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Retinoic Acid-Mediated Inhibition of Mouse Coronavirus Replication Is Dependent on IRF3 and CaMKK

Franco et al., Viruses, doi:10.3390/v16010140
Jan 2024  
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Vitamin A for COVID-19
42nd treatment shown to reduce risk in June 2023, now with p = 0.021 from 14 studies.
Lower risk for recovery and cases.
No treatment is 100% effective. Protocols combine treatments.
5,100+ studies for 110 treatments. c19early.org
Mouse study showing inhibition of mouse coronavirus replication with all-trans retinoic acid (RA), a metabolite of vitamin A. Authors find that RA confers protection against infection by activating interferon responses in an IRF3-dependent manner, with reduced viral titers and nucleocapsid expression. RA induction of antiviral genes also relies on calcium/calmodulin kinase kinase (CaMKK) activity. The results demonstrate RA's potential as an antiviral therapeutic against coronaviruses through stimulation of innate immunity.
10 preclinical studies support the efficacy of vitamin A for COVID-19:
Vitamin A has been identified by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) as having sufficient evidence for a causal relationship between intake and optimal immune system function10-12. Vitamin A has potent antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 in both human cell lines and human organoids of the lower respiratory tract (active metabolite all-trans retinoic acid, ATRA)7, is predicted to bind critical host and viral proteins for SARS-CoV-2 and may compensate for gene expression changes related to SARS-CoV-21-3, may be beneficial for COVID-19 via antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory effects according to network pharmacology analysis4, reduces barrier compromise caused by TNF-α in Calu-3 cells6, inhibits mouse coronavirus replication9, may stimulate innate immunity by activating interferon responses in an IRF3-dependent manner (ATRA)9, may reduce excessive inflammation induced by SARS-CoV-21, shows SARS-CoV-2 antiviral activity In Vitro1,5,8, is effective against multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants in Calu-3 cells8, and inhibits the entry and replication of SARS-CoV-2 via binding to ACE2 / 3CLpro / RdRp / helicase / 3′-to-5′ exonuclease1.
Franco et al., 18 Jan 2024, USA, peer-reviewed, 7 authors. Contact: justin.franco@rockets.utoledo.edu (corresponding author), saurabh.chattopadhyay@uky.edu, kevin.pan@utoledo.edu.
This PaperVitamin AAll
Retinoic Acid-Mediated Inhibition of Mouse Coronavirus Replication Is Dependent on IRF3 and CaMKK
Justin H Franco, Ryan A Harris, William G Ryan, Roger Travis Taylor, Robert E Mccullumsmith, Saurabh Chattopadhyay, Zhixing K Pan
Viruses, doi:10.3390/v16010140
The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has revealed the shortfalls in our understanding of how to treat coronavirus infections. With almost 7 million case fatalities of COVID-19 globally, the catalog of FDA-approved antiviral therapeutics is limited compared to other medications, such as antibiotics. All-trans retinoic acid (RA), or activated vitamin A, has been studied as a potential therapeutic against coronavirus infection because of its antiviral properties. Due to its impact on different signaling pathways, RA's mechanism of action during coronavirus infection has not been thoroughly described. To determine RA's mechanism of action, we examined its effect against a mouse coronavirus, mouse hepatitis virus strain A59 (MHV). We demonstrated that RA significantly decreased viral titers in infected mouse L929 fibroblasts and RAW 264.7 macrophages. The reduced viral titers were associated with a corresponding decrease in MHV nucleocapsid protein expression. Using interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) knockout RAW 264.7 cells, we demonstrated that RA-induced suppression of MHV required IRF3 activity. RNA-seq analysis of wildtype and IRF3 knockout RAW cells showed that RA upregulated calcium/calmodulin (CaM) signaling proteins, such as CaM kinase kinase 1 (CaMKK1). When treated with a CaMKK inhibitor, RA was unable to upregulate IRF activation during MHV infection. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that RA-induced protection against coronavirus infection depends on IRF3 and CaMKK.
Supplementary Materials: The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https: //www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/v16010140/s1, Figure S1 : 100 µM is non-toxic to mouse L929 cells, Figure S2 Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
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