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27 azvudine COVID-19 controlled studies, 1 RCTs
37% improvement
for early treatment, RR
0.63
[0.38-1.03]
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
1.25
1.5
1.75
2+
Chen
-12%
1.12 [0.05-23.9]
recov. time
66 (n)
41 (n)
Improvement, RR [CI]
Treatment
Control
Chen
32%
0.68 [0.47-0.99]
viral+
166 (n)
41 (n)
Han (PSM)
37%
0.63 [0.40-1.00]
death
428 (n)
428 (n)
Han (PSM)
3%
0.97 [0.83-1.14]
no improv.
428 (n)
428 (n)
Yang
91%
0.09 [0.01-1.62]
death
0/317
6/487
Yang (PSW)
75%
0.25 [0.06-0.98]
hosp.
317 (n)
487 (n)
Yang (PSW)
16%
0.84 [0.65-1.09]
no recov.
317 (n)
487 (n)
Wang
20%
0.80 [0.46-1.40]
death
128 (n)
55 (n)
Wang
3%
0.97 [0.58-1.61]
progression
128 (n)
55 (n)
Jin
-1%
1.01 [0.91-1.12]
recov. time
33 (n)
33 (n)
Wu (PSM)
81%
0.19 [0.07-0.50]
death
90 (n)
90 (n)
Wu
57%
0.43 [0.25-0.74]
death
106 (n)
245 (n)
Shen (PSM)
74%
0.26 [0.07-0.94]
death
3/226
10/226
Shen (PSM)
91%
0.09 [0.01-1.63]
ventilation
0/226
5/226
Shen (PSM)
75%
0.25 [0.03-2.22]
ICU
1/226
4/226
Shen (PSM)
57%
0.43 [0.18-0.99]
progression
8/226
17/226
Chen (PSM)
6%
0.94 [0.61-1.43]
death
29/99
31/99
Chen (PSM)
63%
0.37 [0.18-0.77]
death
99 (n)
99 (n)
Sun
54%
0.46 [0.15-1.34]
death
5/245
9/245
Sun
0%
1.00 [0.14-7.04]
ventilation
2/245
2/245
Sun
-100%
2.00 [0.18-21.9]
ICU
2/245
1/245
Sun
38%
0.62 [0.34-1.12]
oxygen
16/245
26/245
Sun
48%
0.52 [0.30-0.90]
progression
17/245
31/245
Zong (PSM)
62%
0.38 [0.23-0.62]
death
195 (n)
390 (n)
Shao
56%
0.44 [0.24-0.79]
death
177 (n)
509 (n)
Dian (PSM)
64%
0.36 [0.12-1.13]
death
4/228
11/228
OT1
Dian (PSM)
67%
0.33 [0.07-1.63]
ventilation
2/228
6/228
OT1
Dian (PSM)
0%
1.00 [0.06-15.9]
ICU
1/228
1/228
OT1
Dian (PSM)
48%
0.52 [0.29-0.92]
progression
16/228
31/228
OT1
Dian (PSM)
44%
0.56 [0.30-1.02]
progression
15/228
27/228
OT1
Zhou
22%
0.78 [0.56-1.09]
death
37/131
69/191
Wei
-0%
1.00 [0.68-1.47]
death
63/461
36/264
OT1
Wei
28%
0.72 [0.54-0.98]
ventilation
77/461
61/264
OT1
Wei
55%
0.45 [0.20-1.02]
ICU
11/461
14/264
OT1
Wei
22%
0.78 [0.60-1.01]
progression
98/461
72/264
OT1
de Souza (DB RCT)
27%
0.73 [0.17-3.15]
ICU
3/91
4/88
de Souza (DB RCT)
42%
0.58 [0.14-2.36]
no disch.
3/91
5/88
de Souza (DB RCT)
82%
0.18 [0.05-0.71]
no recov.
91 (n)
88 (n)
de Souza (DB RCT)
13%
0.87 [0.77-0.99]
viral time
91 (n)
88 (n)
Liu
24%
0.76 [0.42-1.37]
progression
12/126
56/446
Li (PSM)
29%
0.71 [0.52-0.97]
death
1,103 (n)
1,103 (n)
Peng
-13%
1.13 [0.32-3.99]
death
42 (n)
124 (n)
Li
50%
0.50 [0.10-2.58]
ICU
2/42
4/42
Li
11%
0.89 [0.73-1.09]
hosp. time
42 (n)
42 (n)
Li
50%
0.50 [0.27-0.94]
viral+
42 (n)
42 (n)
Li
32%
0.68 [0.41-1.12]
viral+
15/42
22/42
Zhong (PSW)
35%
0.65 [0.42-1.00]
death
1,490 (n)
1,373 (n)
Zhong (PSW)
52%
0.48 [0.31-0.75]
death
1,490 (n)
1,373 (n)
Zhong (PSW)
87%
0.13 [0.06-0.25]
death
1,490 (n)
1,373 (n)
Liu (PSM)
45%
0.55 [0.15-1.96]
progression
148 (all patients)
Lv
-42%
1.42 [0.39-5.15]
death
2/11
40/313
Zhang
-32%
1.32 [0.89-1.97]
death
49/303
37/303
Zhang
-62%
1.62 [0.82-3.17]
ventilation
21/303
13/303
Zhang
-7%
1.07 [0.66-1.75]
ICU
30/303
28/303
Zhang
9%
0.91 [0.83-1.00]
hosp. time
303 (n)
303 (n)
Zhang
19%
0.81 [0.71-0.92]
hosp. time
165 (n)
181 (n)
Xu (PSM)
75%
0.25 [0.08-0.81]
death
132 (n)
132 (n)
Xu (PSM)
63%
0.37 [0.16-0.84]
progression
132 (n)
132 (n)
Ren (PSM)
32%
0.68 [0.60-0.78]
death
5,735 (n)
5,735 (n)
Ren (PSM)
12%
0.88 [0.80-0.98]
progression
5,735 (n)
5,735 (n)
Zhang
43%
0.57 [0.35-0.95]
progression
28/165
13/44
Zhang
14%
0.86 [0.75-0.97]
viral time
165 (n)
44 (n)
Zhu (PSM)
22%
0.78 [0.67-0.90]
death
265/1,999
341/1,999
Zhu (PSM)
13%
0.87 [0.76-0.99]
no disch.
323/1,999
372/1,999
Zhu
1%
0.99 [0.95-1.02]
hosp. time
1,676 (n)
1,623 (n)
Zhu
10%
0.90 [0.86-0.93]
viral time
1,676 (n)
1,623 (n)
Azvudine COVID-19 outcomes
c19 early .org
December 2024
1 OT: comparison with other treatment
Favors azvudine
Favors control
Figure S2. Comparison of results for RCTs versus observational studies.
For COVID-19 treatments, there is no significant difference between the results of RCTs and observational studies. Observational studies do not systematically over or underestimate efficacy. For high-cost treatments, there is a non-significant trend towards RCTs showing greater efficacy.
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