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57 colchicine COVID-19 controlled studies, 31 RCTs
Supplementary Data — Colchicine reduces COVID-19 risk: real-time meta analysis of 57 studies
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2+ Hunt 68% 0.32 [0.15-0.67] death Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Hassan (RCT) -40% 1.40 [0.48-4.12] hosp. 7/50 5/50 Hassan (RCT) 4% 0.96 [0.68-1.37] no recov. 27/50 28/50 Inokuchi (RCT) 67% 0.33 [0.03-3.29] hosp. 1/23 2/15 OT1 CT2 Inokuchi (RCT) 24% 0.76 [0.35-1.67] no recov. 8/21 6/12 OT1 CT2 Inokuchi (RCT) -17% 1.17 [0.66-2.07] recov. time 21 (n) 12 (n) OT1 CT2 GRECCO-19 Deftereos (RCT) 77% 0.23 [0.03-1.97] death 1/55 4/50 GRECCO-19 Deftereos (RCT) 82% 0.18 [0.02-1.50] ventilation 1/55 5/50 GRECCO-19 Deftereos (RCT) 87% 0.13 [0.01-0.97] progression 1/55 7/50 Lopes (DB RCT) 80% 0.20 [0.01-4.03] death 0/36 2/36 Lopes (DB RCT) 50% 0.50 [0.10-2.56] ICU 2/36 4/36 Lopes (DB RCT) 22% 0.78 [0.64-0.94] hosp. time 36 (n) 36 (n) Brunetti (PSM) 73% 0.27 [0.08-0.89] death 3/33 11/33 Brunetti (PSM) 73% 0.27 [0.08-0.89] no disch. 3/33 11/33 Scarsi 85% 0.15 [0.06-0.37] death 122 (n) 140 (n) Salehzadeh (RCT) 23% 0.77 [0.66-0.90] hosp. time 50 (n) 50 (n) Pinzón 35% 0.65 [0.34-1.21] death 14/145 23/156 Sandhu 42% 0.58 [0.40-0.85] death 16/34 63/78 Sandhu 53% 0.47 [0.33-0.67] ventilation 16/34 68/68 Sandhu 42% 0.58 [0.40-0.85] no disch. 16/34 63/78 Rodriguez-Nava 6% 0.94 [0.61-1.47] death 16/52 85/261 Mahale -7% 1.07 [0.59-1.96] death 11/39 25/95 Valerio Pas.. (ICU) 23% 0.77 [0.31-1.94] death 5/35 12/30 ICU patients CT2 Valerio Pas.. (ICU) 40% 0.60 [0.38-0.95] ICU 35 (n) 30 (n) ICU patients CT2 COLCORONA Tardif (DB RCT) 44% 0.56 [0.19-1.67] death 5/2,235 9/2,253 COLCORONA Tardif (DB RCT) 20% 0.80 [0.62-1.03] death/hosp. 104/2,235 131/2,253 COLCORONA Tardif (DB RCT) 47% 0.53 [0.25-1.09] ventilation 11/2,235 21/2,253 COLCORONA Tardif (DB RCT) 20% 0.80 [0.61-1.03] hosp. 101/2,235 128/2,253 Mareev 80% 0.20 [0.01-4.01] death 0/21 2/22 Mareev 50% 0.50 [0.24-1.04] no recov. 21 (n) 22 (n) Mareev 71% 0.29 [0.13-0.63] no recov. 21 (n) 22 (n) Mareev 67% 0.33 [0.10-1.07] no recov. 21 (n) 22 (n) Mareev 26% 0.74 [0.53-1.04] hosp. time 21 (n) 22 (n) García-Posada 57% 0.43 [0.16-0.84] death 48/99 59/110 CT2 Manenti (PSW) 76% 0.24 [0.09-0.67] death 71 (n) 70 (n) Manenti (PSW) 44% 0.56 [0.31-1.00] no recov. 71 (n) 70 (n) Mostafaie (RCT) 83% 0.17 [0.02-1.34] death 1/60 6/60 CT2 Mostafaie (RCT) 35% 0.65 [0.53-0.81] hosp. time 59 (n) 54 (n) CT2 RECOVERY Horby (RCT) -1% 1.01 [0.94-1.08] death 1,394/5,610 1,408/5,730 RECOVERY Horby (RCT) -1% 1.01 [0.93-1.10] death 1,173/5,610 1,190/5,730 RECOVERY Horby (RCT) -18% 1.18 [0.99-1.40] ventilation 259/3,815 228/3,962 RECOVERY Horby (RCT) -2% 1.02 [0.96-1.09] death/int. 1,344/5,342 1,343/5,469 RECOVERY Horby (RCT) -2% 1.02 [0.97-1.06] no disch. 1,709/5,610 1,698/5,730 Hueda-Zavaleta 54% 0.46 [0.23-0.91] death 10/50 109/301 Kevorkian 96% 0.04 [0.01-0.21] progression 28 (n) 40 (n) CT2 Gaitán-Dua.. (RCT) 22% 0.78 [0.44-1.36] death 22/153 28/161 CT2 Pascual-Fi.. (RCT) 80% 0.20 [0.01-4.03] death 0/52 2/51 Pascual-Fi.. (RCT) 80% 0.20 [0.01-4.03] ventilation 0/52 2/51 Pascual-Fi.. (RCT) 51% 0.49 [0.09-2.56] ICU 2/52 4/51 Pascual-Fi.. (RCT) 87% 0.13 [0.01-0.71] 7-point status 3/52 7/51 Pascual-Fi.. (RCT) 80% 0.20 [0.01-4.03] 7-point status 0/52 2/51 Pascual-Fi.. (RCT) -15% 1.15 [0.87-1.51] hosp. time 52 (n) 51 (n) PRINCIPLE Dorward (RCT) 70% 0.30 [0.01-7.37] death 0/156 1/120 PRINCIPLE Dorward (RCT) -30% 1.30 [0.42-3.84] death/hosp. 6/156 4/133 PRINCIPLE Dorward (RCT) 22% 0.78 [0.30-1.73] death/hosp. 6/156 119/1,145 PRINCIPLE Dorward (RCT) -6% 1.06 [0.81-1.39] no recov. 156 (n) 133 (n) Absalón-.. (DB RCT) 29% 0.71 [0.21-2.40] death 4/56 6/60 Absalón-.. (DB RCT) 17% 0.83 [0.35-1.93] progression 56 (n) 60 (n) Absalón-.. (DB RCT) -13% 1.13 [0.76-1.66] no recov. 56 (n) 60 (n) Diaz (RCT) 12% 0.88 [0.70-1.12] death 131/640 142/639 Diaz (RCT) 17% 0.83 [0.67-1.02] death/int. 160/640 184/639 Diaz (RCT) 52% 0.48 [0.18-1.27] death/int. 6/93 13/102 Diaz (RCT) 17% 0.83 [0.64-1.07] death 98/515 140/634 Diaz (RCT) 25% 0.75 [0.60-0.95] death/int. 117/515 181/634 Alsultan (RCT) 36% 0.64 [0.20-2.07] death 3/14 7/21 Karakaş 13% 0.87 [0.46-1.64] death 16/165 19/171 Karakaş 16% 0.84 [0.55-1.29] ICU 30/165 37/171 Karakaş 25% 0.75 [0.65-0.87] hosp. time 165 (n) 171 (n) Pourdowlat (RCT) 73% 0.27 [0.11-0.71] hosp. 5/102 18/100 Pourdowlat (RCT) 38% 0.62 [0.41-0.94] no recov. 89 (n) 63 (n) Pourdowlat (RCT) 22% 0.78 [0.60-1.00] no recov. 89 (n) 63 (n) Gorial (RCT) 67% 0.33 [0.04-3.14] death 1/80 3/80 Gorial (RCT) 63% 0.37 [0.21-0.67] no recov. 80 (n) 80 (n) STRUCK Pimenta B.. (RCT) 79% 0.21 [0.01-4.05] death 0/14 2/16 STRUCK Pimenta B.. (RCT) 85% 0.15 [0.01-2.69] no improv. 0/14 3/16 Jalal (RCT) 24% 0.76 [0.62-0.93] hosp. time 36 (n) 44 (n) Cecconi (DB RCT) 29% 0.71 [0.28-1.79] death 7/119 10/120 Cecconi (DB RCT) 50% 0.50 [0.18-1.43] ventilation 5/119 10/120 Cecconi (DB RCT) 21% 0.79 [0.38-1.67] ICU 11/119 14/120 Cecconi (DB RCT) 15% 0.85 [0.50-1.43] NIV/ICU/vent./death 21/119 25/120 ACT inpatient Eikelboom (RCT) -8% 1.08 [0.91-1.29] death 264/1,304 249/1,307 ACT inpatient Eikelboom (RCT) -4% 1.04 [0.90-1.21] progression 368/1,304 356/1,307 ACT inpatient Eikelboom (RCT) 2% 0.98 [0.82-1.17] progression 246/1,304 252/1,307 ACT outpatient Eikelboom (RCT) -9% 1.09 [0.48-2.47] death 12/1,939 11/1,942 ACT outpatient Eikelboom (RCT) -2% 1.02 [0.72-1.43] death/hosp. 66/1,939 65/1,942 ACT outpatient Eikelboom (RCT) -2% 1.02 [0.71-1.45] hosp. 62/1,939 61/1,942 COLVID-19 Perricone (RCT) -36% 1.36 [0.45-4.11] death 7/77 5/75 COLVID-19 Perricone (RCT) -7% 1.07 [0.48-2.37] progression 11/77 10/75 COLVID-19 Perricone (RCT) -30% 1.30 [0.30-5.61] ventilation 4/77 3/75 COLVID-19 Perricone (RCT) 76% 0.24 [0.03-2.13] ICU 1/77 4/75 COLVID-19 Perricone (RCT) 4% 0.96 [0.79-1.17] hosp. time 77 (n) 75 (n) Rahman (DB RCT) 71% 0.29 [0.10-0.92] death 4/146 13/146 Rahman (DB RCT) 71% 0.29 [0.10-0.92] progression 4/146 13/146 Rahman (DB RCT) 61% 0.39 [0.08-2.02] death 2/146 5/146 Rahman (DB RCT) 51% 0.49 [0.09-2.68] ventilation 2/146 4/146 Rahman (DB RCT) 56% 0.44 [0.13-1.43] progression 4/146 9/146 Hueda-Zavaleta -33% 1.33 [0.75-2.36] death 18/52 33/148 Ventilated patients Haroon (RCT) 34% 0.66 [0.40-1.10] no recov. 48 (n) 48 (n) Kasiri (DB RCT) 7% 0.93 [0.32-2.69] death 6/55 6/51 Kasiri (DB RCT) 7% 0.93 [0.32-2.69] ventilation 6/55 6/51 Kasiri (DB RCT) -24% 1.24 [0.57-2.69] ICU 12/55 9/51 Kasiri (DB RCT) 28% 0.72 [0.29-1.79] no recov. 7/55 9/51 Kasiri (DB RCT) 12% 0.88 [0.55-1.43] no recov. 20/55 21/51 Kasiri (DB RCT) 14% 0.86 [0.73-1.01] recov. time 55 (n) 51 (n) Sunil Naik (RCT) -169% 2.69 [0.11-64.6] death 1/62 0/43 Sunil Naik (RCT) -108% 2.08 [0.22-19.3] progression 3/62 1/43 Sunil Naik (RCT) 7% 0.93 [0.82-1.04] no recov. 62 (n) 43 (n) Sunil Naik (RCT) 15% 0.85 [0.72-1.01] no recov. 49/62 40/43 Sunil Naik (RCT) 24% 0.76 [0.60-0.95] no recov. 62 (n) 43 (n) COLSTAT Shah (RCT) -75% 1.75 [0.53-5.83] death 7/125 4/125 CT2 COLSTAT Shah (RCT) -100% 2.00 [0.51-7.82] death 6/125 3/125 CT2 COLSTAT Shah (RCT) -200% 3.00 [0.62-14.6] ventilation 6/125 2/125 CT2 COLSTAT Shah (RCT) -46% 1.46 [0.76-2.83] severe case 19/125 13/125 CT2 COLSTAT Shah (RCT) -73% 1.73 [0.86-3.48] severe case 19/125 11/125 CT2 Villamañán 42% 0.58 [0.33-0.96] death 19/111 32/111 Mehrizi -13% 1.13 [1.08-1.19] death population-based cohort Yadollahza.. (RCT) 33% 0.67 [0.28-1.60] death 6/26 9/26 Vaziri (RCT) 81% 0.19 [0.04-0.88] death 2/108 7/71 CT2 Vaziri (RCT) 89% 0.11 [0.01-0.89] death 1/108 6/71 CT2 Vaziri (RCT) 87% 0.13 [0.03-0.58] ICU 2/108 10/71 CT2 Vaziri (RCT) 35% 0.65 [0.58-0.73] hosp. time 108 (n) 71 (n) CT2 COLTREXONE Gertner (RCT) 65% 0.35 [0.10-1.27] ICU 67 (n) 70 (n) COLTREXONE Gertner (RCT) 43% 0.57 [0.27-1.20] no recov. 67 (n) 70 (n) COLTREXONE Gertner (RCT) 24% 0.76 [0.55-1.10] no recov. 67 (n) 70 (n) COLTREXONE Gertner (RCT) 34% 0.66 [0.28-1.53] oxygen 67 (n) 70 (n) COLTREXONE Gertner (RCT) 20% 0.80 [0.59-1.07] hosp. time 67 (n) 70 (n) CONVINCE Landi (RCT) -4% 1.04 [0.06-16.6] hosp. 30 (n) 29 (n) CONVINCE Landi (RCT) -5% 1.05 [0.07-16.7] oxygen 30 (n) 29 (n) CONVINCE Landi (RCT) 40% 0.60 [0.23-1.54] misc. 30 (n) 29 (n) CONVINCE Landi (RCT) 11% 0.89 [0.41-1.93] viral+ 30 (n) 29 (n) Madrid-García -37% 1.37 [0.48-3.90] death n/a n/a Madrid-García -137% 2.37 [0.64-8.73] hosp. n/a n/a Ozcifci 4% 0.96 [0.75-1.22] cases 130/616 85/421 Monserrat .. (PSM) 80% 0.20 [0.02-0.93] death n/a n/a Topless 23% 0.77 [0.56-1.07] death population-based cohort Oztas -406% 5.06 [0.59-43.2] hosp. 5/635 1/643 Oztas -73% 1.73 [0.96-3.11] symp. case 29/635 17/643 Oztas -24% 1.24 [0.81-1.92] cases 43/635 35/643 Avanoglu Guler 79% 0.21 [0.04-0.83] oxygen 6/66 3/7 Correa-Rodríguez -150% 2.50 [0.10-60.6] oxygen 1/163 0/81 Correa-Rodríguez -150% 2.50 [0.10-60.6] hosp. 1/163 0/81 Correa-Rodríguez 7% 0.93 [0.51-1.70] no recov. 13/24 7/12 Correa-Rodríguez 1% 0.99 [0.52-1.88] cases 24/163 12/81 Sáenz-Aldea -8% 1.08 [0.76-1.53] hosp. case control Sáenz-Aldea -12% 1.12 [0.91-1.37] cases case control Chevalier -28% 1.28 [0.51-2.35] death 5/21 111/569 Chevalier 8% 0.92 [0.36-1.78] hosp. 15/116 180/1,097 Colchicine COVID-19 outcomes c19 early .org October 2025 1 OT: comparison with other treatment 2 CT: study uses combined treatment Favors colchicine Favors control
Fig. S2. Comparison of results for RCTs versus observational studies.
For COVID-19 treatments, there is no significant difference between the results of RCTs and observational studies. Observational studies do not systematically over or underestimate efficacy. For high-cost treatments, there is a non-significant trend towards RCTs showing greater efficacy.
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