{ 'indexed': { 'date-parts': [[2025, 1, 16]],
'date-time': '2025-01-16T16:40:31Z',
'timestamp': 1737045631787,
'version': '3.33.0'},
'reference-count': 0,
'publisher': 'MDPI AG',
'issue': '1',
'license': [ { 'start': { 'date-parts': [[2025, 1, 16]],
'date-time': '2025-01-16T00:00:00Z',
'timestamp': 1736985600000},
'content-version': 'vor',
'delay-in-days': 0,
'URL': 'https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/'}],
'content-domain': {'domain': [], 'crossmark-restriction': False},
'abstract': '<jats:p>The COVID-19 pandemic caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 '
'(SARS-CoV-2) has profoundly impacted global health, with pneumonia emerging as a major '
'complication in severe cases. The pathogenesis of COVID-19 is marked by the overproduction of '
'reactive oxygen species (ROS) and an excessive inflammatory response, resulting in oxidative '
'stress and significant tissue damage, particularly in the respiratory system. Antioxidants '
'have garnered considerable attention for their potential role in managing COVID-19 pneumonia '
'by mitigating oxidative stress and modulating immune responses. This review provides a '
'comprehensive overview of the literature on the use of antioxidants in hospitalized patients '
'with mild-to-moderate COVID-19. Studies exploring antioxidants, including vitamins, trace '
'elements, nitric oxide (NO), ozone (O3), glutathione (GSH), L-carnitine, melatonin, '
'bromelain, N-acetylcysteine (NAC), and numerous polyphenols, have yielded promising outcomes. '
'Through their ROS-scavenging properties, these molecules support endothelial function, reduce '
'the thrombosis risk, and may help mitigate the effects of the cytokine storm, a key '
'contributor to COVID-19 morbidity and mortality. Clinical evidence suggests that antioxidant '
'supplementation may improve patient outcomes by decreasing inflammation, supporting immune '
'cell function, and potentially shortening recovery times. Furthermore, these molecules may '
'mitigate the symptoms of COVID-19 by exerting direct antiviral effects that inhibit the '
'infection process and genomic replication of SARS-CoV-2 in host cells. Moreover, antioxidants '
'may work synergistically with standard antiviral treatments to reduce viral-induced oxidative '
'damage. By integrating findings from the literature with real-world data from our clinical '
'experience, we gain a more profound understanding of the role of antioxidants in managing '
'COVID-19 pneumonia. Further research combining comprehensive literature reviews with '
'real-world data analysis is crucial to validate the efficacy of antioxidants and establish '
'evidence-based guidelines for their use in clinical practice.</jats:p>',
'DOI': '10.3390/life15010113',
'type': 'journal-article',
'created': {'date-parts': [[2025, 1, 16]], 'date-time': '2025-01-16T15:44:23Z', 'timestamp': 1737042263000},
'page': '113',
'source': 'Crossref',
'is-referenced-by-count': 0,
'title': 'Immune-Boosting and Antiviral Effects of Antioxidants in COVID-19 Pneumonia: A Therapeutic '
'Perspective',
'prefix': '10.3390',
'volume': '15',
'author': [ { 'ORCID': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3336-7290',
'authenticated-orcid': False,
'given': 'Stefano',
'family': 'Sanduzzi Zamparelli',
'sequence': 'first',
'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Division of Pneumology and Semi-intensive Respiratory Therapy, '
'A. Cardarelli Hospital, 80131 Naples, Italy'}]},
{ 'ORCID': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0977-2643',
'authenticated-orcid': False,
'given': 'Alessandro',
'family': 'Sanduzzi Zamparelli',
'sequence': 'additional',
'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of '
'Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy'},
{ 'name': 'UNESCO Chair for Health Education and Sustainable Development, '
'University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy'},
{'name': 'ERN Lung, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany'}]},
{ 'given': 'Marialuisa',
'family': 'Bocchino',
'sequence': 'additional',
'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of '
'Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy'}]}],
'member': '1968',
'published-online': {'date-parts': [[2025, 1, 16]]},
'container-title': 'Life',
'original-title': [],
'language': 'en',
'link': [ { 'URL': 'https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/15/1/113/pdf',
'content-type': 'unspecified',
'content-version': 'vor',
'intended-application': 'similarity-checking'}],
'deposited': { 'date-parts': [[2025, 1, 16]],
'date-time': '2025-01-16T16:03:24Z',
'timestamp': 1737043404000},
'score': 1,
'resource': {'primary': {'URL': 'https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/15/1/113'}},
'subtitle': [],
'short-title': [],
'issued': {'date-parts': [[2025, 1, 16]]},
'references-count': 0,
'journal-issue': {'issue': '1', 'published-online': {'date-parts': [[2025, 1]]}},
'alternative-id': ['life15010113'],
'URL': 'http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life15010113',
'relation': {},
'ISSN': ['2075-1729'],
'subject': [],
'container-title-short': 'Life',
'published': {'date-parts': [[2025, 1, 16]]}}
