Novel dietary herbal preparations with inhibitory activities against multiple SARS-CoV-2 targets: A multidisciplinary investigation into antiviral activities
Olujide Oludayo Olubiyi, Francis Alfred Attah, Birgit Strodel, Raphael Josef Eberle, Monika Aparecida Coronado, Oluwadotun Akinseinde, Augustine Anayochukwu Onyeaghala, Ikemefuna Chijioke Uzochukwu, Olayinka Adejoke Kotila, Hannah Dada-Adegbola, Awodayo Oluwatoyin Adepiti, Anthony Adebolu Elujoba, Chinedum Peace Babalola
Food Chemistry Advances, doi:10.1016/j.focha.2025.100969
The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in not <7.1million deaths globally as of December 2024. Many new variants of concern have continued to emerge since the initial outbreak of the original SARS-CoV-2 virus traceable to the Wuhan strain (Wuhan-Hu-1). In this work, the therapeutic potentials of four new polyherbal dietary preparations -VIVE (five plants), FORTE1(fortified VIVE), COMBI-5 (five spices) and MOK (Moringa seed) as well as four individual ethnomedicinal plants were investigated. Computational screening revealed chemical structures capable of establishing moderate to strong interaction with SARS-CoV-2′s main protease enzyme, while in vitro screening against the viral protease clearly established inhibitory potencies. The individual plant extracts making up VIVE and FORTE1 showed mild (494.9 ± 19.6 µg/ml) to moderate (21.5 ± 1.1 µg/ml) inhibitory activity against the viral enzyme in vitro; highest activity was obtained in the polyherbal VIVE preparation (17.3 ± 1.4 µg/ml). The MOK exerted total inhibition -100 % (IC 50 -3.6 ± 0.9) of the viral enzyme while COMBI-5 produced an inhibition of 95 %(IC 50 -0.9 ± 0.1). These results revealed the potential of
Ethics approval and consent to participate Not applicable.
Consent for publication Not applicable.
CRediT authorship contribution statement Olujide
Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: If there are other authors, they declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Supplementary materials Supplementary material associated with this article can be found, in the online version, at doi:10.1016/j.focha.2025.100969.
References
Abubakar, Kankara, Malami, Danjuma, Muhammad et al., Traditional medicinal plants used for treating emerging and re-emerging viral diseases in northern Nigeria, European Journal of Integrative Medicine
Attah, Akindele, Nnamani, Jonah, Sonibare et al., Moringa oleifera seed at the interface of food and medicine: Effect of extracts on some reproductive parameters, hepatic and renal histology, Frontiers in Pharmacology
Attah, Fagbemi, Olubiyi, Dada-Adegbola, Oluwadotun et al., Therapeutic potentials of antiviral plants used in traditional african medicine with COVID-19 in focus: A Nigerian perspective, Frontiers in Pharmacology
Bahun, Jukić, Marko, Oblak, Domen et al., Inhibition of the SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro main protease by plant polyphenols, Food Chemistry
Borkotoky, Banerjee, A computational prediction of SARS-CoV-2 structural protein inhibitors from Azadirachta indica (Neem), Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics
Clement, Casas, Parra-Rondinel, Levis, Peroni et al., Disentangling domestication from food production systems in the neotropics, Quaternary
Darshani, Sen Sarma, Srivastava, Baishya, Kumar, Anti-viral triterpenes: A review, Phytochemistry Reviews
Derosa, Maffioli, D'angelo, Di Pierro, A role for quercetin in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), Phytotherapy Research
Eberle, Olivier, Amaral, Gering, Willbold et al., The repurposed drugs suramin and quinacrine cooperatively inhibit SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro in vitro, Viruses
Fernandez, Sáez, Quintero, Gleiser, Aizen, Intentional and unintentional selection during plant domestication: Herbivore damage, plant defensive traits and nutritional quality of fruit and seed crops, New Phytologist
Giugliano, Ferraro, Chianese, Della Marca, Zannella et al., Antiviral properties of Moringa oleifera leaf extracts against respiratory viruses, Viruses
Grifagni, Calderone, Giuntini, Cantini, Fragai et al., SARS-CoV-2 mpro inhibition by a zinc ion: Structural features and hints for drug design, Chemical Communications
Guijarro-Real, Carla, Plazas, Mariola, Rodríguez-Burruezo et al., Potential in vitro inhibition of selected plant extracts against SARS-CoV-2 chymotripsin-like protease (3CLPro) activity, Foods
Gyebi, Ogunro, Adegunloye, Ogunyemi, Afolabi, Potential inhibitors of coronavirus 3-chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro): An in silico screening of alkaloids and terpenoids from African medicinal plants, Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics
Jikah, Edo, Mechanisms of action by sulphur compounds in allium sativum. A review, Pharmacological Research-Modern Chinese Medicine
Kathum, Al-Kahdum, Hadi, Abood, Abdulfattah, Genetical and cellular induction of interferon genes via the treatment with (Allium sativum) garlic extract against recombinant influenza A/Puerto Rico/8/34 H1N PR8 infection, Gene Reports
Loschwitz, Jäckering, Keutmann, Olagunju, Eberle et al., Novel inhibitors of the main protease enzyme of SARS-CoV-2 identified via molecular dynamics simulation-guided in vitro assay, Bioorganic Chemistry
Mann, Perisetti, Abhilash, Gajendran, Mahesh et al., Clinical characteristics, diagnosis, and treatment of major coronavirus outbreaks, Frontiers in medicine
Momoh, Muhamed, Agboke, Akpabio, Osonwa, Immunological effect of aqueous extract of vernonia amygdalina and a known immune booster called immunace® and their admixtures on HIV/AIDS clients: A comparative study, Asian pacific journal of tropical biomedicine
Oladele, Ajayi, Oyeleke, Oladele, Olowookere et al., A systematic review on COVID-19 pandemic with special emphasis on curative potentials of Nigeria based medicinal plants, Heliyon
Olubiyi, Olagunju, Keutmann, Loschwitz, Strodel, High throughput virtual screening to discover inhibitors of the main protease of the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, Molecules
Olubiyi, Samantray, Illig, Advances in structure-based virtual screening for drug discovery
Onyeaghala, Anayochukwu, Babalola, Peace, Onyeaghala et al., Management of mild and moderate symptoms of COVID-19 in infected subjects using COMBI-5forte herbal supplement: Case series, Journal of Medical Laboratory Science
Onyeaghala, Onyeaghala, Babalola, Aina, Jelpe, Herbal supplement (Combi-5) in the management of COVID 19 individual with mild to moderate symptoms: A case report, Journal of Complementary and Integrative Medicine
Perera, Liyanage, Dissanayake, Gunathilaka, Weerakoon et al., Antiviral potential of selected medicinal herbs and their isolated natural products
Proestos, The benefits of plant extracts for human health, Foods
Qi, Zhou, Hua, Zhang, Bian et al., The scRNA-seq expression profiling of the receptor ACE2 and the cellular protease TMPRSS2 reveals human organs susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
Ryu, Bae, Su-Jin, Park, Young et al., SARS-CoV 3CLpro inhibitory effects of quinone-methide triterpenes from Tripterygium regelii, Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters
Shao, Su, Zhang, Yang, Zhang et al., Nine-valent oleanolic acid conjugates as potent inhibitors blocking the entry of influenza A virus, European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry
Sun, Fahey, Zhu, Ng, Chen et al., A cohort study to examine the use of Chinese herbal medicine in combination with conventional therapies for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma in China, Integrative Cancer Therapies
Tahir Ul Qamar, Rehman, Tusleem, Ashfaq, Qasim et al., Designing of a next generation multiepitope based vaccine (MEV) against SARS-COV-2: Immunoinformatics and in silico approaches, PloS one
Tarique, Ahmad, Malik, Ahmad, Saeed et al., Novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and other coronaviruses: A genome-wide comparative annotation and analysis, Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry
Timir, None
Ul Qamar, Alqahtani, Alamri, Chen, Structural basis of SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro and anti-COVID-19 drug discovery from medicinal plants, Journal of pharmaceutical analysis
Who, WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard
Who, World Health Organization/Europe | coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak -WHO announces COVID-19 outbreak a pandemic
Wu, Li, Zhao, Huang, Jiang et al., Therapeutic targets and potential agents for the treatment of COVID-19, Medicinal Research Reviews
Xiong, Rajoka, Mehwish, Zhang, Liang et al., Virucidal activity of Moringa A from Moringa oleifera seeds against Influenza A Viruses by regulating TFEB, International Immunopharmacology
Xiong, Riaz Rajoka, Zhang, He, Isolation and identification of two new compounds from the seeds of Moringa oleifera and their antiviral and antiinflammatory activities, Natural Product Research
DOI record:
{
"DOI": "10.1016/j.focha.2025.100969",
"ISSN": [
"2772-753X"
],
"URL": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.focha.2025.100969",
"alternative-id": [
"S2772753X25000851"
],
"article-number": "100969",
"assertion": [
{
"label": "This article is maintained by",
"name": "publisher",
"value": "Elsevier"
},
{
"label": "Article Title",
"name": "articletitle",
"value": "Novel dietary herbal preparations with inhibitory activities against multiple SARS-CoV-2 targets: A multidisciplinary investigation into antiviral activities"
},
{
"label": "Journal Title",
"name": "journaltitle",
"value": "Food Chemistry Advances"
},
{
"label": "CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version",
"name": "articlelink",
"value": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.focha.2025.100969"
},
{
"label": "Content Type",
"name": "content_type",
"value": "article"
},
{
"label": "Copyright",
"name": "copyright",
"value": "© 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd."
}
],
"author": [
{
"affiliation": [],
"family": "Olubiyi",
"given": "Olujide Oludayo",
"sequence": "first"
},
{
"ORCID": "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0787-0204",
"affiliation": [],
"authenticated-orcid": false,
"family": "Attah",
"given": "Francis Alfred",
"sequence": "additional"
},
{
"affiliation": [],
"family": "Strodel",
"given": "Birgit",
"sequence": "additional"
},
{
"affiliation": [],
"family": "Eberle",
"given": "Raphael Josef",
"sequence": "additional"
},
{
"affiliation": [],
"family": "Coronado",
"given": "Monika Aparecida",
"sequence": "additional"
},
{
"affiliation": [],
"family": "Akinseinde",
"given": "Oluwadotun",
"sequence": "additional"
},
{
"affiliation": [],
"family": "Onyeaghala",
"given": "Augustine Anayochukwu",
"sequence": "additional"
},
{
"affiliation": [],
"family": "Uzochukwu",
"given": "Ikemefuna Chijioke",
"sequence": "additional"
},
{
"affiliation": [],
"family": "Kotila",
"given": "Olayinka Adejoke",
"sequence": "additional"
},
{
"affiliation": [],
"family": "Dada-Adegbola",
"given": "Hannah",
"sequence": "additional"
},
{
"affiliation": [],
"family": "Adepiti",
"given": "Awodayo Oluwatoyin",
"sequence": "additional"
},
{
"affiliation": [],
"family": "Elujoba",
"given": "Anthony Adebolu",
"sequence": "additional"
},
{
"affiliation": [],
"family": "Babalola",
"given": "Chinedum Peace",
"sequence": "additional"
}
],
"container-title": "Food Chemistry Advances",
"container-title-short": "Food Chemistry Advances",
"content-domain": {
"crossmark-restriction": true,
"domain": [
"elsevier.com",
"sciencedirect.com"
]
},
"created": {
"date-parts": [
[
2025,
4,
6
]
],
"date-time": "2025-04-06T14:21:57Z",
"timestamp": 1743949317000
},
"deposited": {
"date-parts": [
[
2025,
4,
6
]
],
"date-time": "2025-04-06T14:22:07Z",
"timestamp": 1743949327000
},
"indexed": {
"date-parts": [
[
2025,
4,
6
]
],
"date-time": "2025-04-06T14:40:08Z",
"timestamp": 1743950408311,
"version": "3.40.3"
},
"is-referenced-by-count": 0,
"issued": {
"date-parts": [
[
2025,
6
]
]
},
"language": "en",
"license": [
{
"URL": "https://www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/",
"content-version": "tdm",
"delay-in-days": 0,
"start": {
"date-parts": [
[
2025,
6,
1
]
],
"date-time": "2025-06-01T00:00:00Z",
"timestamp": 1748736000000
}
},
{
"URL": "https://www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license",
"content-version": "tdm",
"delay-in-days": 0,
"start": {
"date-parts": [
[
2025,
6,
1
]
],
"date-time": "2025-06-01T00:00:00Z",
"timestamp": 1748736000000
}
},
{
"URL": "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
"content-version": "vor",
"delay-in-days": 0,
"start": {
"date-parts": [
[
2025,
3,
25
]
],
"date-time": "2025-03-25T00:00:00Z",
"timestamp": 1742860800000
}
}
],
"link": [
{
"URL": "https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S2772753X25000851?httpAccept=text/xml",
"content-type": "text/xml",
"content-version": "vor",
"intended-application": "text-mining"
},
{
"URL": "https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S2772753X25000851?httpAccept=text/plain",
"content-type": "text/plain",
"content-version": "vor",
"intended-application": "text-mining"
}
],
"member": "78",
"original-title": [],
"page": "100969",
"prefix": "10.1016",
"published": {
"date-parts": [
[
2025,
6
]
]
},
"published-print": {
"date-parts": [
[
2025,
6
]
]
},
"publisher": "Elsevier BV",
"reference": [
{
"DOI": "10.1016/j.eujim.2021.102094",
"article-title": "Traditional medicinal plants used for treating emerging and re-emerging viral diseases in northern Nigeria",
"author": "Abubakar",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"journal-title": "European Journal of Integrative Medicine",
"key": "10.1016/j.focha.2025.100969_bib0001",
"volume": "49",
"year": "2022"
},
{
"article-title": "Therapeutic potentials of antiviral plants used in traditional african medicine with COVID-19 in focus: A Nigerian perspective",
"author": "Attah",
"journal-title": "Frontiers in Pharmacology",
"key": "10.1016/j.focha.2025.100969_bib0002",
"volume": "12",
"year": "2021"
},
{
"DOI": "10.3389/fphar.2022.816498",
"article-title": "Moringa oleifera seed at the interface of food and medicine: Effect of extracts on some reproductive parameters, hepatic and renal histology",
"author": "Attah",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "816498",
"journal-title": "Frontiers in Pharmacology",
"key": "10.1016/j.focha.2025.100969_bib39",
"volume": "13",
"year": "2022"
},
{
"article-title": "Inhibition of the SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro main protease by plant polyphenols",
"author": "Bahun",
"journal-title": "Food Chemistry",
"key": "10.1016/j.focha.2025.100969_bib0004",
"year": "2021"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1080/07391102.2020.1774419",
"article-title": "A computational prediction of SARS-CoV-2 structural protein inhibitors from Azadirachta indica (Neem)",
"author": "Borkotoky",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "4111",
"issue": "11",
"journal-title": "Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics",
"key": "10.1016/j.focha.2025.100969_bib0005",
"volume": "39",
"year": "2021"
},
{
"DOI": "10.3390/quat4010004",
"article-title": "Disentangling domestication from food production systems in the neotropics",
"author": "Clement",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "4",
"issue": "1",
"journal-title": "Quaternary",
"key": "10.1016/j.focha.2025.100969_bib0006",
"volume": "4",
"year": "2021"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1007/s11101-022-09808-1",
"article-title": "Anti-viral triterpenes: A review",
"author": "Darshani",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "1761",
"issue": "6",
"journal-title": "Phytochemistry Reviews",
"key": "10.1016/j.focha.2025.100969_bib0007",
"volume": "21",
"year": "2022"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1002/ptr.6887",
"article-title": "A role for quercetin in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)",
"author": "Derosa",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "1230",
"issue": "3",
"journal-title": "Phytotherapy Research",
"key": "10.1016/j.focha.2025.100969_bib0008",
"volume": "35",
"year": "2021"
},
{
"DOI": "10.3390/v13050873",
"article-title": "The repurposed drugs suramin and quinacrine cooperatively inhibit SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro in vitro",
"author": "Eberle",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "873",
"issue": "5",
"journal-title": "Viruses",
"key": "10.1016/j.focha.2025.100969_bib0009",
"volume": "13",
"year": "2021"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1111/nph.17452",
"article-title": "Intentional and unintentional selection during plant domestication: Herbivore damage, plant defensive traits and nutritional quality of fruit and seed crops",
"author": "Fernandez",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "1586",
"issue": "4",
"journal-title": "New Phytologist",
"key": "10.1016/j.focha.2025.100969_bib0010",
"volume": "231",
"year": "2021"
},
{
"DOI": "10.3390/v16081199",
"article-title": "Antiviral properties of Moringa oleifera leaf extracts against respiratory viruses",
"author": "Giugliano",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "1199",
"issue": "8",
"journal-title": "Viruses",
"key": "10.1016/j.focha.2025.100969_bib0011",
"volume": "16",
"year": "2024"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1039/D1CC02956H",
"article-title": "SARS-CoV-2 mpro inhibition by a zinc ion: Structural features and hints for drug design",
"author": "Grifagni",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "7910",
"issue": "64",
"journal-title": "Chemical Communications",
"key": "10.1016/j.focha.2025.100969_bib0012",
"volume": "57",
"year": "2021"
},
{
"article-title": "Potential in vitro inhibition of selected plant extracts against SARS-CoV-2 chymotripsin-like protease (3CLPro) activity",
"author": "Guijarro-Real",
"first-page": "1503",
"issue": "7",
"journal-title": "Foods (Basel, Switzerland)",
"key": "10.1016/j.focha.2025.100969_bib0013",
"volume": "10",
"year": "2021"
},
{
"article-title": "Potential inhibitors of coronavirus 3-chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro): An in silico screening of alkaloids and terpenoids from African medicinal plants",
"author": "Gyebi",
"first-page": "3396",
"issue": "9",
"journal-title": "Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics",
"key": "10.1016/j.focha.2025.100969_bib0014",
"volume": "39",
"year": "2021"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1016/j.prmcm.2023.100323",
"article-title": "Mechanisms of action by sulphur compounds in allium sativum. A review",
"author": "Jikah",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"journal-title": "Pharmacological Research-Modern Chinese Medicine",
"key": "10.1016/j.focha.2025.100969_bib0015",
"year": "2023"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1016/j.genrep.2024.102069",
"article-title": "Genetical and cellular induction of interferon genes via the treatment with (Allium sativum) garlic extract against recombinant influenza A/Puerto Rico/8/34 H1N PR8 infection",
"author": "Kathum",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"journal-title": "Gene Reports",
"key": "10.1016/j.focha.2025.100969_bib0016",
"volume": "37",
"year": "2024"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.104862",
"article-title": "Novel inhibitors of the main protease enzyme of SARS-CoV-2 identified via molecular dynamics simulation-guided in vitro assay",
"author": "Loschwitz",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"journal-title": "Bioorganic Chemistry",
"key": "10.1016/j.focha.2025.100969_bib0017",
"volume": "111",
"year": "2021"
},
{
"DOI": "10.3389/fmed.2020.581521",
"article-title": "Clinical characteristics, diagnosis, and treatment of major coronavirus outbreaks",
"author": "Mann",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"journal-title": "Frontiers in medicine",
"key": "10.1016/j.focha.2025.100969_bib0018",
"volume": "7",
"year": "2020"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1016/S2221-1691(12)60038-0",
"article-title": "Immunological effect of aqueous extract of vernonia amygdalina and a known immune booster called immunace® and their admixtures on HIV/AIDS clients: A comparative study",
"author": "Momoh",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "181",
"issue": "3",
"journal-title": "Asian pacific journal of tropical biomedicine",
"key": "10.1016/j.focha.2025.100969_bib0019",
"volume": "2",
"year": "2012"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04897",
"article-title": "A systematic review on COVID-19 pandemic with special emphasis on curative potentials of Nigeria based medicinal plants",
"author": "Oladele",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"issue": "9",
"journal-title": "Heliyon",
"key": "10.1016/j.focha.2025.100969_bib0020",
"volume": "6",
"year": "2020"
},
{
"DOI": "10.3390/molecules25143193",
"article-title": "High throughput virtual screening to discover inhibitors of the main protease of the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2",
"author": "Olubiyi",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "3193",
"issue": "14",
"journal-title": "Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)",
"key": "10.1016/j.focha.2025.100969_bib0021",
"volume": "25",
"year": "2020"
},
{
"article-title": "Advances in structure-based virtual screening for drug discovery",
"author": "Olubiyi",
"first-page": "387",
"key": "10.1016/j.focha.2025.100969_bib0022",
"series-title": "Advances in protein molecular and structural biology methods",
"year": "2022"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1515/jcim-2020-0430",
"article-title": "Herbal supplement (Combi-5) in the management of COVID 19 individual with mild to moderate symptoms: A case report",
"author": "Onyeaghala",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "865",
"issue": "4",
"journal-title": "Journal of Complementary and Integrative Medicine",
"key": "10.1016/j.focha.2025.100969_bib0023",
"volume": "18",
"year": "2021"
},
{
"article-title": "Management of mild and moderate symptoms of COVID-19 in infected subjects using COMBI-5forte herbal supplement: Case series",
"author": "Onyeaghala",
"first-page": "56",
"issue": "1",
"journal-title": "Journal of Medical Laboratory Science;",
"key": "10.1016/j.focha.2025.100969_bib0003",
"volume": "32",
"year": "2022"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1155/2021/7872406",
"article-title": "Antiviral potential of selected medicinal herbs and their isolated natural products",
"author": "Perera",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"issue": "1",
"journal-title": "BioMed Research International",
"key": "10.1016/j.focha.2025.100969_bib0024",
"volume": "2021",
"year": "2021"
},
{
"article-title": "The benefits of plant extracts for human health",
"author": "Proestos",
"first-page": "1653",
"issue": "11",
"journal-title": "Foods (Basel, Switzerland)",
"key": "10.1016/j.focha.2025.100969_bib0025",
"volume": "9",
"year": "2020"
},
{
"DOI": "10.3390/ijerph18010284",
"article-title": "The scRNA-seq expression profiling of the receptor ACE2 and the cellular protease TMPRSS2 reveals human organs susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection",
"author": "Qi",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "284",
"issue": "1",
"journal-title": "International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health",
"key": "10.1016/j.focha.2025.100969_bib0026",
"volume": "18",
"year": "2021"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.01.152",
"article-title": "SARS-CoV 3CLpro inhibitory effects of quinone-methide triterpenes from Tripterygium regelii",
"author": "Ryu",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "1873",
"issue": "6",
"journal-title": "Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters",
"key": "10.1016/j.focha.2025.100969_bib0027",
"volume": "20",
"year": "2010"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115562",
"article-title": "Nine-valent oleanolic acid conjugates as potent inhibitors blocking the entry of influenza A virus",
"author": "Shao",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"journal-title": "European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry",
"key": "10.1016/j.focha.2025.100969_bib0028",
"volume": "258",
"year": "2023"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1177/1534735418775819",
"article-title": "A cohort study to examine the use of Chinese herbal medicine in combination with conventional therapies for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma in China",
"author": "Sun",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "902",
"issue": "3",
"journal-title": "Integrative Cancer Therapies",
"key": "10.1016/j.focha.2025.100969_bib0029",
"volume": "17",
"year": "2018"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1371/journal.pone.0244176",
"article-title": "Designing of a next generation multiepitope based vaccine (MEV) against SARS-COV-2: Immunoinformatics and in silico approaches",
"author": "Tahir ul Qamar",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"issue": "12",
"journal-title": "PloS one",
"key": "10.1016/j.focha.2025.100969_bib38",
"volume": "15",
"year": "2020"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1007/s11010-020-04027-8",
"article-title": "Novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and other coronaviruses: A genome-wide comparative annotation and analysis",
"author": "Tarique",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "2203",
"journal-title": "Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry",
"key": "10.1016/j.focha.2025.100969_bib0030",
"volume": "476",
"year": "2021"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1016/j.jpha.2020.03.009",
"article-title": "Structural basis of SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro and anti-COVID-19 drug discovery from medicinal plants",
"author": "Ul Qamar",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "313",
"issue": "4",
"journal-title": "Journal of pharmaceutical analysis",
"key": "10.1016/j.focha.2025.100969_bib0031",
"volume": "10",
"year": "2020"
},
{
"key": "10.1016/j.focha.2025.100969_bib0034",
"series-title": "World Health Organization/Europe | coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak - WHO announces COVID-19 outbreak a pandemic [WWW document]",
"year": "2020"
},
{
"key": "10.1016/j.focha.2025.100969_bib0032",
"series-title": "WHO COVID-19 dashboard",
"year": "2024"
},
{
"author": "WHO",
"key": "10.1016/j.focha.2025.100969_bib42",
"series-title": "WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard",
"year": "2021"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1002/med.21776",
"article-title": "Therapeutic targets and potential agents for the treatment of COVID-19",
"author": "Wu",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "1775",
"issue": "3",
"journal-title": "Medicinal Research Reviews",
"key": "10.1016/j.focha.2025.100969_bib0035",
"volume": "41",
"year": "2021"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107561",
"article-title": "Virucidal activity of Moringa A from Moringa oleifera seeds against Influenza A Viruses by regulating TFEB",
"author": "Xiong",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"journal-title": "International Immunopharmacology",
"key": "10.1016/j.focha.2025.100969_bib0036",
"volume": "95",
"year": "2021"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1080/14786419.2020.1851218",
"article-title": "Isolation and identification of two new compounds from the seeds of Moringa oleifera and their antiviral and anti-inflammatory activities",
"author": "Xiong",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "974",
"issue": "4",
"journal-title": "Natural Product Research",
"key": "10.1016/j.focha.2025.100969_bib0037",
"volume": "36",
"year": "2022"
}
],
"reference-count": 39,
"references-count": 39,
"relation": {},
"resource": {
"primary": {
"URL": "https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2772753X25000851"
}
},
"score": 1,
"short-title": [],
"source": "Crossref",
"special_numbering": "C",
"subject": [],
"subtitle": [],
"title": "Novel dietary herbal preparations with inhibitory activities against multiple SARS-CoV-2 targets: A multidisciplinary investigation into antiviral activities",
"type": "journal-article",
"update-policy": "https://doi.org/10.1016/elsevier_cm_policy",
"volume": "7"
}
