The Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation Post COVID-19 Infection and Related Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

DOI record: { "DOI": "10.3390/nu16223794", "ISSN": [ "2072-6643" ], "URL": "http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu16223794", "abstract": "<jats:p>Background: Vitamin D’s role in COVID-19 management remains controversial. This meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the efficacy of vitamin D supplementation in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection, focusing on mortality, intensive care unit (ICU) admissions, intubation rates, and hospital length of stay (LOS). Methods: A systematic review of PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Cochrane, and Google Scholar databases was conducted. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and analytical studies investigating vitamin D supplementation in COVID-19 patients were included. The meta-analysis was performed using STATA MP 18.5, employing random-effect or fixed-effect models based on heterogeneity. Results: Twenty-nine studies (twenty-one RCTs, eight analytical) were analyzed. Vitamin D supplementation significantly reduced ICU admissions (OR = 0.55, 95% CI: 0.37 to 0.79) in RCTs and analytical studies (OR = 0.35, 95% CI: 0.18 to 0.66). Intubation rates were significantly reduced in RCTs (OR = 0.50, 95% CI: 0.27 to 0.92). Mortality reduction was significant in analytical studies (OR = 0.45, 95% CI: 0.24 to 0.86) but not in RCTs (OR = 0.80, 95% CI: 0.61 to 1.04). Subgroup analyses revealed more pronounced effects in older patients and severe COVID-19 cases. LOS showed a non-significant reduction (mean difference = −0.62 days, 95% CI: −1.41 to 0.18). Conclusions: This meta-analysis suggests potential benefits of vitamin D supplementation in COVID-19 patients, particularly in reducing ICU admissions. However, the evidence varies across outcomes and patient subgroups. Discrepancies between RCTs and analytical studies highlight the need for further large-scale, well-designed trials accounting for baseline vitamin D status, standardized supplementation protocols, and patient characteristics to inform clinical guidelines for vitamin D use in COVID-19 management.</jats:p>", "alternative-id": [ "nu16223794" ], "author": [ { "ORCID": "http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7127-2893", "affiliation": [ { "name": "Operating Unit Hospital Hygiene, Galliera Hospital, 16128 Genoa, Italy" }, { "name": "Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy" } ], "authenticated-orcid": false, "family": "Sartini", "given": "Marina", "sequence": "first" }, { "ORCID": "http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0080-5493", "affiliation": [ { "name": "Department of Infectious Diseases, Galliera Hospital, 16128 Genoa, Italy" } ], "authenticated-orcid": false, "family": "Del Puente", "given": "Filippo", "sequence": "additional" }, { "ORCID": "http://orcid.org/0009-0008-9907-3299", "affiliation": [ { "name": "Operating Unit Hospital Hygiene, Galliera Hospital, 16128 Genoa, Italy" } ], "authenticated-orcid": false, "family": "Carbone", "given": "Alessio", "sequence": "additional" }, { "ORCID": "http://orcid.org/0009-0008-1999-8786", "affiliation": [ { "name": "Operating Unit Hospital Hygiene, Galliera Hospital, 16128 Genoa, Italy" }, { "name": "Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy" } ], "authenticated-orcid": false, "family": "Schinca", "given": "Elisa", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [ { "name": "Operating Unit Hospital Hygiene, Galliera Hospital, 16128 Genoa, Italy" }, { "name": "Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy" } ], "family": "Ottria", "given": "Gianluca", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [ { "name": "Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy" } ], "family": "Dupont", "given": "Chiara", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [ { "name": "Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy" } ], "family": "Piccinini", "given": "Carolina", "sequence": "additional" }, { "ORCID": "http://orcid.org/0009-0004-5913-9258", "affiliation": [ { "name": "Operating Unit Hospital Hygiene, Galliera Hospital, 16128 Genoa, Italy" } ], "authenticated-orcid": false, "family": "Oliva", "given": "Martino", "sequence": "additional" }, { "ORCID": "http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7926-7108", "affiliation": [ { "name": "Operating Unit Hospital Hygiene, Galliera Hospital, 16128 Genoa, Italy" }, { "name": "Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy" } ], "authenticated-orcid": false, "family": "Cristina", "given": "Maria Luisa", "sequence": "additional" } ], "container-title": "Nutrients", "container-title-short": "Nutrients", "content-domain": { "crossmark-restriction": false, "domain": [] }, "created": { "date-parts": [ [ 2024, 11, 5 ] ], "date-time": "2024-11-05T13:25:14Z", "timestamp": 1730813114000 }, "deposited": { "date-parts": [ [ 2024, 11, 5 ] ], "date-time": "2024-11-05T14:04:17Z", "timestamp": 1730815457000 }, "indexed": { "date-parts": [ [ 2024, 11, 6 ] ], "date-time": "2024-11-06T05:28:06Z", "timestamp": 1730870886673, "version": "3.28.0" }, "is-referenced-by-count": 0, "issue": "22", "issued": { "date-parts": [ [ 2024, 11, 5 ] ] }, "journal-issue": { "issue": "22", "published-online": { "date-parts": [ [ 2024, 11 ] ] } }, "language": "en", "license": [ { "URL": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "content-version": "vor", "delay-in-days": 0, "start": { "date-parts": [ [ 2024, 11, 5 ] ], "date-time": "2024-11-05T00:00:00Z", "timestamp": 1730764800000 } } ], "link": [ { "URL": "https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/16/22/3794/pdf", "content-type": "unspecified", "content-version": "vor", "intended-application": "similarity-checking" } ], "member": "1968", "original-title": [], "page": "3794", "prefix": "10.3390", "published": { "date-parts": [ [ 2024, 11, 5 ] ] }, "published-online": { "date-parts": [ [ 2024, 11, 5 ] ] }, "publisher": "MDPI AG", "reference": [ { "DOI": "10.1002/jcsm.12218", "article-title": "Vitamin D, a modulator of musculoskeletal health in chronic kidney disease", "author": "Molina", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "686", "journal-title": "J. 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