'issue': '1', 'published-print': {'date-parts': [[2020]]}}, 'URL': 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1620/tjem.252.73', 'relation': {}, 'ISSN': ['0040-8727', '1349-3329'], 'subject': ['General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology', 'General Medicine'], 'container-title-short': 'Tohoku J. Exp. Med.', 'published': {'date-parts': [[2020]]}}
Late treatment
is less effective
Please send us corrections, updates, or comments. c19early involves the extraction of 100,000+ datapoints from thousands of papers. Community updates help ensure high accuracy. Treatments and other interventions are complementary. All practical, effective, and safe means should be used based on risk/benefit analysis. No treatment or intervention is 100% available and effective for all current and future variants. We do not provide medical advice. Before taking any medication, consult a qualified physician who can provide personalized advice and details of risks and benefits based on your medical history and situation. FLCCC and WCH provide treatment protocols.
  or use drag and drop   
Submit