Targeting COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) main protease through phytochemicals of Albizia lebbeck: molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulation, MM–PBSA free energy calculations, and DFT analysis
In Silico study showing potential benefits of quercetin and other phytochemicals from Albizia lebbeck as SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro) inhibitors. Using molecular docking, the authors identified four promising compounds: vicenin 2, myricetin, quercetin, and albigenic acid. 100ns molecular dynamics simulations demonstrated that these compounds significantly impacted the structure of Mpro, with quercetin showing a higher binding free energy than the positive control drug nelfinavir. Density functional theory studies revealed that vicenin 2 was the most reactive compound. The results suggest that vicenin 2, myricetin, and quercetin may be beneficial for COVID-19 by inhibiting the viral main protease.
68 preclinical studies support the efficacy of quercetin for COVID-19:
In Silico studies predict inhibition of SARS-CoV-2, or minimization of side effects, with quercetin or metabolites via binding to the spikeA,6,7,19,21,22,27,35,36,38,39,59,60, MproB,4,6,8,10,12,14,15,17,20,21,27,31,33-35,39,40,42,60,61, RNA-dependent RNA polymeraseC,6,29, PLproD,34,42, ACE2E,19,20,25,34,38,60, TMPRSS2F,19, helicaseG,26,31, endoribonucleaseH,36, NSP16/10I,3, cathepsin LJ,23, Wnt-3K,19, FZDL,19, LRP6M,19, ezrinN,37, ADRPO,35, NRP1P,38, EP300Q,13, PTGS2R,20, HSP90AA1S,13,20, matrix metalloproteinase 9T,28, IL-6U,18,32, IL-10V,18, VEGFAW,32, and RELAX,32 proteins.
In Vitro studies demonstrate inhibition of the MproB,12,43,48,56 protein, and inhibition of spike-ACE2 interactionY,44.
In Vitro studies demonstrate efficacy in Calu-3Z,47, A549AA,18, HEK293-ACE2+AB,55, Huh-7AC,22, Caco-2AD,46, Vero E6AE,16,39,46, mTECAF,49, and RAW264.7AG,49 cells.
Animal studies demonstrate efficacy in K18-hACE2 miceAH,52, db/db miceAI,49,58, BALB/c miceAJ,57, and rats62.
Quercetin reduced proinflammatory cytokines and protected lung and kidney tissue against LPS-induced damage in mice57, inhibits LPS-induced cytokine storm by modulating key inflammatory and antioxidant pathways in macrophages2, and inhibits SARS-CoV-2 ORF3a ion channel activity, which contributes to viral pathogenicity and cytotoxicity51.
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