All Studies Meta Analysis Recent:

Network pharmacology and molecular docking reveal the mechanisms of action of Panax notoginseng against post-COVID-19 thromboembolism

Yuan et al., Review of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics - International Edition, doi:10.61873/DTFA3974

May 2024

Post
Facebook

Source PDF All Studies Meta AnalysisMeta

Quercetin for COVID-19

24th treatment shown to reduce risk in July 2021

^*, now with p = 0.0031 from 11 studies.

Lower risk for ICU admission, hospitalization, recovery, cases, and viral clearance.

No treatment is 100% effective. Protocols combine treatments. ^* >10% efficacy, ≥3 studies.

4,800+ studies for 102 treatments. c19early.org

In Silico study showing potential benefits of quercetin and ginsenosides from Panax notoginseng (PNGS) for post-COVID-19 thromboembolism. Authors used network pharmacology and molecular docking to analyze PNGS mechanisms against COVID-19-associated thromboembolism. Quercetin and ginsenosides were identified as top bioactive components in PNGS. Molecular docking revealed stable binding between quercetin and ginsenoside with key targets ACE, F3, IL-1β, MAPK1, and SERPINE1. Quercetin showed strong binding affinities to SERPINE1 (-8.7 kcal/mol), MAPK1 (-8.5 kcal/mol), and ACE (-8.3 kcal/mol). The study suggests PNGS may target COVID-19-induced thromboembolism through multiple pathways, including AGE/RAGE signaling, fluid shear stress and atherosclerosis, complement and coagulation cascades, and direct COVID-19 pathways.

65 preclinical studies support the efficacy of quercetin for COVID-19:

41 In Silico studies1-41

18 In Vitro studies2,11,15,17,21,38,42-53

6 In Vivo animal studies2,15,47,49,54,55

In Silico studies predict inhibition of SARS-CoV-2, or minimization of side effects, with quercetin or metabolites via binding to the spikeA,5,6,18,20,21,26,34,35,37,38,56,57, M^proB,3,5,7,9,11,13,14,16,19,20,26,30,32-34,38,39,41,57,58, RNA-dependent RNA polymeraseC,5,28, PLproD,33,41, ACE2E,18,19,24,33,37,57, TMPRSS2F,18, helicaseG,25,30, endoribonucleaseH,35, cathepsin LI,22, Wnt-3J,18, FZDK,18, LRP6L,18, ezrinM,36, ADRPN,34, NRP1O,37, EP300P,12, PTGS2Q,19, HSP90AA1R,12,19, matrix metalloproteinase 9S,27, IL-6T,17,31, IL-10U,17, VEGFAV,31, and RELAW,31 proteins. In Vitro studies demonstrate inhibition of the M^proB,11,46,53 protein, and inhibition of spike-ACE2 interactionX,42. In Vitro studies demonstrate efficacy in Calu-3Y,45, A549Z,17, HEK293-ACE2+AA,52, Huh-7AB,21, Caco-2AC,44, Vero E6AD,15,38,44, mTECAE,47, and RAW264.7AF,47 cells. Animal studies demonstrate efficacy in K18-hACE2 miceAG,49, db/db miceAH,47,55, BALB/c miceAI,54, and rats59. Quercetin reduced proinflammatory cytokines and protected lung and kidney tissue against LPS-induced damage in mice54 and inhibits LPS-induced cytokine storm by modulating key inflammatory and antioxidant pathways in macrophages2.

Important missing comments or errors? Let us know.

1. Pan et al., Decoding the mechanism of Qingjie formula in the prevention of COVID-19 based on network pharmacology and molecular docking, Heliyon, doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e39167.sciencedirect.com, doi.org.

2. Xu et al., Quercetin inhibited LPS-induced cytokine storm by interacting with the AKT1-FoxO1 and Keap1-Nrf2 signaling pathway in macrophages, Scientific Reports, doi:10.1038/s41598-024-71569-y.nature.com, doi.org.

3. Sunita et al., Characterization of Phytochemical Inhibitors of the COVID-19 Primary Protease Using Molecular Modelling Approach, Asian Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, doi:10.56557/ajmab/2024/v9i28800.ikprress.org, doi.org.

4. Wu et al., Biomarkers Prediction and Immune Landscape in Covid-19 and “Brain Fog”, Elsevier BV, doi:10.2139/ssrn.4897774.ssrn.com, doi.org.

5. Raman et al., Phytoconstituents of Citrus limon (Lemon) as Potential Inhibitors Against Multi Targets of SARS‐CoV‐2 by Use of Molecular Modelling and In Vitro Determination Approaches, ChemistryOpen, doi:10.1002/open.202300198.wiley.com, doi.org.

6. Asad et al., Exploring the antiviral activity of Adhatoda beddomei bioactive compounds in interaction with coronavirus spike protein, Archives of Medical Reports, 1:1, archmedrep.com/index.php/amr/article/view/3.archmedrep.com.

7. Irfan et al., Phytoconstituents of Artemisia Annua as potential inhibitors of SARS CoV2 main protease: an in silico study, BMC Infectious Diseases, doi:10.1186/s12879-024-09387-w.biomedcentral.com, doi.org.

8. Yuan et al., Network pharmacology and molecular docking reveal the mechanisms of action of Panax notoginseng against post-COVID-19 thromboembolism, Review of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics - International Edition, doi:10.61873/DTFA3974.pharmakonpress.gr, doi.org.

9. Nalban et al., Targeting COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) main protease through phytochemicals of Albizia lebbeck: molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulation, MM–PBSA free energy calculations, and DFT analysis, Journal of Proteins and Proteomics, doi:10.1007/s42485-024-00136-w.springer.com, doi.org.

10. Zhou et al., Bioinformatics and system biology approaches to determine the connection of SARS-CoV-2 infection and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, PLOS ONE, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0300441.plos.org, doi.org.

11. Waqas et al., Discovery of Novel Natural Inhibitors Against SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease: A Rational Approach to Antiviral Therapeutics, Current Medicinal Chemistry, doi:10.2174/0109298673292839240329081008.eurekaselect.com, doi.org.

12. Hasanah et al., Decoding the therapeutic potential of empon-empon: a bioinformatics expedition unraveling mechanisms against COVID-19 and atherosclerosis, International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics, doi:10.22159/ijap.2024v16i2.50128.innovareacademics.in, doi.org.

13. Shaik et al., Computational identification of selected bioactive compounds from Cedrus deodara as inhibitors against SARS-CoV-2 main protease: a pharmacoinformatics study, Indian Drugs, doi:10.53879/id.61.02.13859.indiandrugsonline.org, doi.org.

14. Singh et al., Unlocking the potential of phytochemicals in inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 M Pro protein - An in-silico and cell-based approach, Research Square, doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3888947/v1.researchsquare.com, doi.org.

15. El-Megharbel et al., Chemical and spectroscopic characterization of (Artemisinin/Quercetin/ Zinc) novel mixed ligand complex with assessment of its potent high antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 and antioxidant capacity against toxicity induced by acrylamide in male rats, PeerJ, doi:10.7717/peerj.15638.peerj.com, doi.org.

16. Akinwumi et al., Evaluation of therapeutic potentials of some bioactive compounds in selected African plants targeting main protease (Mpro) in SARS-CoV-2: a molecular docking study, Egyptian Journal of Medical Human Genetics, doi:10.1186/s43042-023-00456-4.springeropen.com, doi.org.

17. Yang et al., Active ingredient and mechanistic analysis of traditional Chinese medicine formulas for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19: Insights from bioinformatics and in vitro experiments, Medicine, doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000036238.lww.com, doi.org.

18. Chandran et al., Molecular docking analysis of quercetin with known CoVid-19 targets, Bioinformation, doi:10.6026/973206300191081.bioinformation.net, doi.org.

19. Qin et al., Exploring the bioactive compounds of Feiduqing formula for the prevention and management of COVID-19 through network pharmacology and molecular docking, Medical Data Mining, doi:10.53388/MDM202407003.tmrjournals.com, doi.org.

20. Moschovou et al., Exploring the Binding Effects of Natural Products and Antihypertensive Drugs on SARS-CoV-2: An In Silico Investigation of Main Protease and Spike Protein, International Journal of Molecular Sciences, doi:10.3390/ijms242115894.mdpi.com, doi.org.

21. Pan (B) et al., Quercetin: A promising drug candidate against the potential SARS-CoV-2-Spike mutants with high viral infectivity, Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal, doi:10.1016/j.csbj.2023.10.029.sciencedirect.com, doi.org.

22. Ahmed et al., Evaluation of the Effect of Zinc, Quercetin, Bromelain and Vitamin C on COVID-19 Patients, International Journal of Diabetes Management, doi:10.61797/ijdm.v2i2.259.researchlakejournals.com, doi.org.

23. Thapa et al., In-silico Approach for Predicting the Inhibitory Effect of Home Remedies on Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2, Makara Journal of Science, doi:10.7454/mss.v27i3.1609.ac.id, doi.org.

24. Alkafaas et al., A study on the effect of natural products against the transmission of B.1.1.529 Omicron, Virology Journal, doi:10.1186/s12985-023-02160-6.biomedcentral.com, doi.org.

25. Singh (B) et al., Flavonoids as Potent Inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 Nsp13 Helicase: Grid Based Docking Approach, Middle East Research Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, doi:10.36348/merjps.2023.v03i04.001.kspublisher.com, doi.org.

26. Mandal et al., In silico anti-viral assessment of phytoconstituents in a traditional (Siddha Medicine) polyherbal formulation – Targeting Mpro and pan-coronavirus post-fusion Spike protein, Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine, doi:10.1016/j.jtcme.2023.07.004.sciencedirect.com, doi.org.

27. Sai Ramesh et al., Computational analysis of the phytocompounds of Mimusops elengi against spike protein of SARS CoV2 – An Insilico model, International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125553.sciencedirect.com, doi.org.

28. Corbo et al., Inhibitory potential of phytochemicals on five SARS-CoV-2 proteins: in silico evaluation of endemic plants of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Biotechnology & Biotechnological Equipment, doi:10.1080/13102818.2023.2222196.tandfonline.com, doi.org.

29. Azmi et al., Utilization of quercetin flavonoid compounds in onion (Allium cepa L.) as an inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein against ACE2 receptors, 11th International Seminar on New Paradigm and Innovation on Natural Sciences and its Application, doi:10.1063/5.0140285.scitation.org, doi.org.

30. Alanzi et al., Structure-based virtual identification of natural inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 and its Delta and Omicron variant proteins, Future Virology, doi:10.2217/fvl-2022-0184.futuremedicine.com, doi.org.

31. Yang (B) et al., In silico evidence implicating novel mechanisms of Prunella vulgaris L. as a potential botanical drug against COVID-19-associated acute kidney injury, Frontiers in Pharmacology, doi:10.3389/fphar.2023.1188086.frontiersin.org, doi.org.

32. Wang et al., Computational Analysis of Lianhua Qingwen as an Adjuvant Treatment in Patients with COVID-19, Society of Toxicology Conference, 2023, www.researchgate.net/publication/370491709_Y_Wang_A_E_Tan_O_Chew_A_Hsueh_and_D_E_Johnson_2023_Computational_Analysis_of_Lianhua_Qingwen_as_an_Adjuvant_Treatment_in_Patients_with_COVID-19_Toxicologist_1921_507.researchgate.net.

33. Ibeh et al., Computational studies of potential antiviral compounds from some selected Nigerian medicinal plants against SARS-CoV-2 proteins, Informatics in Medicine Unlocked, doi:10.1016/j.imu.2023.101230.sciencedirect.com, doi.org.

34. Nguyen et al., The Potential of Ameliorating COVID-19 and Sequelae From Andrographis paniculata via Bioinformatics, Bioinformatics and Biology Insights, doi:10.1177/11779322221149622.sagepub.com, doi.org.

35. Alavi et al., Interaction of Epigallocatechin Gallate and Quercetin with Spike Glycoprotein (S-Glycoprotein) of SARS-CoV-2: In Silico Study, Biomedicines, doi:10.3390/biomedicines10123074.mdpi.com, doi.org.

36. Chellasamy et al., Docking and molecular dynamics studies of human ezrin protein with a modelled SARS-CoV-2 endodomain and their interaction with potential invasion inhibitors, Journal of King Saud University - Science, doi:10.1016/j.jksus.2022.102277.sciencedirect.com, doi.org.

37. Şimşek et al., In silico identification of SARS-CoV-2 cell entry inhibitors from selected natural antivirals, Journal of Molecular Graphics and Modelling, doi:10.1016/j.jmgm.2021.108038.sciencedirect.com, doi.org.

38. Kandeil et al., Bioactive Polyphenolic Compounds Showing Strong Antiviral Activities against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2, Pathogens, doi:10.3390/pathogens10060758.mdpi.com, doi.org.

39. Rehman et al., Natural Compounds as Inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease (3CLpro): A Molecular Docking and Simulation Approach to Combat COVID-19, Current Pharmaceutical Design, doi:10.2174/1381612826999201116195851.doi.org, doi.org.

40. Sekiou et al., In-Silico Identification of Potent Inhibitors of COVID-19 Main Protease (Mpro) and Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) from Natural Products: Quercetin, Hispidulin, and Cirsimaritin Exhibited Better Potential Inhibition than Hydroxy-Chloroquine Against COVID-19 Main Protease Active Site and ACE2, ChemRxiv, doi:10.26434/chemrxiv.12181404.v1.chemrxiv.org, doi.org.

41. Zhang et al., In silico screening of Chinese herbal medicines with the potential to directly inhibit 2019 novel coronavirus, Journal of Integrative Medicine, doi:10.1016/j.joim.2020.02.005.sciencedirect.com, doi.org.

42. Emam et al., Establishment of in-house assay for screening of anti-SARS-CoV-2 protein inhibitors, AMB Express, doi:10.1186/s13568-024-01739-8.springeropen.com, doi.org.

43. Fang et al., Development of nanoparticles incorporated with quercetin and ACE2-membrane as a novel therapy for COVID-19, Journal of Nanobiotechnology, doi:10.1186/s12951-024-02435-2.biomedcentral.com, doi.org.

44. Roy et al., Quercetin inhibits SARS-CoV-2 infection and prevents syncytium formation by cells co-expressing the viral spike protein and human ACE2, Virology Journal, doi:10.1186/s12985-024-02299-w.biomedcentral.com, doi.org.

45. DiGuilio et al., Quercetin improves and protects Calu-3 airway epithelial barrier function, Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology, doi:10.3389/fcell.2023.1271201.frontiersin.org, doi.org.

46. Zhang (B) et al., Discovery of the covalent SARS‐CoV‐2 Mpro inhibitors from antiviral herbs via integrating target‐based high‐throughput screening and chemoproteomic approaches, Journal of Medical Virology, doi:10.1002/jmv.29208.wiley.com, doi.org.

47. Wu (B) et al., SARS-CoV-2 N protein induced acute kidney injury in diabetic db/db mice is associated with a Mincle-dependent M1 macrophage activation, Frontiers in Immunology, doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1264447.frontiersin.org, doi.org.

48. Xu (B) et al., Bioactive compounds from Huashi Baidu decoction possess both antiviral and anti-inflammatory effects against COVID-19, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, doi:10.1073/pnas.2301775120.pnas.org, doi.org.

49. Aguado et al., Senolytic therapy alleviates physiological human brain aging and COVID-19 neuropathology, bioRxiv, doi:10.1101/2023.01.17.524329.biorxiv.org, doi.org.

50. Goc et al., Inhibitory effects of specific combination of natural compounds against SARS-CoV-2 and its Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, Kappa, and Mu variants, European Journal of Microbiology and Immunology, doi:10.1556/1886.2021.00022.akjournals.com, doi.org.

51. Munafò et al., Quercetin and Luteolin Are Single-digit Micromolar Inhibitors of the SARS-CoV-2 RNA-dependent RNA Polymerase, Research Square, doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1149846/v1.researchsquare.com, doi.org.

52. Singh (C) et al., The spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 virus induces heme oxygenase-1: Pathophysiologic implications, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease, doi:10.1016/j.bbadis.2021.166322.sciencedirect.com, doi.org.

53. Bahun et al., Inhibition of the SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro main protease by plant polyphenols, Food Chemistry, doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131594.sciencedirect.com, doi.org.

54. Shaker et al., Anti-cytokine Storm Activity of Fraxin, Quercetin, and their Combination on Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Cytokine Storm in Mice: Implications in COVID-19, Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences, doi:10.30476/ijms.2023.98947.3102.ac.ir, doi.org.

55. Wu (C) et al., Treatment with Quercetin inhibits SARS-CoV-2 N protein-induced acute kidney injury by blocking Smad3-dependent G1 cell cycle arrest, Molecular Therapy, doi:10.1016/j.ymthe.2022.12.002.sciencedirect.com, doi.org.

56. Azmi (B) et al., The role of vitamin D receptor and IL‐6 in COVID‐19, Molecular Genetics & Genomic Medicine, doi:10.1002/mgg3.2172.wiley.com, doi.org.

57. Thapa (B) et al., In-silico Approach for Predicting the Inhibitory Effect of Home Remedies on Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2, Makara Journal of Science, doi:10.7454/mss.v27i3.1609.ac.id, doi.org.

58. Sekiou (B) et al., In-Silico Identification of Potent Inhibitors of COVID-19 Main Protease (Mpro) and Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) from Natural Products: Quercetin, Hispidulin, and Cirsimaritin Exhibited Better Potential Inhibition than Hydroxy-Chloroquine Against COVID-19 Main Protease Active Site and ACE2, ChemRxiv, doi:10.26434/chemrxiv.12181404.v1.chemrxiv.org, doi.org.

59. El-Megharbel (B) et al., Chemical and spectroscopic characterization of (Artemisinin/Quercetin/ Zinc) novel mixed ligand complex with assessment of its potent high antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 and antioxidant capacity against toxicity induced by acrylamide in male rats, PeerJ, doi:10.7717/peerj.15638.peerj.com, doi.org.

a. The trimeric spike (S) protein is a glycoprotein that mediates viral entry by binding to the host ACE2 receptor, is critical for SARS-CoV-2's ability to infect host cells, and is a target of neutralizing antibodies. Inhibition of the spike protein prevents viral attachment, halting infection at the earliest stage.

b. The main protease or M^pro, also known as 3CL^pro or nsp5, is a cysteine protease that cleaves viral polyproteins into functional units needed for replication. Inhibiting M^pro disrupts the SARS-CoV-2 lifecycle within the host cell, preventing the creation of new copies.

c. RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), also called nsp12, is the core enzyme of the viral replicase-transcriptase complex that copies the positive-sense viral RNA genome into negative-sense templates for progeny RNA synthesis. Inhibiting RdRp blocks viral genome replication and transcription.

d. The papain-like protease (PLpro) has multiple functions including cleaving viral polyproteins and suppressing the host immune response by deubiquitination and deISGylation of host proteins. Inhibiting PLpro may block viral replication and help restore normal immune responses.

e. The angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) protein is a host cell transmembrane protein that serves as the cellular receptor for the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. ACE2 is expressed on many cell types, including epithelial cells in the lungs, and allows the virus to enter and infect host cells. Inhibition may affect ACE2's physiological function in blood pressure control.

f. Transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) is a host cell protease that primes the spike protein, facilitating cellular entry. TMPRSS2 activity helps enable cleavage of the spike protein required for membrane fusion and virus entry. Inhibition may especially protect respiratory epithelial cells, buy may have physiological effects.

g. The helicase, or nsp13, protein unwinds the double-stranded viral RNA, a crucial step in replication and transcription. Inhibition may prevent viral genome replication and the creation of new virus components.

h. The endoribonuclease, also known as NendoU or nsp15, cleaves specific sequences in viral RNA which may help the virus evade detection by the host immune system. Inhibition may hinder the virus's ability to mask itself from the immune system, facilitating a stronger immune response.

i. Cathepsin L is a host lysosomal cysteine protease that can prime the spike protein through an alternative pathway when TMPRSS2 is unavailable. Dual targeting of cathepsin L and TMPRSS2 may maximize disruption of alternative pathways for virus entry.

k. The frizzled (FZD) receptor is a host transmembrane receptor that binds Wnt ligands, initiating the Wnt signaling cascade. FZD serves as a co-receptor, along with ACE2, in some proposed mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The virus may take advantage of this pathway as an alternative entry route.

l. Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6 is a cell surface co-receptor essential for Wnt signaling. LRP6 acts in tandem with FZD for signal transduction and has been discussed as a potential co-receptor for SARS-CoV-2 entry.

m. The ezrin protein links the cell membrane to the cytoskeleton (the cell's internal support structure) and plays a role in cell shape, movement, adhesion, and signaling. Drugs that occupy the same spot on ezrin where the viral spike protein would bind may hindering viral attachment, and drug binding could further stabilize ezrin, strengthening its potential natural capacity to impede viral fusion and entry.

n. The Adipocyte Differentiation-Related Protein (ADRP, also known as Perilipin 2 or PLIN2) is a lipid droplet protein regulating the storage and breakdown of fats in cells. SARS-CoV-2 may hijack the lipid handling machinery of host cells and ADRP may play a role in this process. Disrupting ADRP's interaction with the virus may hinder the virus's ability to use lipids for replication and assembly.

o. Neuropilin-1 (NRP1) is a cell surface receptor with roles in blood vessel development, nerve cell guidance, and immune responses. NRP1 may function as a co-receptor for SARS-CoV-2, facilitating viral entry into cells. Blocking NRP1 may disrupt an alternative route of viral entry.

p. EP300 (E1A Binding Protein P300) is a transcriptional coactivator involved in several cellular processes, including growth, differentiation, and apoptosis, through its acetyltransferase activity that modifies histones and non-histone proteins. EP300 facilitates viral entry into cells and upregulates inflammatory cytokine production.

q. Prostaglandin G/H synthase 2 (PTGS2, also known as COX-2) is an enzyme crucial for the production of inflammatory molecules called prostaglandins. PTGS2 plays a role in the inflammatory response that can become severe in COVID-19 and inhibitors (like some NSAIDs) may have benefits in dampening harmful inflammation, but note that prostaglandins have diverse physiological functions.

r. Heat Shock Protein 90 Alpha Family Class A Member 1 (HSP90AA1) is a chaperone protein that helps other proteins fold correctly and maintains their stability. HSP90AA1 plays roles in cell signaling, survival, and immune responses. HSP90AA1 may interact with numerous viral proteins, but note that it has diverse physiological functions.

s. Matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9), also called gelatinase B, is a zinc-dependent enzyme that breaks down collagen and other components of the extracellular matrix. MMP9 levels increase in severe COVID-19. Overactive MMP9 can damage lung tissue and worsen inflammation. Inhibition of MMP9 may prevent excessive tissue damage and help regulate the inflammatory response.

t. The interleukin-6 (IL-6) pro-inflammatory cytokine (signaling molecule) has a complex role in the immune response and may trigger and perpetuate inflammation. Elevated IL-6 levels are associated with severe COVID-19 cases and cytokine storm. Anti-IL-6 therapies may be beneficial in reducing excessive inflammation in severe COVID-19 cases.

u. The interleukin-10 (IL-10) anti-inflammatory cytokine helps regulate and dampen immune responses, preventing excessive inflammation. IL-10 levels can also be elevated in severe COVID-19. IL-10 could either help control harmful inflammation or potentially contribute to immune suppression.

v. Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A (VEGFA) promotes the growth of new blood vessels (angiogenesis) and has roles in inflammation and immune responses. VEGFA may contribute to blood vessel leakiness and excessive inflammation associated with severe COVID-19.

w. RELA is a transcription factor subunit of NF-kB and is a key regulator of inflammation, driving pro-inflammatory gene expression. SARS-CoV-2 may hijack and modulate NF-kB pathways.

x. The interaction between the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and the human ACE2 receptor is a primary method of viral entry, inhibiting this interaction can prevent the virus from attaching to and entering host cells, halting infection at an early stage.

y. Calu-3 is a human lung adenocarcinoma cell line with moderate ACE2 and TMPRSS2 expression and SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility. It provides a model of the human respiratory epithelium, but many not be ideal for modeling early stages of infection due to the moderate expression levels of ACE2 and TMPRSS2.

z. A549 is a human lung carcinoma cell line with low ACE2 expression and SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility. Viral entry/replication can be studied but the cells may not replicate all aspects of lung infection.

aa. HEK293-ACE2+ is a human embryonic kidney cell line engineered for high ACE2 expression and SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility.

ab. Huh-7 cells were derived from a liver tumor (hepatoma).

ac. Caco-2 cells come from a colorectal adenocarcinoma (cancer). They are valued for their ability to form a polarized cell layer with properties similar to the intestinal lining.

ad. Vero E6 is an African green monkey kidney cell line with low/no ACE2 expression and high SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility. The cell line is easy to maintain and supports robust viral replication, however the monkey origin may not accurately represent human responses.

ae. mTEC is a mouse tubular epithelial cell line.

af. RAW264.7 is a mouse macrophage cell line.

ag. A mouse model expressing the human ACE2 receptor under the control of the K18 promoter.

ah. A mouse model of obesity and severe insulin resistance leading to type 2 diabetes due to a mutation in the leptin receptor gene that impairs satiety signaling.

ai. A mouse model commonly used in infectious disease and cancer research due to higher immune response and susceptibility to infection.

Yuan et al., 5 May 2024, peer-reviewed, 15 authors. Contact: juliu@tcd.ie.

In Silico studies are an important part of preclinical research, however results may be very different in vivo.

This Paper Quercetin All

Network pharmacology and molecular docking reveal the mechanisms of action of Panax notoginseng against post-COVID-19 thromboembolism

Shouli Yuan, Ismael Obaidi, Tao Zhang, Maria Pigott, Shibo Jiang, Helen Sheridan, Junying Liu

Review of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics - International Edition, doi:10.61873/dtfa3974

Panax notoginseng (PNGS) is a potent folk therapy for blood-related diseases. However, further research is required to fully elucidate the mechanisms of its pharmacological activities and to explore its therapeutic potential for treating thromboembolism (TE) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This study aimed at analysing the molecular mechanisms of PNGS and at clarifying their potential role in treating TE induced by COVID-19, by employing network pharmacology and molecular docking. To this end, a network pharmacological approach was combined with expression profiling by high-throughput sequencing of GSE156701 so as to elucidate the compound constituents of PNGS for treating TE caused by SARS-CoV-2 at a systemic level. Protein-protein interaction network, Gene Ontology, and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analyses were employed in order to decipher the associated drug-target interactions. The integration of these results suggested that five targets, including the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), the coagulation factor III (F3), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), the mitogenactivated protein kinase 1 (MAPK1), and the plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (SERPINE1), represent major genes involved in thromboembolism. The data suggest that PNGS exerts collective therapeutic effects against TE caused by SARS-CoV-2, and provides a theoretical basis for further laboratory study of the active drug-like ingredients and the potential mechanisms of PNGS in TE treatment.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST STATEMENT The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

Arévalos, Ortega-Paz, Rodríguez-Arias, López, Castrillo-Golvano et al., Acute and chronic effects of COVID-19 on the cardiovascular system, J. Cardiovasc. Dev. Dis, doi:10.3390/jcdd8100128

Boozari, Hosseinzadeh, Natural products for COVID-19 prevention and treatment regarding to previous coronavirus infections and novel studies, Phytother. Res, doi:10.1002/ptr.6873

Coutts, The Psychopharmacology of Herbal Medicine: Plant Drugs That Alter Mind, Brain and Behavior, J. Psychiatry Neurosci

Ding, Zhu, Diao, Xu, Wang et al., Elucidation of the mechanism of action of ginseng against acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome by a network pharmacology-based strategy, Front. Pharmacol, doi:10.3389/fphar.2020.611794

Hossain, Kim, Possibility as role of ginseng and ginsenosides on inhibiting the heart disease of COVID-19: a systematic review, J. Ginseng Res, doi:10.1016/j.jgr.2022.01.003

Junior, Pêgo-Fernandes, COVID-19: long-term respiratory consequences, Sao Paulo Med. J, doi:10.1590/1516-3180.2021.139526052021

Khan, Iqtadar, Mumtaz, Heinrich, Pascual-Figal et al., Oral cosupplementation of curcumin, quercetin, and vitamin D3 as an adjuvant therapy for mild to moderate symptoms of COVID-19 --results from a pilot open-label, randomized controlled trial, Front. Pharmacol, doi:10.3389/fphar.2022.898062

Khan, The central role of PAI-1 in COVID-19: thrombosis and beyond, Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol, doi:10.1165/rcmb.2021-0208ed

Xie, Meng, Zhai, Zhou, Ye et al., Panax notoginseng saponins: a review of its mechanisms of antidepressant or anxiolytic effects and network analysis on phytochemistry and pharmacology, Molecules, doi:10.3390/molecules23040940

Yi, Potential benefits of ginseng against COVID-19 by targeting inflammasomes, J. Ginseng Res, doi:10.1016/j.jgr.2022.03.008

{ 'indexed': {'date-parts': [[2024, 5, 7]], 'date-time': '2024-05-07T00:32:44Z', 'timestamp': 1715041964404}, 'reference-count': 10, 'publisher': 'PHARMAKON-Press', 'issue': 'Sup2', 'content-domain': {'domain': [], 'crossmark-restriction': False}, 'published-print': {'date-parts': [[2024, 5, 5]]}, 'abstract': 'Panax notoginseng (PNGS) is a potent folk therapy for blood-related diseases. ' 'However, further research is required to fully elucidate the mechanisms of its ' 'pharmacological activities and to explore its therapeutic potential for treating ' 'thromboembolism (TE) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 ' '(SARS-CoV-2). This study aimed at analysing the molecular mechanisms of PNGS and at ' 'clarifying their potential role in treating TE induced by COVID-19, by employing network ' 'pharmacology and molecular docking. To this end, a network pharmacological ap¬proach was ' 'combined with expression profiling by high-throughput sequencing of GSE156701 so as to ' 'elucidate the compound constituents of PNGS for treating TE caused by SARS-CoV-2 at a ' 'systemic level. Protein-protein interac¬tion network, Gene Ontology, and Kyoto Encyclopedia ' 'of Genes and Genomes analyses were employed in order to decipher the associated drug-target ' 'interactions. The integration of these results suggested that five targets, including the ' 'angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), the coagulation factor III (F3), interleukin-1 beta ' '(IL-1β), the mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 (MAPK1), and the plasminogen activator ' 'inhibitor-1 (SERPINE1), represent major genes involved in thromboembolism. The data suggest ' 'that PNGS exerts collective therapeutic effects against TE caused by SARS-CoV-2, and provides ' 'a theoretical basis for further laboratory study of the active drug-like ingredients and the ' 'potential mechanisms of PNGS in TE treatment.', 'DOI': '10.61873/dtfa3974', 'type': 'journal-article', 'created': {'date-parts': [[2024, 5, 6]], 'date-time': '2024-05-06T18:28:05Z', 'timestamp': 1715020085000}, 'page': '181-184', 'source': 'Crossref', 'is-referenced-by-count': 0, 'title': 'Network pharmacology and molecular docking reveal the mechanisms of action of Panax notoginseng ' 'against post-COVID-19 thromboembolism', 'prefix': '10.61873', 'volume': '38', 'author': [ { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4733-9891', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Shouli', 'family': 'Yuan', 'sequence': 'first', 'affiliation': []}, { 'name': 'Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China', 'sequence': 'first', 'affiliation': []}, { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1204-955X', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Ismael', 'family': 'Obaidi', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1079-5364', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Tao', 'family': 'Zhang', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0009-0005-9502-9045', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Maria', 'family': 'Pigott', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1493-6523', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Shibo', 'family': 'Jiang', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9454-752X', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Helen', 'family': 'Sheridan', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6924-9432', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Junying', 'family': 'Liu', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, { 'name': 'NatPro Centre for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical ' 'Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, { 'name': 'College of Pharmacy, University of Babylon, Hillah, Iraq', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, { 'name': 'School of Food Science & Environmental Health, Technological University Dublin, ' 'Grangegorman, Dublin, Ireland', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, { 'name': 'NatPro Centre for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical ' 'Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, { 'name': 'Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic ' 'Medical Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan ' 'University, Shanghai, China', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, { 'name': 'NatPro Centre for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical ' 'Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, { 'name': 'NatPro Centre for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical ' 'Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}], 'member': '48040', 'published-online': {'date-parts': [[2024, 5, 5]]}, 'reference': [ { 'key': 'ref0', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'unstructured': '1. Toufen Junior C., Pêgo-Fernandes P.M.: COVID-19: long-term ' 'respiratory consequences. Sao Paulo Med. J. 139(5): 421-423 (2021).', 'DOI': '10.1590/1516-3180.2021.139526052021'}, { 'key': 'ref1', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'unstructured': '2. Arévalos V., Ortega-Paz L., Rodríguez-Arias J.J., Calvo López M., ' 'Castrillo-Golvano L., Salazar-Rodríguez A., et al.: Acute and chronic ' 'effects of COVID-19 on the cardiovascular system. J. Cardiovasc. Dev. ' 'Dis. 8(10): 128 (2021).', 'DOI': '10.3390/jcdd8100128'}, { 'key': 'ref2', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'unstructured': '3. Xie W., Meng X., Zhai Y., Zhou P., Ye T., Wang Z., et al.: Panax ' 'notoginseng saponins: a review of its mechanisms of antidepressant or ' 'anxiolytic effects and network analysis on phytochemistry and ' 'pharmacology. Molecules 23(4): 940 (2018).', 'DOI': '10.3390/molecules23040940'}, { 'key': 'ref3', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'unstructured': '4. Yi Y.S.: Potential benefits of ginseng against COVID-19 by targeting ' 'inflammasomes. J. Ginseng Res. 46(6): 722-730 (2022).', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.jgr.2022.03.008'}, { 'key': 'ref4', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'unstructured': '5. Boozari M., Hosseinzadeh H.: Natural products for COVID-19 prevention ' 'and treatment regarding to previous coronavirus infections and novel ' 'studies. Phytother. Res. 35(2): 864-876 (2021).', 'DOI': '10.1002/ptr.6873'}, { 'key': 'ref5', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'unstructured': '6. Ding Q., Zhu W., Diao Y., Xu G., Wang L., Qu S., et al.: Elucidation ' 'of the mechanism of action of ginseng against acute lung injury/acute ' 'respiratory distress syndrome by a network pharmacology-based strategy. ' 'Front. Pharmacol. 11: 611794 (2021).', 'DOI': '10.3389/fphar.2020.611794'}, { 'key': 'ref6', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'unstructured': '7. Khan S.S.: The central role of PAI-1 in COVID-19: thrombosis and ' 'beyond. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 65(3): 238-240 (2021).', 'DOI': '10.1165/rcmb.2021-0208ED'}, { 'key': 'ref7', 'unstructured': '8. Coutts R.T.: The Psychopharmacology of Herbal Medicine: Plant Drugs ' 'That Alter Mind, Brain and Behavior. J. Psychiatry Neurosci. 28(4): ' '300-301 (2003).'}, { 'key': 'ref8', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'unstructured': '9. Hossain M.A., Kim J.H.: Possibility as role of ginseng and ' 'ginsenosides on inhibiting the heart disease of COVID-19: a systematic ' 'review. J. Ginseng Res. 46(3): 321-330 (2022).', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.jgr.2022.01.003'}, { 'key': 'ref9', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'unstructured': '10. Khan A., Iqtadar S., Mumtaz S.U., Heinrich M., Pascual-Figal D.A., ' 'Livingstone S., et al.: Oral co-supplementation of curcumin, quercetin, ' 'and vitamin D3 as an adjuvant therapy for mild to moderate symptoms of ' 'COVID-19 -- results from a pilot open-label, randomized controlled ' 'trial. Front. Pharmacol. 13: 898062 (2022).', 'DOI': '10.3389/fphar.2022.898062'}], 'container-title': 'Review of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics - International Edition', 'original-title': [], 'deposited': { 'date-parts': [[2024, 5, 6]], 'date-time': '2024-05-06T18:29:50Z', 'timestamp': 1715020190000}, 'score': 1, 'resource': {'primary': {'URL': 'https://pharmakonpress.gr/?p=20739&lang=en'}}, 'subtitle': [], 'short-title': [], 'issued': {'date-parts': [[2024, 5, 5]]}, 'references-count': 10, 'journal-issue': { 'issue': 'Sup2', 'published-online': {'date-parts': [[2024, 5, 5]]}, 'published-print': {'date-parts': [[2024, 5, 5]]}}, 'URL': 'http://dx.doi.org/10.61873/DTFA3974', 'relation': {}, 'ISSN': ['1011-6583', '2945-1922'], 'subject': [], 'container-title-short': 'Rev. Clin. Pharmacol. Pharmacokinet., Int. Ed.', 'published': {'date-parts': [[2024, 5, 5]]}}

Download Image

Please send us corrections, updates, or comments. c19early involves the extraction of 100,000+ datapoints from thousands of papers. Community updates help ensure high accuracy. Treatments and other interventions are complementary. All practical, effective, and safe means should be used based on risk/benefit analysis. No treatment or intervention is 100% available and effective for all current and future variants. We do not provide medical advice. Before taking any medication, consult a qualified physician who can provide personalized advice and details of risks and benefits based on your medical history and situation. FLCCC and WCH provide treatment protocols.

Submit

Post

@CovidAnalysis

FAQ

Public domain CC0 1.0