Sex Differences in Association Between Anti-Hypertensive Medications and Risk of COVID-19 in Middle-Aged and Older Adults

DOI record: { "DOI": "10.1007/s40266-021-00886-y", "ISSN": [ "1170-229X", "1179-1969" ], "URL": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40266-021-00886-y", "alternative-id": [ "886" ], "assertion": [ { "group": { "label": "Article History", "name": "ArticleHistory" }, "label": "Accepted", "name": "accepted", "order": 1, "value": "8 July 2021" }, { "group": { "label": "Article History", "name": "ArticleHistory" }, "label": "First Online", "name": "first_online", "order": 2, "value": "18 August 2021" }, { "group": { "label": "Declarations", "name": "EthicsHeading" }, "name": "Ethics", "order": 1 }, { "group": { "label": "Funding", "name": "EthicsHeading" }, "name": "Ethics", "order": 2, "value": "This study was supported by The National Natural Science Foundation of China (71910107004)." }, { "group": { "label": "Conflicts of interest", "name": "EthicsHeading" }, "name": "Ethics", "order": 3, "value": "The authors declare no conflict of interest." }, { "group": { "label": "Ethics approval", "name": "EthicsHeading" }, "name": "Ethics", "order": 4, "value": "This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by the authors." }, { "group": { "label": "Data availability", "name": "EthicsHeading" }, "name": "Ethics", "order": 5, "value": "The authors can confirm that all relevant data are included in the article and/or its supplementary information files." }, { "group": { "label": "Authors' contributions", "name": "EthicsHeading" }, "name": "Ethics", "order": 6, "value": "YW directed the study. YW and YM designed the study and analyzed data. YM developed the first manuscript draft. YW, SL, HY and YZ edited the manuscript. All authors critically revised the manuscript, and all authors contributed to the final version." }, { "label": "Free to read", "name": "free", "value": "This content has been made available to all." } ], "author": [ { "affiliation": [], "family": "Ma", "given": "Yue", "sequence": "first" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Zhang", "given": "Yuan", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Li", "given": "Shu", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Yang", "given": "Hongxi", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Li", "given": "Huiping", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Cao", "given": "Zhi", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Xu", "given": "Fusheng", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Sun", "given": "Li", "sequence": "additional" }, { "ORCID": "http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2493-6471", "affiliation": [], "authenticated-orcid": false, "family": "Wang", "given": "Yaogang", "sequence": "additional" } ], "container-title": [ "Drugs & Aging" ], "content-domain": { "crossmark-restriction": false, "domain": [ "link.springer.com" ] }, "created": { "date-parts": [ [ 2021, 8, 18 ] ], "date-time": "2021-08-18T02:02:17Z", "timestamp": 1629252137000 }, "deposited": { "date-parts": [ [ 2021, 9, 30 ] ], "date-time": "2021-09-30T17:41:44Z", "timestamp": 1633023704000 }, "funder": [ { "DOI": "10.13039/501100001809", "award": [ "71910107004" ], "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "name": "National Natural Science Foundation of China" } ], "indexed": { "date-parts": [ [ 2021, 12, 16 ] ], "date-time": "2021-12-16T17:52:20Z", "timestamp": 1639677140581 }, "is-referenced-by-count": 1, "issn-type": [ { "type": "print", "value": "1170-229X" }, { "type": "electronic", "value": "1179-1969" } ], "issue": "10", "issued": { "date-parts": [ [ 2021, 8, 18 ] ] }, "journal-issue": { "issue": "10", "published-print": { "date-parts": [ [ 2021, 10 ] ] } }, "language": "en", "license": [ { "URL": "https://www.springer.com/tdm", "content-version": "tdm", "delay-in-days": 0, "start": { "date-parts": [ [ 2021, 8, 18 ] ], "date-time": "2021-08-18T00:00:00Z", "timestamp": 1629244800000 } }, { "URL": "https://www.springer.com/tdm", "content-version": "vor", "delay-in-days": 0, "start": { "date-parts": [ [ 2021, 8, 18 ] ], "date-time": "2021-08-18T00:00:00Z", "timestamp": 1629244800000 } } ], "link": [ { "URL": "https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40266-021-00886-y.pdf", "content-type": "application/pdf", "content-version": "vor", "intended-application": "text-mining" }, { "URL": "https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40266-021-00886-y/fulltext.html", "content-type": "text/html", "content-version": "vor", "intended-application": "text-mining" }, { "URL": "https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40266-021-00886-y.pdf", "content-type": "application/pdf", "content-version": "vor", "intended-application": "similarity-checking" } ], "member": "297", "original-title": [], "page": "921-930", "prefix": "10.1007", "published": { "date-parts": [ [ 2021, 8, 18 ] ] }, "published-online": { "date-parts": [ [ 2021, 8, 18 ] ] }, "published-print": { "date-parts": [ [ 2021, 10 ] ] }, "publisher": "Springer Science and Business Media LLC", "reference": [ { "key": "886_CR1", "unstructured": "WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard. 2021. https://covid19.who.int/. Accessed 9 Jun 2021." }, { "DOI": "10.1001/jamacardio.2020.1017", "author": "T Guo", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "811", "issue": "7", "journal-title": "JAMA Cardiol.", "key": "886_CR2", "unstructured": "Guo T, Fan Y, Chen M, Wu X, Zhang L, He T, et al. Cardiovascular implications of fatal outcomes of patients with Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). JAMA Cardiol. 2020;5(7):811–8.", "volume": "5", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.jacc.2020.03.031", "author": "E Driggin", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "2352", "issue": "18", "journal-title": "J Am Coll Cardiol", "key": "886_CR3", "unstructured": "Driggin E, Madhavan MV, Bikdeli B. Cardiovascular considerations for patients, health care workers, and health systems during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020;75(18):2352–71.", "volume": "75", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.cell.2020.04.035", "author": "CGK Ziegler", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "1016", "issue": "5", "journal-title": "Cell", "key": "886_CR4", "unstructured": "Ziegler CGK, Allon SJ, Nyquist SK, Mbano IM, Miao VN, Tzouanas CN, et al. SARS-CoV-2 receptor ACE2 is an interferon-stimulated gene in human airway epithelial cells and is detected in specific cell subsets across tissues. Cell. 2020;181(5):1016–35.", "volume": "181", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1056/NEJMsr2005760", "author": "M Vaduganathan", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "1653", "issue": "17", "journal-title": "N Engl J Med", "key": "886_CR5", "unstructured": "Vaduganathan M, Vardeny O, Michel T, McMurray JJV, Pfeffer MA, Solomon SD. Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone system inhibitors in patients with Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(17):1653–9.", "volume": "382", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1038/s41581-020-0279-4", "author": "AM South", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "305", "issue": "6", "journal-title": "Nat Rev Nephrol", "key": "886_CR6", "unstructured": "South AM, Tomlinson L, Edmonston D, Hiremath S, Sparks MA. Controversies of renin-angiotensin system inhibition during the COVID-19 pandemic. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2020;16(6):305–7.", "volume": "16", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.119.14071", "author": "P Serfozo", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "173", "issue": "1", "journal-title": "Hypertension", "key": "886_CR7", "unstructured": "Serfozo P, Wysocki J, Gulua G, Schulze A, Ye M, Liu P, et al. Ang II (Angiotensin II) conversion to angiotensin-(1–7) in the circulation Is POP (Prolyloligopeptidase)-dependent and ACE2 (Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2)-independent. Hypertension. 2020;75(1):173–82.", "volume": "75", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1056/NEJMoa2008975", "author": "HR Reynolds", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "2441", "issue": "25", "journal-title": "N Engl J Med", "key": "886_CR8", "unstructured": "Reynolds HR, Adhikari S, Pulgarin C, Troxel AB, Iturrate E, Johnson SB, et al. Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone system inhibitors and risk of Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(25):2441–8.", "volume": "382", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.120.317134", "author": "P Zhang", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "1671", "issue": "12", "journal-title": "Circ Res", "key": "886_CR9", "unstructured": "Zhang P, Zhu L, Cai J, Lei F, Qin JJ, Xie J, et al. Association of inpatient use of Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and Angiotensin II receptor blockers with mortality among patients with hypertension hospitalized with COVID-19. Circ Res. 2020;126(12):1671–81.", "volume": "126", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1161/JAHA.120.016219", "author": "J Guo", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "e016219", "issue": "7", "journal-title": "J Am Heart Assoc", "key": "886_CR10", "unstructured": "Guo J, Huang Z, Lin L, Lv J. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and cardiovascular disease: a viewpoint on the potential influence of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers on onset and severity of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection. J Am Heart Assoc. 2020;9(7):e016219.", "volume": "9", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.diabet.2020.10.001", "author": "B Cariou", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "101202", "issue": "2", "journal-title": "Diabetes Metab", "key": "886_CR11", "unstructured": "Cariou B, Goronflot T, Rimbert A, Boullu S, Le May C, Moulin P, et al. Routine use of statins and increased COVID-19 related mortality in inpatients with type 2 diabetes: results from the CORONADO study. Diabetes Metab. 2021;47(2):101202.", "volume": "47", "year": "2021" }, { "DOI": "10.1007/s40265-020-01365-1", "author": "V Bianconi", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "1383", "issue": "14", "journal-title": "Drugs", "key": "886_CR12", "unstructured": "Bianconi V, Violi F, Fallarino F, Pignatelli P, Sahebkar A, Pirro M.Is acetylsalicylic acid a safe and potentially useful choice for adult patients with COVID-19? Drugs. 2020;80(14):1383–96.", "volume": "80", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.120.007045", "author": "SM Dumanski", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "e007045", "issue": "9", "journal-title": "Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes.", "key": "886_CR13", "unstructured": "Dumanski SM, Ahmed SB. Sex, drugs, and adverse drug reactions: sex differences in laboratory monitoring outcomes after initiation of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system inhibition therapy. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2020;13(9):e007045.", "volume": "13", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.15252/embj.2020105114", "author": "S Lukassen", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "e105114", "issue": "10", "journal-title": "EMBO J", "key": "886_CR14", "unstructured": "Lukassen S, Chua RL, Trefzer T, Kahn NC, Schneider MA, Muley T, et al. SARS-CoV-2 receptor ACE2 and TMPRSS2 are primarily expressed in bronchial transient secretory cells. EMBO J. 2020;39(10):e105114.", "volume": "39", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.3390/ijms21134572", "author": "K Domińska", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "4572", "issue": "13", "journal-title": "Int J Mol Sci", "key": "886_CR15", "unstructured": "Domińska K. Involvement of ACE2/Ang-(1–7)/MAS1 axis in the regulation of ovarian function in mammals. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(13):4572.", "volume": "21", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.yjmcc.2020.08.007", "author": "L Medzikovic", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "25", "journal-title": "J Mol Cell Cardiol", "key": "886_CR16", "unstructured": "Medzikovic L, Cunningham CM, Li M, Amjedi M, Hong J, Ruffenach G, et al. Sex differences underlying preexisting cardiovascular disease and cardiovascular injury in COVID-19. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2020;148:25–33.", "volume": "148", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.3390/ijms21082948", "author": "S La Vignera", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "2948", "issue": "8", "journal-title": "Int J Mol Sci", "key": "886_CR17", "unstructured": "La Vignera S, Cannarella R, Condorelli RA, Torre F, Aversa A, Calogero AE. Sex-specific SARS-CoV-2 mortality: among hormone-modulated ACE2 expression, risk of venous thromboembolism and hypovitaminosis D. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(8):2948.", "volume": "21", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1002/pst.433", "author": "PC Austin", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "150", "issue": "2", "journal-title": "Pharm Stat", "key": "886_CR18", "unstructured": "Austin PC. Optimal caliper widths for propensity-score matching when estimating differences in means and differences in proportions in observational studies. Pharm Stat. 2011;10(2):150–61.", "volume": "10", "year": "2011" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104833", "author": "Y Li", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "104833", "journal-title": "Pharmacol Res", "key": "886_CR19", "unstructured": "Li Y, Zhou W, Yang L, You R. Physiological and pathological regulation of ACE2, the SARS-CoV-2 receptor. Pharmacol Res. 2020;157:104833.", "volume": "157", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1038/nature24265", "author": "T Tukiainen", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "244", "issue": "7675", "journal-title": "Nature", "key": "886_CR20", "unstructured": "Tukiainen T, Villani AC, Yen A, Rivas MA, Marshall JL, Satija R, et al. Landscape of X chromosome inactivation across human tissues. Nature. 2017;550(7675):244–8.", "volume": "550", "year": "2017" }, { "DOI": "10.1038/s41440-019-0321-8", "author": "ASM Bessa", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "1883", "issue": "12", "journal-title": "Hypertens Res", "key": "886_CR21", "unstructured": "Bessa ASM, Jesus ÉF, Nunes ADC, Pontes CNR, Lacerda IS, Costa JM, et al. Stimulation of the ACE2/Ang-(1–7)/Mas axis in hypertensive pregnant rats attenuates cardiovascular dysfunction in adult male offspring. Hypertens Res. 2019;42(12):1883–93.", "volume": "42", "year": "2019" }, { "DOI": "10.1152/physrev.00023.2016", "author": "RAS Santos", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "505", "issue": "1", "journal-title": "Physiol Rev", "key": "886_CR22", "unstructured": "Santos RAS, Sampaio WO, Alzamora AC, Motta-Santos D, Alenina N, Bader M, et al. The ACE2/Angiotensin-(1–7)/MAS axis of the Renin-Angiotensin system: focus on Angiotensin-(1–7). Physiol Rev. 2018;98(1):505–53.", "volume": "98", "year": "2018" }, { "DOI": "10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa373", "author": "IE Sama", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "1810", "journal-title": "Eur Heart J", "key": "886_CR23", "unstructured": "Sama IE, Ravera A, Santema BT, van Goor H, Ter Maaten JM, Cleland JGF, et al. Circulating plasma concentrations of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 in men and women with heart failure and effects of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone inhibitors. Eur Heart J. 2020;41:1810–7.", "volume": "41", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.3390/cells9010094", "author": "X Chen", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "94", "issue": "1", "journal-title": "Cells", "key": "886_CR24", "unstructured": "Chen X, Cao R, Zhong W. Host calcium channels and pumps in viral infections. Cells. 2019;9(1):94.", "volume": "9", "year": "2019" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.chom.2018.04.015", "author": "Y Fujioka", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "809", "issue": "6", "journal-title": "Cell Host Microbe", "key": "886_CR25", "unstructured": "Fujioka Y, Nishide S, Ose T, Suzuki T, Kato I, Fukuhara H, et al. A sialylated voltage-dependent Ca2+ channel binds hemagglutinin and mediates influenza A virus entry into mammalian cells. Cell Host Microbe. 2018;23(6):809–18.", "volume": "23", "year": "2018" }, { "DOI": "10.1152/ajpheart.00469.2008", "author": "JA Wasserstrom", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "H1895", "issue": "5", "journal-title": "Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol", "key": "886_CR26", "unstructured": "Wasserstrom JA, Kapur S, Jones S, Faruque T, Sharma R, Kelly JE, et al. Characteristics of intracellular Ca2+ cycling in intact rat heart: a comparison of sex differences. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2008;295(5):H1895–904.", "volume": "295", "year": "2008" }, { "DOI": "10.1186/s12964-019-0346-2", "author": "JO Machuki", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "34", "issue": "1", "journal-title": "Cell Commun Signal", "key": "886_CR27", "unstructured": "Machuki JO, Zhang HY, Geng J, Fu L, Adzika GK, Wu L, et al. Estrogen regulation of cardiac cAMP-L-type Ca2+ channel pathway modulates sex differences in basal contraction and responses to β2AR-mediated stress in left ventricular apical myocytes. Cell Commun Signal. 2019;17(1):34.", "volume": "17", "year": "2019" }, { "DOI": "10.1152/ajpheart.00755.2020", "author": "A Viveiros", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "H296", "issue": "1", "journal-title": "Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol", "key": "886_CR28", "unstructured": "Viveiros A, Rasmuson J, Vu J, Mulvagh SL, Yip CYY, Norris CM, Oudit GY. Sex differences in COVID-19: candidate pathways, genetics of ACE2, and sex hormones. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2021;320(1):H296–304.", "volume": "320", "year": "2021" }, { "DOI": "10.1152/physrev.00021.2015", "author": "V Regitz-Zagrosek", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "1", "issue": "1", "journal-title": "Physiol Rev", "key": "886_CR29", "unstructured": "Regitz-Zagrosek V, Kararigas G. Mechanistic pathways of sex differences in cardiovascular disease. Physiol Rev. 2017;97(1):1–37.", "volume": "97", "year": "2017" }, { "DOI": "10.1186/s13054-020-02902-w", "author": "G Deng", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "179", "issue": "1", "journal-title": "Crit Care", "key": "886_CR30", "unstructured": "Deng G, Yin M, Chen X, Zeng F. Clinical determinants for fatality of 44,672 patients with COVID-19. Crit Care. 2020;24(1):179.", "volume": "24", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa409", "author": "S De Rosa", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "2083", "issue": "22", "journal-title": "Eur Heart J", "key": "886_CR31", "unstructured": "De Rosa S, Spaccarotella C, Basso C, Calabrò MP, Curcio A, Filardi PP, et al. Reduction of hospitalizations for myocardial infarction in Italy in the COVID-19 era. Eur Heart J. 2020;41(22):2083–8.", "volume": "41", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1164/rccm.202003-0543OC", "author": "Y Du", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "1372", "issue": "11", "journal-title": "Am J Respir Crit Care Med", "key": "886_CR32", "unstructured": "Du Y, Tu L, Zhu P, Mu M, Wang R, Yang P, et al. Clinical features of 85 fatal cases of COVID-19 from Wuhan. A retrospective observational study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2020;201(11):1372–9.", "volume": "201", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e232", "author": "J Kim", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "e232", "issue": "25", "journal-title": "J Korean Med Sci", "key": "886_CR33", "unstructured": "Kim J, Kim DW, Kim KI, Kim HB, Kim JH, Lee YG, et al. Compliance of antihypertensive medication and risk of Coronavirus Disease 2019: a cohort study using big data from the Korean National Health Insurance Service. J Korean Med Sci. 2020;35(25):e232.", "volume": "35", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1002/cpt.2047", "author": "H Yan", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "1185", "journal-title": "Clin Pharmacol Ther", "key": "886_CR34", "unstructured": "Yan H, Valdes AM, Vijay A, Wang S, Liang L, Yang S, et al. Role of drugs used for chronic disease management on susceptibility and severity of COVID-19: a large case-control study. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2020;108:1185–94.", "volume": "108", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.046941", "author": "KJ Clerkin", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "1648", "issue": "20", "journal-title": "Circulation", "key": "886_CR35", "unstructured": "Clerkin KJ, Fried JA, Raikhelkar J, Sayer G, Griffin JM, Masoumi A, et al. COVID-19 and cardiovascular disease. Circulation. 2020;141(20):1648–55.", "volume": "141", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa311", "author": "L Nicin", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "1804", "issue": "19", "journal-title": "Eur Heart J", "key": "886_CR36", "unstructured": "Nicin L, Abplanalp WT, Mellentin H. Cell type-specific expression of the putative SARS-CoV-2 receptor ACE2 in human hearts. Eur Heart J. 2020;41(19):1804–6.", "volume": "41", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.3390/cancers12030747", "author": "SY Lin", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "747", "issue": "3", "journal-title": "Cancers (Basel).", "key": "886_CR37", "unstructured": "Lin SY, Lin CL, Lin CC, Hsu WH, Lin CD, Wang IK, et al. Association between Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and lung cancer—a Nationwide, population-based, propensity score-matched cohort study. Cancers (Basel). 2020;12(3):747.", "volume": "12", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.jacc.2020.07.069", "author": "JI Mechanick", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "2024", "issue": "17", "journal-title": "J Am Coll Cardiol", "key": "886_CR38", "unstructured": "Mechanick JI, Rosenson RS, Pinney SP, Mancini DM, Narula J, Fuster V. Coronavirus and cardiometabolic syndrome: JACC focus seminar. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020;76(17):2024–35.", "volume": "76", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1136/bmj.m1185", "author": "P Little", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "m1185", "journal-title": "BMJ", "key": "886_CR39", "unstructured": "Little P. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and COVID-19. BMJ. 2020;368:m1185.", "volume": "368", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1056/NEJMoa2006923", "author": "G Mancia", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "2431", "issue": "25", "journal-title": "N Engl J Med", "key": "886_CR40", "unstructured": "Mancia G, Rea F, Ludergnani M, Apolone G, Corrao G. Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone system blockers and the risk of Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(25):2431–40.", "volume": "382", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.15324", "author": "G Iaccarino", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "366", "issue": "2", "journal-title": "Hypertension.", "key": "886_CR41", "unstructured": "Iaccarino G, Grassi G, Borghi C, Ferri C, Salvetti M, Volpe M, et al. Age and multimorbidity predict death among COVID-19 patients: results of the SARS-RAS study of the Italian Society of hypertension. Hypertension. 2020;76(2):366–72.", "volume": "76", "year": "2020" } ], "reference-count": 41, "references-count": 41, "relation": {}, "score": 1, "short-container-title": [ "Drugs Aging" ], "short-title": [], "source": "Crossref", "subject": [ "Pharmacology (medical)", "Geriatrics and Gerontology" ], "subtitle": [], "title": [ "Sex Differences in Association Between Anti-Hypertensive Medications and Risk of COVID-19 in Middle-Aged and Older Adults" ], "type": "journal-article", "update-policy": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/springer_crossmark_policy", "volume": "38" }