Assessing multi-target antiviral and antioxidant activities of natural compounds against SARS-CoV-2: an integrated in vitro and in silico study

{ 'indexed': { 'date-parts': [[2024, 11, 28]], 'date-time': '2024-11-28T05:37:25Z', 'timestamp': 1732772245003, 'version': '3.29.0'}, 'reference-count': 94, 'publisher': 'Springer Science and Business Media LLC', 'issue': '1', 'license': [ { 'start': { 'date-parts': [[2024, 11, 27]], 'date-time': '2024-11-27T00:00:00Z', 'timestamp': 1732665600000}, 'content-version': 'tdm', 'delay-in-days': 0, 'URL': 'https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0'}, { 'start': { 'date-parts': [[2024, 11, 27]], 'date-time': '2024-11-27T00:00:00Z', 'timestamp': 1732665600000}, 'content-version': 'vor', 'delay-in-days': 0, 'URL': 'https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0'}], 'content-domain': {'domain': ['link.springer.com'], 'crossmark-restriction': False}, 'abstract': '<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>There is an urgent need for preventive and ' 'therapeutic drugs to effectively treat and prevent viral diseases from resurfacing as they ' 'emerge during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aims to assess the antiviral effects of four ' 'natural compounds commonly used in traditional medicine to treat SARS-CoV-2 infection. A ' 'cytotoxicity, dose-dependent, and plaque reduction assay was performed on Vero CCL-81 cells ' 'to figure out their effects on the cells. Quantification of cytokines was assessed. In silico ' 'analysis for the selected compound was also evaluated. Results revealed that the compounds ' 'could disrupt the viral replication cycle through direct inhibition of the virus or immune ' 'system stimulation. The cytotoxicity assay results revealed that the compounds were well ' 'tolerated by the cells, indicating that the compounds were not toxic to the cells. This study ' 'evaluated the antioxidant capacities of propolis, curcumin, quercetin, and ginseng using ' 'ABTS, FRAP, and CUPRAC assays, revealing that propolis exhibited the highest antioxidant ' 'activity of ABTS with 1250.40\u2009±\u200917.10\xa0μmol Trolox eq/g, with FRAP values ' 'reaching 1200.55\u2009±\u200915.90\xa0μmol Fe<jats:sup>2</jats:sup>⁺ eq/g and CUPRAC values ' 'of 1150.80\u2009±\u200914.20\xa0μmol Trolox eq/g at 1000\xa0µg/mL, highlighting its potential ' 'as a potent natural antioxidant. The results of the plaque reduction assay revealed that the ' 'compounds could reduce the size and number of plaques, indicating that the compounds could ' 'inhibit the virus replication cycle. Subsequently, using molecular docking to analyze the ' 'effect of propolis, curcumin, quercetin, and ginseng as inhibitors, it was unveiled that the ' 'four compounds are likely to have the potential to inhibit the protease activity, spike ' 'protein S1, and RNA polymerase of SARS-CoV-2 and the virus titer was reduced by 100% after ' 'post-infection using propolis as an inhibitor control.</jats:p>\n' ' <jats:p><jats:bold>Graphical Abstract</jats:bold></jats:p>', 'DOI': '10.1186/s40643-024-00822-z', 'type': 'journal-article', 'created': { 'date-parts': [[2024, 11, 27]], 'date-time': '2024-11-27T21:09:01Z', 'timestamp': 1732741741000}, 'update-policy': 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/springer_crossmark_policy', 'source': 'Crossref', 'is-referenced-by-count': 0, 'title': 'Assessing multi-target antiviral and antioxidant activities of natural compounds against ' 'SARS-CoV-2: an integrated in vitro and in silico study', 'prefix': '10.1186', 'volume': '11', 'author': [ {'given': 'Aisha Nawaf', 'family': 'Al balawi', 'sequence': 'first', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Jayda G.', 'family': 'Eldiasty', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, { 'given': 'Sahar Abd-El Razik', 'family': 'Mosallam', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Alaa R.', 'family': 'El-Alosey', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5372-4297', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Alaa', 'family': 'Elmetwalli', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}], 'member': '297', 'published-online': {'date-parts': [[2024, 11, 27]]}, 'reference': [ { 'key': '822_CR1', 'first-page': '79', 'volume': '13', 'author': 'HS Abbas', 'year': '2023', 'unstructured': 'Abbas HS, Abd-Elhakeem MM, Abd El Galil RM et al (2023) Natural ' 'immunomodulators treat the cytokine storm in SARS-CoV-2. 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