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Revealing the targets and mechanisms of vitamin A in the treatment of COVID-19

Li et al., Aging, doi:10.18632/aging.103888

Aug 2020

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Vitamin A for COVID-19

39th treatment shown to reduce risk in June 2023

^*, now known with p = 0.045 from 12 studies.

Lower risk for recovery.

No treatment is 100% effective. Protocols combine complementary and synergistic treatments. ^* >10% efficacy in meta analysis with ≥3 clinical studies.

4,000+ studies for 60+ treatments. c19early.org

Bioinformatics and network pharmacology analysis identifying potential mechanisms of action of vitamin A for COVID-19.

10 preclinical studies support the efficacy of vitamin A for COVID-19:

4 In Silico studies Chakraborty, Huang, Li, Pandya

5 In Vitro studies DiGuilio, Huang, Moatasim, Morita, Tong

1 In Vivo animal study Franco

Vitamin A has been identified by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) as having sufficient evidence for a causal relationship between intake and optimal immune system function EFSA, Galmés, Galmés (B). Vitamin A has potent antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 in both human cell lines and human organoids of the lower respiratory tract (active metabolite all-trans retinoic acid, ATRA) Tong, is predicted to bind critical host and viral proteins for SARS-CoV-2 and may compensate for gene expression changes related to SARS-CoV-2 Chakraborty, Huang, Pandya, may be beneficial for COVID-19 via antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory effects according to network pharmacology analysis Li, reduces barrier compromise caused by TNF-α in Calu-3 cells DiGuilio, inhibits mouse coronavirus replication Franco, may stimulate innate immunity by activating interferon responses in an IRF3-dependent manner (ATRA) Franco, may reduce excessive inflammation induced by SARS-CoV-2 Huang, shows SARS-CoV-2 antiviral activity In Vitro Huang, Moatasim, Morita, is effective against multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants in Calu-3 cells Morita, and inhibits the entry and replication of SARS-CoV-2 via binding to ACE2 / 3CLpro / RdRp / helicase / 3′-to-5′ exonuclease Huang.

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1. Chakraborty et al., In-silico screening and in-vitro assay show the antiviral effect of Indomethacin against SARS-CoV-2, Computers in Biology and Medicine, doi:10.1016/j.compbiomed.2022.105788.sciencedirect.com, doi.org.

2. DiGuilio et al., The multiphasic TNF-α-induced compromise of Calu-3 airway epithelial barrier function, Experimental Lung Research, doi:10.1080/01902148.2023.2193637.tandfonline.com, doi.org.

3. EFSA, Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to vitamin A and cell differentiation (ID 14), function of the immune system (ID 14), maintenance of skin and mucous membranes (ID 15, 17), maintenance of vision (ID 16), maintenance of bone (ID 13, 17), maintenance of teeth (ID 13, 17), maintenance of hair (ID 17), maintenance of nails (ID 17), metabolism of iron (ID 206), and protection of DNA, proteins and lipids from oxidative damage (ID 209) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006, EFSA Journal, doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2009.1221.europa.eu, doi.org.

4. Franco et al., Retinoic Acid-Mediated Inhibition of Mouse Coronavirus Replication Is Dependent on IRF3 and CaMKK, Viruses, doi:10.3390/v16010140.mdpi.com, doi.org.

5. Galmés et al., Suboptimal Consumption of Relevant Immune System Micronutrients Is Associated with a Worse Impact of COVID-19 in Spanish Populations, Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu14112254.mdpi.com, doi.org.

6. Galmés (B) et al., Current State of Evidence: Influence of Nutritional and Nutrigenetic Factors on Immunity in the COVID-19 Pandemic Framework, Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu12092738.mdpi.com, doi.org.

7. Huang et al., All-trans retinoic acid acts as a dual-purpose inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 infection and inflammation, Computers in Biology and Medicine, doi:10.1016/j.compbiomed.2024.107942.sciencedirect.com, doi.org.

8. Li et al., Revealing the targets and mechanisms of vitamin A in the treatment of COVID-19, Aging, doi:10.18632/aging.103888.aging-us.com, doi.org.

9. Moatasim et al., Potent Antiviral Activity of Vitamin B12 against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus, and Human Coronavirus 229E, Microorganisms, doi:10.3390/microorganisms11112777.mdpi.com, doi.org.

10. Morita et al., All-Trans Retinoic Acid Exhibits Antiviral Effect against SARS-CoV-2 by Inhibiting 3CLpro Activity, Viruses, doi:10.3390/v13081669.mdpi.com, doi.org.

11. Pandya et al., Unravelling Vitamin B12 as a potential inhibitor against SARS-CoV-2: A computational approach, Informatics in Medicine Unlocked, doi:10.1016/j.imu.2022.100951.sciencedirect.com, doi.org.

12. Tong et al., A Retinol Derivative Inhibits SARS-CoV-2 Infection by Interrupting Spike-Mediated Cellular Entry, mBio, doi:10.1128/mbio.01485-22.asm.org, doi.org.

Li et al., 15 Aug 2020, peer-reviewed, 7 authors.

In Silico studies are an important part of preclinical research, however results may be very different in vivo.

This Paper Vitamin A All

Revealing the targets and mechanisms of vitamin A in the treatment of COVID-19

Rong Li, Ka Wu, Yu Li, Xiao Liang, William Ka, Fai Tse, Lu Yang, Keng Po

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), an epidemic disease characterized by rapid infection and a high death toll. The clinical diagnosis of patients with COVID-19 has risen sharply, especially in Western countries. Globally, an effective treatment for COVID-19 is still limited. Vitamin A (VA) exhibits pharmacological activity in the management of pneumonia. Thus, we reason that VA may potentially serve as an anti-SARS-CoV-2 regimen. In this study, bioinformatics analysis and computation assays using a network pharmacology method were conducted to explore and uncover the therapeutic targets and mechanisms of VA for treating COVID-19. We identified candidate targets, pharmacological functions, and therapeutic pathways of VA against SARS-CoV-2. Bioinformatics findings indicate that the mechanisms of action of VA against SARS-CoV-2 include enrichment of immunoreaction, inhibition of inflammatory reaction, and biological processes related to reactive oxygen species. Furthermore, seven core targets of VA against COVID-19, including MAPK1, IL10, EGFR, ICAM1, MAPK14, CAT, and PRKCB were identified. With this bioinformatics-based report, we reveal, for the first time, the anti-SARS-CoV-2 functions and mechanisms of VA and suggest that VA may act as a potent treatment option for COVID-19, a deadly global epidemic.

Abbreviations CAT: Catalase; EGFR: Epidermal growth factor receptor; ICAM1: Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1; IL10: Interleukin 10; KEGG: Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes; MAPK1: Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1; MAPK14: Mitogen-activated protein kinase 14; OMIM: Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man; PRKCB: Protein kinase C beta type; TCMSP: The traditional Chinese medicine systems pharmacology database and analysis platform. CONFLICTS OF INTEREST The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest. AGING SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS Supplementary Tables Please browse Full Text version to see the data of Supplementary Table 1 . 1 . Gene ontology analysis (biological process) using the identified seven core targets of VA against SARS-CoV-2. Supplementary Table 2 . KEGG pathway enrichment analysis using the identified seven core targets of VA against SARS-CoV-2. Supplementary Table ID

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