A Retinol Derivative Inhibits SARS-CoV-2 Infection by Interrupting Spike-Mediated Cellular Entry

Tong et al., mBio, doi:10.1128/mbio.01485-22, Jul 2022

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https://c19early.org/tong.html

Vitamin A for COVID-19

45th treatment shown to reduce risk in June 2023, now with p = 0.0052 from 15 studies.

Lower risk for recovery and cases.

No treatment is 100% effective. Protocols combine treatments.

5,700+ studies for 135 treatments. c19early.org

In Vitro study showing all-trans retinoic acid, a vitamin A derivative, has potent antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 in both human cell lines and human organoids of the lower respiratory tract.

11 preclinical studies support the efficacy of vitamin A for COVID-19:

5 In Silico studies1-5

5 In Vitro studies2,6-9

1 In Vivo animal study10

Vitamin A has been identified by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) as having sufficient evidence for a causal relationship between intake and optimal immune system function11-13. Vitamin A has potent antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 in both human cell lines and human organoids of the lower respiratory tract (active metabolite all-trans retinoic acid, ATRA)8, is predicted to bind critical host and viral proteins for SARS-CoV-2 and may compensate for gene expression changes related to SARS-CoV-22-4, may be beneficial for COVID-19 via antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory effects according to network pharmacology analysis5, reduces barrier compromise caused by TNF-α in Calu-3 cells7, inhibits mouse coronavirus replication10, may stimulate innate immunity by activating interferon responses in an IRF3-dependent manner (ATRA)10, may reduce excessive inflammation induced by SARS-CoV-22, shows SARS-CoV-2 antiviral activity In Vitro2,6,9, is effective against multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants in Calu-3 cells9, and inhibits the entry and replication of SARS-CoV-2 via binding to ACE2 / 3CLpro / RdRp / helicase / 3′-to-5′ exonuclease2.

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1. Voloudakis et al., A genetically based computational drug repurposing framework for rapid identification of candidate compounds: application to COVID-19, medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2025.01.10.25320348.medrxiv.org, doi.org.

2. Huang et al., All-trans retinoic acid acts as a dual-purpose inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 infection and inflammation, Computers in Biology and Medicine, doi:10.1016/j.compbiomed.2024.107942.sciencedirect.com, doi.org.

3. Chakraborty et al., In-silico screening and in-vitro assay show the antiviral effect of Indomethacin against SARS-CoV-2, Computers in Biology and Medicine, doi:10.1016/j.compbiomed.2022.105788.sciencedirect.com, doi.org.

4. Pandya et al., Unravelling Vitamin B12 as a potential inhibitor against SARS-CoV-2: A computational approach, Informatics in Medicine Unlocked, doi:10.1016/j.imu.2022.100951.sciencedirect.com, doi.org.

5. Li et al., Revealing the targets and mechanisms of vitamin A in the treatment of COVID-19, Aging, doi:10.18632/aging.103888.aging-us.com, doi.org.

6. Moatasim et al., Potent Antiviral Activity of Vitamin B12 against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus, and Human Coronavirus 229E, Microorganisms, doi:10.3390/microorganisms11112777.mdpi.com, doi.org.

7. DiGuilio et al., The multiphasic TNF-α-induced compromise of Calu-3 airway epithelial barrier function, Experimental Lung Research, doi:10.1080/01902148.2023.2193637.tandfonline.com, doi.org.

8. Tong et al., A Retinol Derivative Inhibits SARS-CoV-2 Infection by Interrupting Spike-Mediated Cellular Entry, mBio, doi:10.1128/mbio.01485-22.asm.org, doi.org.

9. Morita et al., All-Trans Retinoic Acid Exhibits Antiviral Effect against SARS-CoV-2 by Inhibiting 3CLpro Activity, Viruses, doi:10.3390/v13081669.mdpi.com, doi.org.

10. Franco et al., Retinoic Acid-Mediated Inhibition of Mouse Coronavirus Replication Is Dependent on IRF3 and CaMKK, Viruses, doi:10.3390/v16010140.mdpi.com, doi.org.

11. Galmés et al., Suboptimal Consumption of Relevant Immune System Micronutrients Is Associated with a Worse Impact of COVID-19 in Spanish Populations, Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu14112254.mdpi.com, doi.org.

12. Galmés (B) et al., Current State of Evidence: Influence of Nutritional and Nutrigenetic Factors on Immunity in the COVID-19 Pandemic Framework, Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu12092738.mdpi.com, doi.org.

13. EFSA, Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to vitamin A and cell differentiation (ID 14), function of the immune system (ID 14), maintenance of skin and mucous membranes (ID 15, 17), maintenance of vision (ID 16), maintenance of bone (ID 13, 17), maintenance of teeth (ID 13, 17), maintenance of hair (ID 17), maintenance of nails (ID 17), metabolism of iron (ID 206), and protection of DNA, proteins and lipids from oxidative damage (ID 209) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006, EFSA Journal, doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2009.1221.europa.eu, doi.org.

Tong et al., 13 Jul 2022, China, peer-reviewed, 14 authors. Contact: gongcheng@mail.tsinghua.edu.cn, yxiang@mail.tsinghua.edu.cn, renlizhangszcdc@aliyun.com, lil@sustech.edu.cn.

In Vitro studies are an important part of preclinical research, however results may be very different in vivo.

This Paper Vitamin A All

A Retinol Derivative Inhibits SARS-CoV-2 Infection by Interrupting Spike-Mediated Cellular Entry

Liangqin Tong, Lin Wang, Shumin Liao, Xiaoping Xiao, Jing Qu, Chunli Wu, Yibin Zhu, Wanbo Tai, Yanhong Huang, Penghua Wang, Liang Li, Renli Zhang, Ye Xiang, Gong Cheng

mBio, doi:10.1128/mbio.01485-22

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the etiological agent of the global pandemic and life-threatening coronavirus disease 2019 . Although vaccines and therapeutic antibodies are available, their efficacy is continuously undermined by rapidly emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants. Here, we found that all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), a vitamin A (retinol) derivative, showed potent antiviral activity against all SARS-CoV-2 variants in both human cell lines and human organoids of the lower respiratory tract. Mechanistically, ATRA directly binds in a deep hydrophobic pocket of the receptor binding domain (RBD) located on the top of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (S) trimer. The bound ATRA mediates strong interactions between the "down" RBDs and locks most of the S trimers in an RBD "all-down" and ACE2-inaccessible inhibitory conformation. In summary, our results reveal the pharmacological biotargets and structural mechanism of ATRA and other retinoids in SARS-CoV-2 infection and suggest that ATRA and its derivatives could be potential hit compounds against a broad spectrum of coronaviruses. IMPORTANCE Retinoids, a group of compounds including vitamin A and its active metabolite all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), regulate serial physiological activity in multiple organ systems, such as cell growth, differentiation, and apoptosis. The ATRA analogues reported to date include more than 4,000 natural and synthetic molecules that are structurally and/or functionally related to ATRA. Here, we found that ATRA showed potent antiviral activity against all SARS-CoV-2 variants by directly binding in a deep hydrophobic pocket of the receptor binding domain (RBD) located on top of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (S) trimer. The bound ATRA mediates strong interactions between the "down" RBDs and locks most of the S trimers in an RBD "all-down" and ACE2-inaccessible inhibitory conformation, suggesting the pharmacological feasibility of using ATRA or its derivatives as a remedy for and prevention of COVID-19 disease.

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