Insulin and Metformin Administration: Unravelling the Multifaceted Association with Mortality across Various Clinical Settings Considering Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and COVID-19

{ 'indexed': {'date-parts': [[2024, 3, 8]], 'date-time': '2024-03-08T00:40:31Z', 'timestamp': 1709858431620}, 'reference-count': 50, 'publisher': 'MDPI AG', 'issue': '3', 'license': [ { 'start': { 'date-parts': [[2024, 3, 7]], 'date-time': '2024-03-07T00:00:00Z', 'timestamp': 1709769600000}, 'content-version': 'vor', 'delay-in-days': 0, 'URL': 'https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/'}], 'content-domain': {'domain': [], 'crossmark-restriction': False}, 'abstract': '<jats:p>Due to the molecular mechanisms of action of antidiabetic drugs, they are considered ' 'to be effective in the treatment of both COVID-19 and the post-COVID-19 syndromes. The aim of ' 'this study was to determine the effect of administering insulin and metformin on the ' 'mortality of patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) with symptomatic COVID-19 with the use of ' 'logistic regression models. The association between death and insulin and metformin was weak ' 'and could not be included in the multivariate model. However, the interaction of both drugs ' 'with other factors, including remdesivir and low-molecular-weight heparin (metformin), age ' 'and hsCRP (insulin), modulated the odds of death. These interactions hint at multifaceted ' '(anti-/pro-) associations of both insulin and metformin with the odds of death, depending on ' 'the patient’s characteristics. In the multivariate model, RDW-SD, adjusted with ' 'low-molecular-weight heparin treatment, age, sex and K+, was associated with mortality among ' 'patients with COVID-19 and T2DM. With a 15% increase in RDW-SD, the risk of death increased ' 'by 87.7%. This preliminary study provides the foundations for developing further, more ' 'personalized models to assess the risk of death in T2DM patients, as well as for identifying ' 'patients at an increased risk of death due to COVID-19.</jats:p>', 'DOI': '10.3390/biomedicines12030605', 'type': 'journal-article', 'created': {'date-parts': [[2024, 3, 7]], 'date-time': '2024-03-07T16:33:06Z', 'timestamp': 1709829186000}, 'page': '605', 'source': 'Crossref', 'is-referenced-by-count': 0, 'title': 'Insulin and Metformin Administration: Unravelling the Multifaceted Association with Mortality ' 'across Various Clinical Settings Considering Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and COVID-19', 'prefix': '10.3390', 'volume': '12', 'author': [ { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7624-631X', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Łukasz', 'family': 'Lewandowski', 'sequence': 'first', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Biochemistry and Immunochemistry, Wroclaw Medical ' 'University, Chałubińskiego Street 10, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland'}]}, { 'given': 'Agnieszka', 'family': 'Bronowicka-Szydełko', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Biochemistry and Immunochemistry, Wroclaw Medical ' 'University, Chałubińskiego Street 10, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland'}]}, { 'given': 'Maciej', 'family': 'Rabczyński', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Clinical Department of Diabetology and Internal Disease, Wroclaw ' 'Medical University, Borowska Street 213, 50-556 Wroclaw, ' 'Poland'}]}, { 'given': 'Dorota', 'family': 'Bednarska-Chabowska', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Clinical Department of Diabetology and Internal Disease, Wroclaw ' 'Medical University, Borowska Street 213, 50-556 Wroclaw, ' 'Poland'}]}, { 'given': 'Joanna', 'family': 'Adamiec-Mroczek', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Clinical Department of Ophthalmology, Wroclaw Medical ' 'University, Borowska Street 213, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland'}]}, { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5472-028X', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Adrian', 'family': 'Doroszko', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, 4th Military ' 'Hospital, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Weigla 5 ' 'Street, 50-981 Wroclaw, Poland'}]}, { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3951-205X', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Małgorzata', 'family': 'Trocha', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Clinical Department of Diabetology and Internal Disease, Wroclaw ' 'Medical University, Borowska Street 213, 50-556 Wroclaw, ' 'Poland'}]}, { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2812-4702', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Krzysztof', 'family': 'Kujawa', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Statistical Analysis Centre, Wroclaw Medical University, K. 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