The role of vitamin B12 in viral infections: a comprehensive review of its relationship with the muscle–gut–brain axis and implications for SARS-CoV-2 infection

{ 'indexed': {'date-parts': [[2023, 10, 3]], 'date-time': '2023-10-03T22:24:17Z', 'timestamp': 1696371857996}, 'reference-count': 144, 'publisher': 'Oxford University Press (OUP)', 'issue': '3', 'license': [ { 'start': { 'date-parts': [[2022, 2, 5]], 'date-time': '2022-02-05T00:00:00Z', 'timestamp': 1644019200000}, 'content-version': 'vor', 'delay-in-days': 0, 'URL': 'https://academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model'}], 'funder': [{'name': 'Improvement of Higher Education Personnel Coordination', 'award': ['0001']}], 'content-domain': {'domain': [], 'crossmark-restriction': False}, 'published-print': {'date-parts': [[2022, 2, 10]]}, 'abstract': '<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title>\n' ' <jats:p>This comprehensive review establishes the role of vitamin B12 as ' 'adjunct therapy for viral infections in the treatment and persistent symptoms of COVID-19, ' 'focusing on symptoms related to the muscle–gut–brain axis. Vitamin B12 can help balance ' 'immune responses to better fight viral infections. Furthermore, data from randomized clinical ' 'trials and meta-analysis indicate that vitamin B12 in the forms of methylcobalamin and ' 'cyanocobalamin may increase serum vitamin B12 levels, and resulted in decreased serum ' 'methylmalonic acid and homocysteine concentrations, and decreased pain intensity, memory ' 'loss, and impaired concentration. Among studies, there is much variation in vitamin B12 ' 'doses, chemical forms, supplementation time, and administration routes. Larger randomized ' 'clinical trials of vitamin B12 supplementation and analysis of markers such as total vitamin ' 'B12, holotranscobalamin, total homocysteine and methylmalonic acid, total folic acid, and, if ' 'possible, polymorphisms and methylation of genes need to be conducted with people with and ' 'without COVID-19 or who have had COVID-19 to facilitate the proper vitamin B12 form to be ' 'administered in individual treatment.</jats:p>', 'DOI': '10.1093/nutrit/nuab092', 'type': 'journal-article', 'created': { 'date-parts': [[2021, 10, 15]], 'date-time': '2021-10-15T23:06:20Z', 'timestamp': 1634339180000}, 'page': '561-578', 'source': 'Crossref', 'is-referenced-by-count': 21, 'title': 'The role of vitamin B12 in viral infections: a comprehensive review of its relationship with the ' 'muscle–gut–brain axis and implications for SARS-CoV-2 infection', 'prefix': '10.1093', 'volume': '80', 'author': [ { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5766-8595', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Kamila S', 'family': 'Batista', 'sequence': 'first', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Experimental Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Nutrition and ' 'Post Graduate Program in Nutrition Sciences, Federal University ' 'of Paraíba, Paraíba, Brazil'}]}, { 'given': 'Vanessa M', 'family': 'Cintra', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences of Paraíba, ' 'and the Department of Nutrition, Integrated Colleges of Patos, ' 'Paraíba, Brazil'}, { 'name': 'Multiprofessional Residence in Child Health of Secretariat of ' 'Health of the State of Paraíba, Brazil'}]}, { 'given': 'Paulo A F', 'family': 'Lucena', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences of Paraíba, ' 'and the Department of Nutrition, Integrated Colleges of Patos, ' 'Paraíba, Brazil'}, { 'name': 'Coordination of Neurology Services, Hospital Metropolitano Dom ' 'José Maria Pires, Santa Rita, Paraíba and Emergency, Trauma ' 'Hospital Senador Humberto Lucena, João Pessoa, Paraíba, ' 'Brazil'}]}, { 'given': 'Raul', 'family': 'Manhães-de-Castro', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Studies in Nutrition and Phenotypic Plasticity Unit, Department ' 'of Nutrition, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, ' 'Pernambuco, Brazil'}, { 'name': 'Post Graduate Program in Nutrition, Health Sciences Center, ' 'Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil'}]}, { 'given': 'Ana E', 'family': 'Toscano', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Nursing, CAV, Federal University of Pernambuco, ' 'Pernambuco, Brazil'}, { 'name': 'Post Graduate Program in Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral ' 'Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, ' 'Brazil'}]}, { 'given': 'Larissa P', 'family': 'Costa', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Ageing and Neuroscience Laboratory, Health Sciences Center, ' 'Federal University of Paraíba, Paraíba, Brazil'}]}, { 'given': 'Maria E B S', 'family': 'Queiroz', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Ageing and Neuroscience Laboratory, Health Sciences Center, ' 'Federal University of Paraíba, Paraíba, Brazil'}]}, { 'given': 'Suellen M', 'family': 'de Andrade', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Ageing and Neuroscience Laboratory, Health Sciences Center, ' 'Federal University of Paraíba, Paraíba, Brazil'}]}, { 'given': 'Omar', 'family': 'Guzman-Quevedo', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Post Graduate Program in Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral ' 'Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, ' 'Brazil'}, { 'name': 'Higher Technological Institute of Tacámbaro, Tacámbaro, ' 'Michoacán, Mexico'}, { 'name': 'Center for Biomedical Research of Michoacán, Mexican Institute ' 'of Social Security, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico'}]}, { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7221-9867', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 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