Analgesics
Antiandrogens
Antihistamines
Bromhexine
Budesonide
Colchicine
Conv. Plasma
Curcumin
Fluvoxamine
Hydroxychlor..
Ivermectin
Lifestyle
Melatonin
Metformin
Minerals
Monoclonals
Mpro inhibitors
Naso/orophar..
Nigella Sativa
Nitazoxanide
PPIs
Quercetin
RdRp inhibitors
Thermotherapy
Vitamins
More

Other
Feedback
Home
 
next
study
previous
study
c19early.org COVID-19 treatment researchSeleniumSelenium (more..)
Metformin Meta
Bromhexine Meta
Budesonide Meta
Colchicine Meta Nigella Sativa Meta
Conv. Plasma Meta Nitazoxanide Meta
Curcumin Meta PPIs Meta
Fluvoxamine Meta Quercetin Meta
Hydroxychlor.. Meta
Ivermectin Meta Thermotherapy Meta
Melatonin Meta

All Studies   Meta Analysis       

A Mechanistic Link Between Selenium and Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)

Khatiwada et al., Current Nutrition Reports, doi:10.1007/s13668-021-00354-4
Apr 2021  
  Post
  Facebook
Share
  Source   PDF   All Studies   Meta AnalysisMeta
Review discussing the link between selenium and COVID-19. Authors note that selenium deficiency is common in COVID-19 patients, with lower levels associated with higher mortality and lower cure rates. Selenium has a critical role in redox homeostasis, immunity, and preventing viral infections - enhancing synthesis of defensive proteins, improving phagocytic cell function, and modulating T cell activation and differentiation. Selenium deficiency is associated with increased inflammatory cytokines, while supplementation reduces inflammation and improves antioxidant capacity in critically ill patients. Therefore, selenium supplementation at appropriate doses may be beneficial for COVID-19.
Reviews covering selenium for COVID-19 include1-12.
Khatiwada et al., 9 Apr 2021, China, peer-reviewed, 2 authors. Contact: khatiwadasaroj22@gmail.com, asthasubedi22@gmail.com.
This PaperSeleniumAll
A Mechanistic Link Between Selenium and Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)
Saroj Khatiwada, Astha Subedi
Current Nutrition Reports, doi:10.1007/s13668-021-00354-4
Purpose of Review Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a rapidly emerging disease caused by a highly contagious virus called severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and this disease has affected millions of people across the world and led to hundreds of thousands of deaths worldwide. Nutrition is a key factor related to this disease, and nutritional status may determine the risk and outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Selenium is one of the major trace elements required for redox functions and has significant roles in viral infections. The purpose of this review was to examine the current evidence on the role of selenium in COVID-19. We reviewed studies on selenium and COVID-19, and other relevant studies to understand how selenium status can modify the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection, and how selenium status might affect a person post-infection. Recent Findings We found that oxidative stress is a characteristic feature of COVID-19 disease, which is linked with the immunopathological disorder observed in individuals with severe COVID-19. Selenium plays a key role in strengthening immunity, reducing oxidative stress, preventing viral infections and supporting critical illness. Moreover, selenium deficiency is related to oxidative stress and hyperinflammation seen in critical illness, and selenium deficiency is found to be associated with the severity of COVID-19 disease. Summary Selenium supplementation at an appropriate dose may act as supportive therapy in COVID-19. Future studies in large cohorts of COVID-19 are warranted to verify the benefits of selenium supplementation for reducing risk and severity of COVID-19.
Author Contribution SK and AS generalised the concept. SK and AS conducted the literature search, analysed relevant literature and drafted the manuscript. All authors reviewed the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript. Declarations Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors. Consent for Publication Not applicable. Competing Interests None. Publisher's Note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
References
Alamdari, Moghaddam, Amini, Keramati, Zarmehri et al., Application of methylene blue -vitamin C -N-acetyl cysteine for treatment of critically ill COVID-19 patients, report of a phase-I clinical trial, Eur J Pharmacol
Beck, Handy, Levander, Host nutritional status: the neglected virulence factor, Trends Microbiol
Beck, Kolbeck, Rohr, Shi, Morris et al., Benign human enterovirus becomes virulent in seleniumdeficient mice, J Med Virol
Beck, Nelson, Shi, Van Dael, Schiffrin et al., Selenium deficiency increases the pathology of an influenza virus infection, FASEB J
Belsky, Wira, Vinitha, Sather, Lee, A review of micronutrients in sepsis: the role of thiamine, l-carnitine, vitamin C, selenium and vitamin D, Nutr Res Rev
Bermano, Méplan, Mercer, Hesketh, Selenium and viral infection: are there lessons for COVID-19?, Br J Nutr
Bhaskar, Sinha, Banach, Mittoo, Weissert et al., Cytokine Storm in COVID-19-Immunopathological mechanisms, clinical considerations, and therapeutic approaches: the REPROGRAM consortium position paper, Front Immunol
Bourke, Berkley, Prendergast, Immune dysfunction as a cause and consequence of malnutrition, Trends Immunol
Briguglio, Pregliasco, Lombardi, Perazzo, Banfi, The malnutritional status of the host as a virulence factor for new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, Front Med
Burk, Hill, Regulation of selenium metabolism and transport, Annu Rev Nutr
Calder, Nutrition, immunity and COVID-19, BMJ Nutr Prev Health
Cascella, Rajnik, Cuomo, Dulebohn, Napoli, Features, evaluation and treatment coronavirus (COVID-19). StatPearls. Treasure Island
Cdc, About Chronic Diseases
Checconi, Angelis, Marcocci, Fraternale, Magnani et al., Redox-modulating agents in the treatment of viral infections, Int J Mol Sci
Cheng, Kogan, Davis, Ascorbate as prophylaxis and therapy for COVID-19-update from Shanghai and U.S. medical institutions, Glob Adv Health Med
Cheng, Zhi, Sun, Guo, Huang et al., Sodium selenite suppresses hepatitis B virus transcription and replication in human hepatoma cell lines, J Med Virol
Coperchini, Chiovato, Croce, Magri, Rotondi, The cytokine storm in COVID-19: an overview of the involvement of the chemokine/chemokine-receptor system, Cytokine Growth Factor Rev
Curran, Jowett, Elliott, Gao, Gluschenko et al., Genetic variation in selenoprotein S influences inflammatory response, Nat Genet
D'avolio, Avataneo, Manca, Cusato, Nicolò et al., 25-Hydroxyvitamin D concentrations are lower in patients with positive PCR for SARS-CoV-2, Nutrients
Davies, Klepac, Liu, Prem, Jit et al., Age-dependent effects in the transmission and control of COVID-19 epidemics, Nat Med
Elmadfa, Meyer, The role of the status of selected micronutrients in shaping the immune function, Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets
Erkekoğlu, Aşçı, Ceyhan, Kızılgün, Schweizer et al., Selenium levels, selenoenzyme activities and oxidant/ antioxidant parameters in H1N1-infected children, Turk J Pediatr
Fairweather-Tait, Bao, Broadley, Collings, Ford et al., Selenium in human health and disease, Antioxid Redox Signal
Fakhrolmobasheri, Nasr-Esfahany, Khanahmad, Zeinalian, Selenium supplementation can relieve the clinical complications of COVID-19 and other similar viral infections, Int J Vitam Nutr Res
Fang, Goeijenbier, Zuo, Wang, Liang et al., The association between hantavirus infection and selenium deficiency in mainland China, Viruses
Flora, Balansky, Maestra, Rationale for the use of Nacetylcysteine in both prevention and adjuvant therapy of COVID-19, FASEB J
Forceville, Effects of high doses of selenium, as sodium selenite, in septic shock patients a placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind, multi-center phase II study-selenium and sepsis, J Trace Elem Med Biol
Gasmi, Tippairote, Mujawdiya, Peana, Menzel et al., Micronutrients as immunomodulatory tools for COVID-19 management, Clin Immunol
Gorbalenya, Baker, Baric, De Groot, Drosten et al., The species Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus: classifying 2019-nCoV and naming it SARS-CoV-2, Nat Microbiol
Guan, Ni, -Y, Hu, Liang et al., Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China, N Engl J Med
Guillin, Vindry, Ohlmann, Chavatte, Selenium, selenoproteins and viral infection, Nutrients
Gupta, Madhavan, Sehgal, Nair, Mahajan et al., Extrapulmonary manifestations of COVID-19, Nat Med
Götzinger, Santiago-García, Noguera-Julián, Lanaspa, Lancella et al., COVID-19 in children and adolescents in Europe: a multinational, multicentre cohort study, Lancet Child Adolesc Health
Hajat, Stein, The global burden of multiple chronic conditions: a narrative review, Prev Med Rep
Harthill, Review: micronutrient selenium deficiency influences evolution of some viral infectious diseases, Biol Trace Elem Res
Hati, Bhattacharyya, Impact of thiol-disulfide balance on the binding of Covid-19 spike protein with angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor, ACS Omega
Hawkes, Kelley, Taylor, The effects of dietary selenium on the immune system in healthy men, Biol Trace Elem Res
Hemilä, Chalker, Vitamin C can shorten the length of stay in the ICU: a meta-analysis, Nutrients
Hoffmann, Berry, The influence of selenium on immune responses, Mol Nutr Food Res
Hoffmann, Hashimoto, Shafer, Dow, Berry et al., Dietary selenium modulates activation and differentiation of CD4+ T cells in mice through a mechanism involving cellular free thiols, J Nutr
Horowitz, Freeman, Bruzzese, Efficacy of glutathione therapy in relieving dyspnea associated with COVID-19 pneumonia: a report of 2 cases, Respir Med Case Rep
Hou, Zhao, Martin, Kallianpur, Chung et al., New insights into genetic susceptibility of COVID-19: an ACE2 and TMPRSS2 polymorphism analysis, BMC Med
Huang, Rose, Hoffmann, The role of selenium in inflammation and immunity: from molecular mechanisms to therapeutic opportunities, Antioxid Redox Signal
Im, Je, Baek, Chung, Kwon et al., Nutritional status of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), Int J Infect Dis
Jaspers, Zhang, Brighton, Carson, Styblo et al., Selenium deficiency alters epithelial cell morphology and responses to influenza, Free Radic Biol Med
Jayawardena, Sooriyaarachchi, Chourdakis, Jeewandara, Ranasinghe, Enhancing immunity in viral infections, with special emphasis on COVID-19: A review, Diabetes Metab Syndr
Jia, Wang, Liu, Liang, Ge et al., Mild cytokine elevation, moderate CD4(+) T cell response and abundant antibody production in children with COVID-19, Virol Sin
Keles, Mild SARS-CoV-2 infections in children might be based on evolutionary biology and linked with host reactive oxidative stress and antioxidant capabilities, New Microbes New Infect
Khatiwada, Subedi, Lung microbiome and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): possible link and implications, Hum Microb J
Khoso, Zhang, Yin, Teng, Li, Selenium deficiency affects immune function by influencing selenoprotein and cytokine expression in chicken spleen, Biol Trace Elem Res
Kieliszek, Lipinski, Selenium supplementation in the prevention of coronavirus infections (COVID-19), Med Hypotheses
Kieliszek, Selenium-fascinating microelement, properties and sources in food, Molecules
Kloc, Ghobrial, Kuchar, Lewicki, Kubiak, Development of child immunity in the context of COVID-19 pandemic, Clin Immunol
Labunskyy, Hatfield, Gladyshev, Selenoproteins: molecular pathways and physiological roles, Physiol Rev
Li, Lin, Gong, Guo, Xu et al., Inhibition of H1N1 influenza virus-induced apoptosis by selenium nanoparticles functionalized with arbidol through ROS-mediated signaling pathways, J Mater Chem B
Li, Zhao, Zhang, Sun, Jia et al., Se deficiency induces renal pathological changes by regulating selenoprotein expression, disrupting redox balance, and activating inflammation, Metallomics
Liang, Liu, Chen, Ye, Li et al., Characteristics of laboratory findings of COVID-19 patients with comorbid diabetes mellitus, Diabetes Res Clin Pract
Liguori, Russo, Curcio, Bulli, Aran et al., Oxidative stress, aging, and diseases, Clin Interv Aging
Lingappan, Karmouty-Quintana, Davies, Akkanti, Harting, Understanding the age divide in COVID-19: why are children overwhelmingly spared?, Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol
Liu, Yang, Guan, Zhang, Ren et al., The effect of parenteral selenium on outcomes of mechanically ventilated patients following sepsis: a prospective randomized clinical trial, Ann Intensive Care
Lovato, De Filippis, Clinical presentation of COVID-19: a systematic review focusing on upper airway symptoms, Ear Nose Throat J
Mahmoodpoor, Hamishehkar, Shadvar, Ostadi, Sanaie et al., The effect of intravenous selenium on oxidative stress in critically ill patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome, Immunol Investig
Manzanares, Biestro, Torre, Galusso, Facchin et al., Antioxidant reserve of the lungs and ventilator-associated pneumonia: a clinical trial of high dose selenium in critically ill patients, Intensive Care Med
Maqbool, Wang, Cui, He, Guan et al., Ginseng stem-leaf saponins in combination with selenium enhance immune responses to an attenuated pseudorabies virus vaccine, Microbiol Immunol
Marshall, Warrington, Watson, Kim, An introduction to immunology and immunopathology, Allergy, Asthma Clin Immunol
Mehdi, Hornick, Istasse, Dufrasne, Selenium in the environment, metabolism and involvement in body functions, Molecules
Mertens, Lowes, Webster, Talib, Hall et al., Low zinc and selenium concentrations in sepsis are associated with oxidative damage and inflammation, Br J Anaesth
Moghaddam, Heller, Sun, Seelig, Cherkezov et al., Selenium deficiency is associated with mortality risk from COVID-19, Nutrients
Nicola, Alsafi, Sohrabi, Kerwan, Al-Jabir et al., The socio-economic implications of the coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19): a review, Int J Surg
Priyadarsini, Suresh, Factors influencing the epidemiological characteristics of pandemic COVID 19: a TISM approach, Int J Healthc Manag
Ragab, Salah Eldin, Taeimah, Khattab, Salem, The COVID-19 cytokine storm; what we know so far, Front Immunol
Schönrich, Raftery, Samstag, Devilishly radical NETwork in COVID-19: oxidative stress, neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), and T cell suppression, Adv Biol Regul
Shereen, Khan, Kazmi, Bashir, Siddique, COVID-19 infection: origin, transmission, and characteristics of human coronaviruses, J Adv Res
Shi, Wang, Zheng, Zhang, Xu, Selenomethionine relieves inflammation in the chicken trachea caused by LPS though inhibiting the NF-κB pathway, Biol Trace Elem Res
Shojadoost, Kulkarni, Yitbarek, Laursen, Taha-Abdelaziz et al., Dietary selenium supplementation enhances antiviral immunity in chickens challenged with low pathogenic avian influenza virus subtype H9N2, Vet Immunol Immunopathol
Shreenath, Ameer, Dooley, Selenium deficiency. StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL)
Sies, Parnham, Potential therapeutic use of ebselen for COVID-19 and other respiratory viral infections, Free Radic Biol Med
Steinbrenner, Al-Quraishy, Dkhil, Wunderlich, Sies, Dietary selenium in adjuvant therapy of viral and bacterial infections, Adv Nutr
Tseng, Ho, Hsu, Lin, Li et al., Selenium is inversely associated with interleukin-6 in the elderly, J Nutr Health Aging
Van Doremalen, Bushmaker, Morris, Holbrook, Gamble et al., Aerosol and surface stability of SARS-CoV-2 as compared with SARS-CoV-1, N Engl J Med
Viezeliene, Beekhof, Gremmer, Rodovicius, Sadauskiene et al., Selective induction of IL-6 by aluminuminduced oxidative stress can be prevented by selenium, J Trace Elem Med Biol
Violi, Oliva, Cangemi, Ceccarelli, Pignatelli et al., clinical study found an association between Nox-2-derived oxidative stress and COVID-19 disease, and the level of Nox-2-derived oxidative stress was associated with severity of disease, Redox Biol
Wang, Cui, Yuan, Maqbool, Xu et al., A Solution with ginseng saponins and selenium as vaccine diluent to increase Th1/Th2 immune responses in mice, J Immunol Res
Wang, Nie, Wang, Zhao, Xiong et al., Characteristics of peripheral lymphocyte subset alteration in COVID-19 pneumonia, J Infect Dis
Wintergerst, Maggini, Hornig, Contribution of selected vitamins and trace elements to immune function, Ann Nutr Metab
Wood, Beckham, Yosioka, Darban, Watson, β-Carotene and selenium supplementation enhances immune response in aged humans, Integr Med
Xu, Gong, Sun, Cai, Liu et al., Impact of selenium deficiency on inflammation, oxidative stress, and phagocytosis in mouse macrophages, Biol Trace Elem Res
Yang, Zhao, Liu, Zhang, Wang et al., Oxidative stress induced by Se-deficient high-energy diet implicates neutrophil dysfunction via Nrf2 pathway suppression in swine, Oncotarget
Yasuhara, Kuno, Takagi, Sumitomo, Clinical characteristics of COVID-19 in children: a systematic review, Pediatr Pulmonol
Yu, Sun, Nan, Zhu, Protection from H1N1 influenza virus infections in mice by supplementation with selenium: a comparison with selenium-deficient mice, Biol Trace Elem Res
Zabetakis, Lordan, Norton, Tsoupras, COVID-19: The inflammation link and the role of nutrition in potential mitigation, Nutrients
Zhang, He, Yu, Peng, Feng et al., The modified NUTRIC score can be used for nutritional risk assessment as well as prognosis prediction in critically ill COVID-19 patients, Clin Nutr
Zhang, Roh, Han, Park, Lee et al., Role of selenoproteins in redox regulation of signaling and the antioxidant system: a review, Antioxidants
Zhang, Saad, Taylor, Rayman, Selenium and selenoproteins in viral infection with potential relevance to COVID-19, Redox Biol
Zhang, Taylor, Bennett, Saad, Rayman, Association between regional selenium status and reported outcome of COVID-19 cases in China, Am J Clin Nutr
Zhang, Xu, Jia, Yi, Gu et al., Protective humoral immunity in SARS-CoV-2 infected pediatric patients, Cell Mol Immunol
Zheng, Peng, Xu, Zhao, Liu et al., Risk factors of critical & mortal COVID-19 cases: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis, J Infect
Zhou, Yu, Du, Fan, Liu et al., Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study, Lancet
Zuo, Zhang, Lui, Yeoh, Li et al., Alterations in gut microbiota of patients with COVID-19 during time of hospitalization, Gastroenterology
DOI record: { "DOI": "10.1007/s13668-021-00354-4", "ISSN": [ "2161-3311" ], "URL": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13668-021-00354-4", "alternative-id": [ "354" ], "assertion": [ { "group": { "label": "Article History", "name": "ArticleHistory" }, "label": "Accepted", "name": "accepted", "order": 1, "value": "23 March 2021" }, { "group": { "label": "Article History", "name": "ArticleHistory" }, "label": "First Online", "name": "first_online", "order": 2, "value": "9 April 2021" }, { "group": { "label": "Declarations", "name": "EthicsHeading" }, "name": "Ethics", "order": 1 }, { "group": { "label": "Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent", "name": "EthicsHeading" }, "name": "Ethics", "order": 2, "value": "This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors." }, { "group": { "label": "Consent for Publication", "name": "EthicsHeading" }, "name": "Ethics", "order": 3, "value": "Not applicable." }, { "group": { "label": "Competing Interests", "name": "EthicsHeading" }, "name": "Ethics", "order": 4, "value": "None." }, { "label": "Free to read", "name": "free", "value": "This content has been made available to all." } ], "author": [ { "ORCID": "http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5158-9324", "affiliation": [], "authenticated-orcid": false, "family": "Khatiwada", "given": "Saroj", "sequence": "first" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Subedi", "given": "Astha", "sequence": "additional" } ], "container-title": "Current Nutrition Reports", "container-title-short": "Curr Nutr Rep", "content-domain": { "crossmark-restriction": false, "domain": [ "link.springer.com" ] }, "created": { "date-parts": [ [ 2021, 4, 9 ] ], "date-time": "2021-04-09T11:08:22Z", "timestamp": 1617966502000 }, "deposited": { "date-parts": [ [ 2021, 5, 6 ] ], "date-time": "2021-05-06T11:27:38Z", "timestamp": 1620300458000 }, "indexed": { "date-parts": [ [ 2024, 7, 14 ] ], "date-time": "2024-07-14T18:52:17Z", "timestamp": 1720983137614 }, "is-referenced-by-count": 57, "issue": "2", "issued": { "date-parts": [ [ 2021, 4, 9 ] ] }, "journal-issue": { "issue": "2", "published-print": { "date-parts": [ [ 2021, 6 ] ] } }, "language": "en", "license": [ { "URL": "https://www.springer.com/tdm", "content-version": "tdm", "delay-in-days": 0, "start": { "date-parts": [ [ 2021, 4, 9 ] ], "date-time": "2021-04-09T00:00:00Z", "timestamp": 1617926400000 } }, { "URL": "https://www.springer.com/tdm", "content-version": "vor", "delay-in-days": 0, "start": { "date-parts": [ [ 2021, 4, 9 ] ], "date-time": "2021-04-09T00:00:00Z", "timestamp": 1617926400000 } } ], "link": [ { "URL": "https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13668-021-00354-4.pdf", "content-type": "application/pdf", "content-version": "vor", "intended-application": "text-mining" }, { "URL": "https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13668-021-00354-4/fulltext.html", "content-type": "text/html", "content-version": "vor", "intended-application": "text-mining" }, { "URL": "https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13668-021-00354-4.pdf", "content-type": "application/pdf", "content-version": "vor", "intended-application": "similarity-checking" } ], "member": "297", "original-title": [], "page": "125-136", "prefix": "10.1007", "published": { "date-parts": [ [ 2021, 4, 9 ] ] }, "published-online": { "date-parts": [ [ 2021, 4, 9 ] ] }, "published-print": { "date-parts": [ [ 2021, 6 ] ] }, "publisher": "Springer Science and Business Media LLC", "reference": [ { "DOI": "10.3390/molecules24071298", "author": "M Kieliszek", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "1298", "issue": "7", "journal-title": "Molecules.", "key": "354_CR1", "unstructured": "Kieliszek M. Selenium–fascinating microelement, properties and sources in food. Molecules. 2019;24(7):1298.", "volume": "24", "year": "2019" }, { "DOI": "10.1089/ars.2010.3275", "author": "SJ Fairweather-Tait", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "1337", "issue": "7", "journal-title": "Antioxid Redox Signal", "key": "354_CR2", "unstructured": "Fairweather-Tait SJ, Bao Y, Broadley MR, Collings R, Ford D, Hesketh JE, et al. Selenium in human health and disease. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2011;14(7):1337–83.", "volume": "14", "year": "2011" }, { "author": "AP Shreenath", "key": "354_CR3", "unstructured": "Shreenath AP, Ameer MA, Dooley J. Selenium deficiency. StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. Copyright © 2020, StatPearls Publishing LLC; 2020.", "volume-title": "Selenium deficiency. StatPearls", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.3390/nu11092101", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "key": "354_CR4", "unstructured": "• Guillin OM, Vindry C, Ohlmann T, Chavatte L. Selenium, selenoproteins and viral infection. Nutrients. 2019;11(9):2101. This recent review highlights the role of selenium in viral infections." }, { "DOI": "10.1002/mnfr.200700330", "author": "PR Hoffmann", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "1273", "issue": "11", "journal-title": "Mol Nutr Food Res", "key": "354_CR5", "unstructured": "Hoffmann PR, Berry MJ. The influence of selenium on immune responses. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2008;52(11):1273–80.", "volume": "52", "year": "2008" }, { "author": "JHU CSSE", "key": "354_CR6", "unstructured": "CSSE JHU. Wuhan coronavirus (2019-nCoV) global cases. 2020.", "volume-title": "Wuhan coronavirus (2019-nCoV) global cases", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.jare.2020.03.005", "author": "MA Shereen", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "91", "journal-title": "J Adv Res", "key": "354_CR7", "unstructured": "• Shereen MA, Khan S, Kazmi A, Bashir N, Siddique R. COVID-19 infection: origin, transmission, and characteristics of human coronaviruses. J Adv Res. 2020;24:91–8 This review discusses the current evidence on COVID-19 virus and its characteristics.", "volume": "24", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1038/s41564-020-0695-z", "author": "AE Gorbalenya", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "536", "issue": "4", "journal-title": "Nat Microbiol", "key": "354_CR8", "unstructured": "Gorbalenya AE, Baker SC, Baric RS, de Groot RJ, Drosten C, Gulyaeva AA, et al. The species Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus: classifying 2019-nCoV and naming it SARS-CoV-2. Nat Microbiol. 2020;5(4):536–44.", "volume": "5", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.04.018", "author": "M Nicola", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "185", "journal-title": "Int J Surg", "key": "354_CR9", "unstructured": "Nicola M, Alsafi Z, Sohrabi C, Kerwan A, Al-Jabir A, Iosifidis C, et al. The socio-economic implications of the coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19): a review. Int J Surg. 2020;78:185–93.", "volume": "78", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1080/20479700.2020.1755804", "author": "S Lakshmi Priyadarsini", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "89", "issue": "2", "journal-title": "Int J Healthc Manag", "key": "354_CR10", "unstructured": "Lakshmi Priyadarsini S, Suresh M. Factors influencing the epidemiological characteristics of pandemic COVID 19: a TISM approach. Int J Healthc Manag. 2020;13(2):89–98.", "volume": "13", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1186/s12916-020-01673-z", "author": "Y Hou", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "216", "issue": "1", "journal-title": "BMC Med", "key": "354_CR11", "unstructured": "Hou Y, Zhao J, Martin W, Kallianpur A, Chung MK, Jehi L, et al. New insights into genetic susceptibility of COVID-19: an ACE2 and TMPRSS2 polymorphism analysis. BMC Med. 2020;18(1):216.", "volume": "18", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1136/bmjnph-2020-000085", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "key": "354_CR12", "unstructured": "•• Calder PC. Nutrition, immunity and COVID-19. BMJ Nutr Prev Health. 2020:bmjnph-2020-000085 This review highlights on the immune response and the role of common nutrients in COVID-19 disease and its pathogenesis." }, { "DOI": "10.3389/fmed.2020.00146", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "key": "354_CR13", "unstructured": "• Briguglio M, Pregliasco FE, Lombardi G, Perazzo P, Banfi G. The malnutritional status of the host as a virulence factor for new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. Front Med. 2020;7:146. This opinion article overviews the potential association between malnutrition and pathogenesis of COVID-19 disease." }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.humic.2020.100073", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "key": "354_CR14", "unstructured": "Khatiwada S, Subedi A. Lung microbiome and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): possible link and implications. Hum Microb J. 2020;17:100073." }, { "DOI": "10.1053/j.gastro.2020.05.048", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "key": "354_CR15", "unstructured": "Zuo T, Zhang F, Lui GCY, Yeoh YK, Li AYL, Zhan H, et al. Alterations in gut microbiota of patients with COVID-19 during time of hospitalization. Gastroenterology. 2020;159(3):944–55.e8." }, { "DOI": "10.1038/s41591-020-0962-9", "author": "NG Davies", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "1205", "issue": "8", "journal-title": "Nat Med", "key": "354_CR16", "unstructured": "Davies NG, Klepac P, Liu Y, Prem K, Jit M, Pearson CAB, et al. Age-dependent effects in the transmission and control of COVID-19 epidemics. Nat Med. 2020;26(8):1205–11.", "volume": "26", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.jinf.2020.04.021", "author": "Z Zheng", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "e16", "issue": "2", "journal-title": "J Infect", "key": "354_CR17", "unstructured": "Zheng Z, Peng F, Xu B, Zhao J, Liu H, Peng J, et al. Risk factors of critical & mortal COVID-19 cases: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis. J Infect. 2020;81(2):e16–25.", "volume": "81", "year": "2020" }, { "author": "M Cascella", "key": "354_CR18", "unstructured": "Cascella M, Rajnik M, Cuomo A, Dulebohn SC, Di Napoli R. Features, evaluation and treatment coronavirus (COVID-19). StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. Copyright © 2020, StatPearls Publishing LLC; 2020.", "volume-title": "Features, evaluation and treatment coronavirus (COVID-19). StatPearls", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1056/NEJMoa2002032", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "key": "354_CR19", "unstructured": "Guan W-j, Ni Z-y, Hu Y, Liang W-h, Ou C-q, He J-x, et al. Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China. N Engl J Med 2020;382(18):1708-1720." }, { "DOI": "10.1056/NEJMc2004973", "author": "N van Doremalen", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "1564", "issue": "16", "journal-title": "N Engl J Med", "key": "354_CR20", "unstructured": "van Doremalen N, Bushmaker T, Morris DH, Holbrook MG, Gamble A, Williamson BN, et al. Aerosol and surface stability of SARS-CoV-2 as compared with SARS-CoV-1. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(16):1564–7.", "volume": "382", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1038/s41591-020-0968-3", "author": "A Gupta", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "1017", "issue": "7", "journal-title": "Nat Med", "key": "354_CR21", "unstructured": "Gupta A, Madhavan MV, Sehgal K, Nair N, Mahajan S, Sehrawat TS, et al. Extrapulmonary manifestations of COVID-19. Nat Med. 2020;26(7):1017–32.", "volume": "26", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.2147/CIA.S158513", "author": "I Liguori", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "757", "journal-title": "Clin Interv Aging", "key": "354_CR22", "unstructured": "Liguori I, Russo G, Curcio F, Bulli G, Aran L, Della-Morte D, et al. Oxidative stress, aging, and diseases. Clin Interv Aging. 2018;13:757–72.", "volume": "13", "year": "2018" }, { "DOI": "10.3390/ijms21114084", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "key": "354_CR23", "unstructured": "Checconi P, De Angelis M, Marcocci ME, Fraternale A, Magnani M, Palamara AT, et al. Redox-modulating agents in the treatment of viral infections. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(11):4084." }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108351", "author": "J Jing Liang", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "108351", "journal-title": "Diabetes Res Clin Pract", "key": "354_CR24", "unstructured": "Jing Liang J, Liu J, Chen Y, Ye B, Li N, Wang X, et al. Characteristics of laboratory findings of COVID-19 patients with comorbid diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2020;167:108351.", "volume": "167", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.redox.2020.101655", "author": "F Violi", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "101655", "journal-title": "Redox Biol", "key": "354_CR25", "unstructured": "•• Violi F, Oliva A, Cangemi R, Ceccarelli G, Pignatelli P, Carnevale R, et al. Nox2 activation in Covid-19. Redox Biol. 2020;36:101655 This clinical study found an association between Nox-2-derived oxidative stress and COVID-19 disease, and the level of Nox-2-derived oxidative stress was associated with severity of disease.", "volume": "36", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.nmni.2020.100723", "author": "ES Keles", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "100723", "journal-title": "New Microbes New Infect", "key": "354_CR26", "unstructured": "Keles ES. Mild SARS-CoV-2 infections in children might be based on evolutionary biology and linked with host reactive oxidative stress and antioxidant capabilities. New Microbes New Infect. 2020;36:100723.", "volume": "36", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1177/0145561320920762", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "key": "354_CR27", "unstructured": "Lovato A, de Filippis C. Clinical presentation of COVID-19: a systematic review focusing on upper airway symptoms. Ear Nose Throat J. 2020;99(9):569–76." }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.jbior.2020.100741", "author": "G Schönrich", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "100741", "journal-title": "Adv Biol Regul", "key": "354_CR28", "unstructured": "• Schönrich G, Raftery MJ, Samstag Y. Devilishly radical NETwork in COVID-19: oxidative stress, neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), and T cell suppression. Adv Biol Regul. 2020;77:100741 This review highlights how oxidative stress generated in COVID-19 disease is linked with disease severity.", "volume": "77", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.cytogfr.2020.05.003", "author": "F Coperchini", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "25", "journal-title": "Cytokine Growth Factor Rev", "key": "354_CR29", "unstructured": "Coperchini F, Chiovato L, Croce L, Magri F, Rotondi M. The cytokine storm in COVID-19: an overview of the involvement of the chemokine/chemokine-receptor system. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 2020;53:25–32.", "volume": "53", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.3389/fimmu.2020.01648", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "key": "354_CR30", "unstructured": "Bhaskar S, Sinha A, Banach M, Mittoo S, Weissert R, Kass JS, et al. Cytokine Storm in COVID-19—Immunopathological mechanisms, clinical considerations, and therapeutic approaches: the REPROGRAM consortium position paper. Front Immunol. 2020;11:1648." }, { "DOI": "10.3389/fimmu.2020.01446", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "key": "354_CR31", "unstructured": "Ragab D, Salah Eldin H, Taeimah M, Khattab R, Salem R. The COVID-19 cytokine storm; what we know so far. Front Immunol. 2020;11:1446." }, { "DOI": "10.1016/S2352-4642(20)30177-2", "author": "F Götzinger", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "653", "journal-title": "Lancet Child Adolesc Health", "key": "354_CR32", "unstructured": "Götzinger F, Santiago-García B, Noguera-Julián A, Lanaspa M, Lancella L, Calò Carducci FI, et al. COVID-19 in children and adolescents in Europe: a multinational, multicentre cohort study. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2020;4:653–61.", "volume": "4", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.clim.2020.108510", "author": "M Kloc", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "108510", "journal-title": "Clin Immunol", "key": "354_CR33", "unstructured": "Kloc M, Ghobrial RM, Kuchar E, Lewicki S, Kubiak JZ. Development of child immunity in the context of COVID-19 pandemic. Clin Immunol. 2020;217:108510.", "volume": "217", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1002/ppul.24991", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "key": "354_CR34", "unstructured": "Yasuhara J, Kuno T, Takagi H, Sumitomo N. Clinical characteristics of COVID-19 in children: a systematic review. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2020;55(10):2565–75." }, { "DOI": "10.1152/ajplung.00183.2020", "author": "K Lingappan", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "L39", "issue": "1", "journal-title": "Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol", "key": "354_CR35", "unstructured": "Lingappan K, Karmouty-Quintana H, Davies J, Akkanti B, Harting MT. Understanding the age divide in COVID-19: why are children overwhelmingly spared? Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2020;319(1):L39–l44.", "volume": "319", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1038/s41423-020-0438-3", "author": "Y Zhang", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "768", "issue": "7", "journal-title": "Cell Mol Immunol", "key": "354_CR36", "unstructured": "Zhang Y, Xu J, Jia R, Yi C, Gu W, Liu P, et al. Protective humoral immunity in SARS-CoV-2 infected pediatric patients. Cell Mol Immunol. 2020;17(7):768–70.", "volume": "17", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1007/s12250-020-00265-8", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "key": "354_CR37", "unstructured": "Jia R, Wang X, Liu P, Liang X, Ge Y, Tian H, et al. Mild cytokine elevation, moderate CD4(+) T cell response and abundant antibody production in children with COVID-19. Virol Sin. 2020;35(6):734–43." }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.tim.2004.07.007", "author": "MA Beck", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "417", "issue": "9", "journal-title": "Trends Microbiol", "key": "354_CR38", "unstructured": "Beck MA, Handy J, Levander OA. Host nutritional status: the neglected virulence factor. Trends Microbiol. 2004;12(9):417–23.", "volume": "12", "year": "2004" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.pmedr.2018.10.008", "author": "C Hajat", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "284", "journal-title": "Prev Med Rep", "key": "354_CR39", "unstructured": "Hajat C, Stein E. The global burden of multiple chronic conditions: a narrative review. Prev Med Rep. 2018;12:284–93.", "volume": "12", "year": "2018" }, { "key": "354_CR40", "unstructured": "CDC. About Chronic Diseases 2020 cited 2020. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/chronicdisease/about/index.htm. Accessed 28 Oct 2020." }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.it.2016.04.003", "author": "CD Bourke", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "386", "issue": "6", "journal-title": "Trends Immunol", "key": "354_CR41", "unstructured": "Bourke CD, Berkley JA, Prendergast AJ. Immune dysfunction as a cause and consequence of malnutrition. Trends Immunol. 2016;37(6):386–98.", "volume": "37", "year": "2016" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.dsx.2020.04.015", "author": "R Jayawardena", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "367", "issue": "4", "journal-title": "Diabetes Metab Syndr", "key": "354_CR42", "unstructured": "Jayawardena R, Sooriyaarachchi P, Chourdakis M, Jeewandara C, Ranasinghe P. Enhancing immunity in viral infections, with special emphasis on COVID-19: A review. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2020;14(4):367–82.", "volume": "14", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.3390/nu12051466", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "key": "354_CR43", "unstructured": "Zabetakis I, Lordan R, Norton C, Tsoupras A. COVID-19: The inflammation link and the role of nutrition in potential mitigation. Nutrients. 2020;12(5):1466." }, { "DOI": "10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30566-3", "author": "F Zhou", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "1054", "issue": "10229", "journal-title": "Lancet", "key": "354_CR44", "unstructured": "Zhou F, Yu T, Du R, Fan G, Liu Y, Liu Z, et al. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet. 2020;395(10229):1054–62.", "volume": "395", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.clnu.2020.05.051", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "key": "354_CR45", "unstructured": "Zhang P, He Z, Yu G, Peng D, Feng Y, Ling J, et al. The modified NUTRIC score can be used for nutritional risk assessment as well as prognosis prediction in critically ill COVID-19 patients. Clin Nutr. 2021;40(2):534–541." }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.clim.2020.108545", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "key": "354_CR46", "unstructured": "Gasmi A, Tippairote T, Mujawdiya PK, Peana M, Menzel A, Dadar M, et al. Micronutrients as immunomodulatory tools for COVID-19 management. Clin Immunol. 2020;220:108545." }, { "DOI": "10.2174/1871530319666190529101816", "author": "I Elmadfa", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "1100", "issue": "8", "journal-title": "Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets", "key": "354_CR47", "unstructured": "Elmadfa I, Meyer AL. The role of the status of selected micronutrients in shaping the immune function. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets. 2019;19(8):1100–15.", "volume": "19", "year": "2019" }, { "DOI": "10.1159/000107673", "author": "ES Wintergerst", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "301", "issue": "4", "journal-title": "Ann Nutr Metab", "key": "354_CR48", "unstructured": "Wintergerst ES, Maggini S, Hornig DH. Contribution of selected vitamins and trace elements to immune function. Ann Nutr Metab. 2007;51(4):301–23.", "volume": "51", "year": "2007" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.ijid.2020.08.018", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "key": "354_CR49", "unstructured": "• Im JH, Je YS, Baek J, Chung MH, Kwon HY, Lee JS. Nutritional status of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Int J Infect Dis. 2020;100:390–93. This study in COVID-19 patients found vitamin D and selenium deficiency in the majority of patients." }, { "DOI": "10.3390/nu12051359", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "key": "354_CR50", "unstructured": "• D’Avolio A, Avataneo V, Manca A, Cusato J, De Nicolò A, Lucchini R, et al. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D concentrations are lower in patients with positive PCR for SARS-CoV-2. Nutrients. 2020;12(5):1359. This study reported significantly lower level of vitamin D in SARS-CoV-2 PCR-positive patients as compared to PCR negative patients." }, { "DOI": "10.1177/2164956120934768", "author": "RZ Cheng", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "216495612093476", "journal-title": "Glob Adv Health Med", "key": "354_CR51", "unstructured": "Cheng RZ, Kogan M, Davis D. Ascorbate as prophylaxis and therapy for COVID-19-update from Shanghai and U.S. medical institutions. Glob Adv Health Med. 2020;9:2164956120934768.", "volume": "9", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.3390/nu11040708", "author": "H Hemilä", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "708", "issue": "4", "journal-title": "Nutrients.", "key": "354_CR52", "unstructured": "Hemilä H, Chalker E. Vitamin C can shorten the length of stay in the ICU: a meta-analysis. Nutrients. 2019;11(4):708.", "volume": "11", "year": "2019" }, { "DOI": "10.3390/molecules18033292", "author": "Y Mehdi", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "3292", "issue": "3", "journal-title": "Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)", "key": "354_CR53", "unstructured": "Mehdi Y, Hornick J-L, Istasse L, Dufrasne I. Selenium in the environment, metabolism and involvement in body functions. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland). 2013;18(3):3292–311.", "volume": "18", "year": "2013" }, { "DOI": "10.3390/antiox9050383", "author": "Y Zhang", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "383", "issue": "5", "journal-title": "Antioxidants (Basel)", "key": "354_CR54", "unstructured": "Zhang Y, Roh YJ, Han S-J, Park I, Lee HM, Ok YS, et al. Role of selenoproteins in redox regulation of signaling and the antioxidant system: a review. Antioxidants (Basel). 2020;9(5):383.", "volume": "9", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1152/physrev.00039.2013", "author": "VM Labunskyy", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "739", "issue": "3", "journal-title": "Physiol Rev", "key": "354_CR55", "unstructured": "Labunskyy VM, Hatfield DL, Gladyshev VN. Selenoproteins: molecular pathways and physiological roles. Physiol Rev. 2014;94(3):739–77.", "volume": "94", "year": "2014" }, { "DOI": "10.1146/annurev-nutr-071714-034250", "author": "RF Burk", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "109", "journal-title": "Annu Rev Nutr", "key": "354_CR56", "unstructured": "Burk RF, Hill KE. Regulation of selenium metabolism and transport. Annu Rev Nutr. 2015;35:109–34.", "volume": "35", "year": "2015" }, { "DOI": "10.3390/nu12072098", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "key": "354_CR57", "unstructured": "• Moghaddam A, Heller RA, Sun Q, Seelig J, Cherkezov A, Seibert L, et al. Selenium deficiency is associated with mortality risk from COVID-19. Nutrients. 2020;12(7):2098. This study found an association between COVID-19 mortality risk and selenium status." }, { "DOI": "10.1093/ajcn/nqaa095", "author": "J Zhang", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "1297", "issue": "6", "journal-title": "Am J Clin Nutr", "key": "354_CR58", "unstructured": "• Zhang J, Taylor EW, Bennett K, Saad R, Rayman MP. Association between regional selenium status and reported outcome of COVID-19 cases in China. Am J Clin Nutr. 2020;111(6):1297–9 This study in China reports an asociation between selenium status in cities and cure rates from COVID-19 disease.", "volume": "111", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1007/s12011-011-8977-1", "author": "M Harthill", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "1325", "issue": "3", "journal-title": "Biol Trace Elem Res", "key": "354_CR59", "unstructured": "Harthill M. Review: micronutrient selenium deficiency influences evolution of some viral infectious diseases. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2011;143(3):1325–36.", "volume": "143", "year": "2011" }, { "DOI": "10.3945/an.114.007575", "author": "H Steinbrenner", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "73", "issue": "1", "journal-title": "Adv Nutr", "key": "354_CR60", "unstructured": "Steinbrenner H, Al-Quraishy S, Dkhil MA, Wunderlich F, Sies H. Dietary selenium in adjuvant therapy of viral and bacterial infections. Adv Nutr. 2015;6(1):73–82.", "volume": "6", "year": "2015" }, { "DOI": "10.1039/C9TB00531E", "author": "Y Li", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "4252", "issue": "27", "journal-title": "J Mater Chem B", "key": "354_CR61", "unstructured": "Li Y, Lin Z, Gong G, Guo M, Xu T, Wang C, et al. Inhibition of H1N1 influenza virus-induced apoptosis by selenium nanoparticles functionalized with arbidol through ROS-mediated signaling pathways. J Mater Chem B. 2019;7(27):4252–62.", "volume": "7", "year": "2019" }, { "DOI": "10.3390/v7010333", "author": "LQ Fang", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "333", "issue": "1", "journal-title": "Viruses.", "key": "354_CR62", "unstructured": "Fang LQ, Goeijenbier M, Zuo SQ, Wang LP, Liang S, Klein SL, et al. The association between hantavirus infection and selenium deficiency in mainland China. Viruses. 2015;7(1):333–51.", "volume": "7", "year": "2015" }, { "DOI": "10.1096/fj.00-0721fje", "author": "MA Beck", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "1481", "issue": "8", "journal-title": "FASEB J", "key": "354_CR63", "unstructured": "Beck MA, Nelson HK, Shi Q, Van Dael P, Schiffrin EJ, Blum S, et al. Selenium deficiency increases the pathology of an influenza virus infection. FASEB J. 2001;15(8):1481–3.", "volume": "15", "year": "2001" }, { "DOI": "10.1002/jmv.1890430213", "author": "MA Beck", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "166", "issue": "2", "journal-title": "J Med Virol", "key": "354_CR64", "unstructured": "Beck MA, Kolbeck PC, Rohr LH, Shi Q, Morris VC, Levander OA. Benign human enterovirus becomes virulent in selenium-deficient mice. J Med Virol. 1994;43(2):166–70.", "volume": "43", "year": "1994" }, { "DOI": "10.1186/s13223-018-0278-1", "author": "JS Marshall", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "49", "issue": "Suppl 2", "journal-title": "Allergy, Asthma Clin Immunol", "key": "354_CR65", "unstructured": "Marshall JS, Warrington R, Watson W, Kim HL. An introduction to immunology and immunopathology. Allergy, Asthma Clin Immunol. 2018;14(Suppl 2):49.", "volume": "14", "year": "2018" }, { "DOI": "10.1007/s12011-019-01789-1", "author": "X Shi", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "525", "issue": "2", "journal-title": "Biol Trace Elem Res", "key": "354_CR66", "unstructured": "Shi X, Wang W, Zheng S, Zhang Q, Xu S. Selenomethionine relieves inflammation in the chicken trachea caused by LPS though inhibiting the NF-κB pathway. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2020;194(2):525–35.", "volume": "194", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1089/ars.2011.4145", "author": "Z Huang", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "705", "issue": "7", "journal-title": "Antioxid Redox Signal", "key": "354_CR67", "unstructured": "Huang Z, Rose AH, Hoffmann PR. The role of selenium in inflammation and immunity: from molecular mechanisms to therapeutic opportunities. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2012;16(7):705–43.", "volume": "16", "year": "2012" }, { "DOI": "10.18632/oncotarget.14550", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "key": "354_CR68", "unstructured": "Yang T, Zhao Z, Liu T, Zhang Z, Wang P, Xu S, et al. Oxidative stress induced by Se-deficient high-energy diet implicates neutrophil dysfunction via Nrf2 pathway suppression in swine. Oncotarget. 2017;8(8):13428–39." }, { "DOI": "10.1007/s12011-019-01775-7", "author": "J Xu", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "237", "issue": "1", "journal-title": "Biol Trace Elem Res", "key": "354_CR69", "unstructured": "Xu J, Gong Y, Sun Y, Cai J, Liu Q, Bao J, et al. Impact of selenium deficiency on inflammation, oxidative stress, and phagocytosis in mouse macrophages. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2020;194(1):237–43.", "volume": "194", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1093/infdis/jiaa150", "author": "F Wang", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "1762", "issue": "11", "journal-title": "J Infect Dis", "key": "354_CR70", "unstructured": "Wang F, Nie J, Wang H, Zhao Q, Xiong Y, Deng L, et al. Characteristics of peripheral lymphocyte subset alteration in COVID-19 pneumonia. J Infect Dis. 2020;221(11):1762–9.", "volume": "221", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.3945/jn.109.120725", "author": "FW Hoffmann", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "1155", "issue": "6", "journal-title": "J Nutr", "key": "354_CR71", "unstructured": "Hoffmann FW, Hashimoto AC, Shafer LA, Dow S, Berry MJ, Hoffmann PR. Dietary selenium modulates activation and differentiation of CD4+ T cells in mice through a mechanism involving cellular free thiols. J Nutr. 2010;140(6):1155–61.", "volume": "140", "year": "2010" }, { "DOI": "10.1385/BTER:81:3:189", "author": "WC Hawkes", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "189", "issue": "3", "journal-title": "Biol Trace Elem Res", "key": "354_CR72", "unstructured": "Hawkes WC, Kelley DS, Taylor PC. The effects of dietary selenium on the immune system in healthy men. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2001;81(3):189–213.", "volume": "81", "year": "2001" }, { "DOI": "10.1039/D0MT00165A", "author": "S Li", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "1576", "journal-title": "Metallomics.", "key": "354_CR73", "unstructured": "Li S, Zhao Q, Zhang K, Sun W, Jia X, Yang Y, et al. Se deficiency induces renal pathological changes by regulating selenoprotein expression, disrupting redox balance, and activating inflammation. Metallomics. 2020;12:1576–84.", "volume": "12", "year": "2020" }, { "author": "P Erkekoğlu", "first-page": "271", "issue": "3", "journal-title": "Turk J Pediatr", "key": "354_CR74", "unstructured": "Erkekoğlu P, Aşçı A, Ceyhan M, Kızılgün M, Schweizer U, Ataş C, et al. Selenium levels, selenoenzyme activities and oxidant/antioxidant parameters in H1N1-infected children. Turk J Pediatr. 2013;55(3):271–82.", "volume": "55", "year": "2013" }, { "DOI": "10.1024/0300-9831/a000663", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "key": "354_CR75", "unstructured": "Fakhrolmobasheri M, Nasr-Esfahany Z, Khanahmad H, Zeinalian M. Selenium supplementation can relieve the clinical complications of COVID-19 and other similar viral infections. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2020:1–3." }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.redox.2020.101715", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "key": "354_CR76", "unstructured": "• Zhang J, Saad R, Taylor EW, Rayman MP. Selenium and selenoproteins in viral infection with potential relevance to COVID-19. Redox Biol. 2020;37:101715. This review highlights the importance of selenium in COVID-19 pathogenesis." }, { "DOI": "10.1080/08820139.2018.1496098", "author": "A Mahmoodpoor", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "147", "issue": "2", "journal-title": "Immunol Investig", "key": "354_CR77", "unstructured": "• Mahmoodpoor A, Hamishehkar H, Shadvar K, Ostadi Z, Sanaie S, Saghaleini SH, et al. The effect of intravenous selenium on oxidative stress in critically ill patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Immunol Investig. 2019;48(2):147–59 This clinical trial found that selenium supplementation can enhance antioxidant capacity of lungs and lower inflammation.", "volume": "48", "year": "2019" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173494", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "key": "354_CR78", "unstructured": "Alamdari DH, Moghaddam AB, Amini S, Keramati MR, Zarmehri AM, Alamdari AH, et al. Application of methylene blue -vitamin C –N-acetyl cysteine for treatment of critically ill COVID-19 patients, report of a phase-I clinical trial. Eur J Pharmacol. 2020;885:173494." }, { "DOI": "10.1096/fj.202001807", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "key": "354_CR79", "unstructured": "De Flora S, Balansky R, La Maestra S. Rationale for the use of N-acetylcysteine in both prevention and adjuvant therapy of COVID-19. FASEB J. 2020;34:13185–93." }, { "DOI": "10.1021/acsomega.0c02125", "author": "S Hati", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "16292", "issue": "26", "journal-title": "ACS Omega", "key": "354_CR80", "unstructured": "Hati S, Bhattacharyya S. Impact of thiol-disulfide balance on the binding of Covid-19 spike protein with angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor. ACS Omega. 2020;5(26):16292–8.", "volume": "5", "year": "2020" }, { "author": "RI Horowitz", "first-page": "101063", "journal-title": "Respir Med Case Rep", "key": "354_CR81", "unstructured": "Horowitz RI, Freeman PR, Bruzzese J. Efficacy of glutathione therapy in relieving dyspnea associated with COVID-19 pneumonia: a report of 2 cases. Respir Med Case Rep. 2020;30:101063.", "volume": "30", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1007/s12603-012-0376-6", "author": "CK Tseng", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "280", "issue": "3", "journal-title": "J Nutr Health Aging", "key": "354_CR82", "unstructured": "Tseng CK, Ho CT, Hsu HS, Lin CH, Li CI, Li TC, et al. Selenium is inversely associated with interleukin-6 in the elderly. J Nutr Health Aging. 2013;17(3):280–4.", "volume": "17", "year": "2013" }, { "DOI": "10.1007/s12011-018-1396-9", "author": "PA Khoso", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "506", "issue": "2", "journal-title": "Biol Trace Elem Res", "key": "354_CR83", "unstructured": "Khoso PA, Zhang Y, Yin H, Teng X, Li S. Selenium deficiency affects immune function by influencing selenoprotein and cytokine expression in chicken spleen. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2019;187(2):506–16.", "volume": "187", "year": "2019" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2007.03.017", "author": "I Jaspers", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "1826", "issue": "12", "journal-title": "Free Radic Biol Med", "key": "354_CR84", "unstructured": "Jaspers I, Zhang W, Brighton LE, Carson JL, Styblo M, Beck MA. Selenium deficiency alters epithelial cell morphology and responses to influenza. Free Radic Biol Med. 2007;42(12):1826–37.", "volume": "42", "year": "2007" }, { "DOI": "10.1038/ng1655", "author": "JE Curran", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "1234", "issue": "11", "journal-title": "Nat Genet", "key": "354_CR85", "unstructured": "Curran JE, Jowett JBM, Elliott KS, Gao Y, Gluschenko K, Wang J, et al. Genetic variation in selenoprotein S influences inflammatory response. Nat Genet. 2005;37(11):1234–41.", "volume": "37", "year": "2005" }, { "DOI": "10.1017/S0954422418000124", "author": "JB Belsky", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "281", "issue": "2", "journal-title": "Nutr Res Rev", "key": "354_CR86", "unstructured": "Belsky JB, Wira CR, Vinitha J, Sather JE, Lee PJ. A review of micronutrients in sepsis: the role of thiamine, l-carnitine, vitamin C, selenium and vitamin D. Nutr Res Rev. 2018;31(2):281–90.", "volume": "31", "year": "2018" }, { "DOI": "10.1093/bja/aev073", "author": "K Mertens", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "990", "issue": "6", "journal-title": "Br J Anaesth", "key": "354_CR87", "unstructured": "Mertens K, Lowes DA, Webster NR, Talib J, Hall L, Davies MJ, et al. Low zinc and selenium concentrations in sepsis are associated with oxidative damage and inflammation. Br J Anaesth. 2015;114(6):990–9.", "volume": "114", "year": "2015" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.jtemb.2012.11.001", "author": "D Viezeliene", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "226", "issue": "3", "journal-title": "J Trace Elem Med Biol", "key": "354_CR88", "unstructured": "Viezeliene D, Beekhof P, Gremmer E, Rodovicius H, Sadauskiene I, Jansen E, et al. Selective induction of IL-6 by aluminum-induced oxidative stress can be prevented by selenium. J Trace Elem Med Biol. 2013;27(3):226–9.", "volume": "27", "year": "2013" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/S1096-2190(00)00009-3", "author": "SM Wood", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "85", "issue": "2", "journal-title": "Integr Med", "key": "354_CR89", "unstructured": "Wood SM, Beckham C, Yosioka A, Darban H, Watson RR. β-Carotene and selenium supplementation enhances immune response in aged humans. Integr Med. 2000;2(2):85–92.", "volume": "2", "year": "2000" }, { "DOI": "10.1007/s12011-010-8726-x", "author": "L Yu", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "254", "issue": "1-3", "journal-title": "Biol Trace Elem Res", "key": "354_CR90", "unstructured": "Yu L, Sun L, Nan Y, Zhu LY. Protection from H1N1 influenza virus infections in mice by supplementation with selenium: a comparison with selenium-deficient mice. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2011;141(1-3):254–61.", "volume": "141", "year": "2011" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.vetimm.2018.12.002", "author": "B Shojadoost", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "62", "journal-title": "Vet Immunol Immunopathol", "key": "354_CR91", "unstructured": "Shojadoost B, Kulkarni RR, Yitbarek A, Laursen A, Taha-Abdelaziz K, Negash Alkie T, et al. Dietary selenium supplementation enhances antiviral immunity in chickens challenged with low pathogenic avian influenza virus subtype H9N2. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 2019;207:62–8.", "volume": "207", "year": "2019" }, { "DOI": "10.1002/jmv.24366", "author": "Z Cheng", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "653", "issue": "4", "journal-title": "J Med Virol", "key": "354_CR92", "unstructured": "Cheng Z, Zhi X, Sun G, Guo W, Huang Y, Sun W, et al. Sodium selenite suppresses hepatitis B virus transcription and replication in human hepatoma cell lines. J Med Virol. 2016;88(4):653–63.", "volume": "88", "year": "2016" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.06.032", "author": "H Sies", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "107", "journal-title": "Free Radic Biol Med", "key": "354_CR93", "unstructured": "• Sies H, Parnham MJ. Potential therapeutic use of ebselen for COVID-19 and other respiratory viral infections. Free Radic Biol Med. 2020;156:107–12 This article discusses the potential benefits of organoselenium drug, ebselen for improving COVID-19 disease.", "volume": "156", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1111/1348-0421.12715", "author": "B Maqbool", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "269", "issue": "7", "journal-title": "Microbiol Immunol", "key": "354_CR94", "unstructured": "Maqbool B, Wang Y, Cui X, He S, Guan R, Wang S, et al. Ginseng stem-leaf saponins in combination with selenium enhance immune responses to an attenuated pseudorabies virus vaccine. Microbiol Immunol. 2019;63(7):269–79.", "volume": "63", "year": "2019" }, { "author": "Y Wang", "first-page": "2714257", "journal-title": "J Immunol Res", "key": "354_CR95", "unstructured": "Wang Y, Cui X, Yuan L, Maqbool B, Xu W, He S, et al. A Solution with ginseng saponins and selenium as vaccine diluent to increase Th1/Th2 immune responses in mice. J Immunol Res. 2020;2020:2714257.", "volume": "2020", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109878", "author": "M Kieliszek", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "109878", "journal-title": "Med Hypotheses", "key": "354_CR96", "unstructured": "Kieliszek M, Lipinski B. Selenium supplementation in the prevention of coronavirus infections (COVID-19). Med Hypotheses. 2020;143:109878.", "volume": "143", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.jtemb.2007.09.021", "author": "X Forceville", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "62", "issue": "Suppl 1", "journal-title": "J Trace Elem Med Biol", "key": "354_CR97", "unstructured": "Forceville X. Effects of high doses of selenium, as sodium selenite, in septic shock patients a placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind, multi-center phase II study--selenium and sepsis. J Trace Elem Med Biol. 2007;21(Suppl 1):62–5.", "volume": "21", "year": "2007" }, { "DOI": "10.1017/S0007114520003128", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "key": "354_CR98", "unstructured": "• Bermano G, Méplan C, Mercer DK, Hesketh JE. Selenium and viral infection: are there lessons for COVID-19? Br J Nutr. 2021;125(6):618–27. This review discusses the potential influence of selenium status on COVID-19 disease." }, { "DOI": "10.1371/journal.pone.0115833", "author": "G Liu", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "e0115833", "issue": "2", "journal-title": "PLoS One", "key": "354_CR99", "unstructured": "Liu G, Yang G, Guan G, Zhang Y, Ren W, Yin J, et al. Effect of dietary selenium yeast supplementation on porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) infections in mice. PLoS One. 2015;10(2):e0115833.", "volume": "10", "year": "2015" }, { "DOI": "10.1186/s13613-015-0071-y", "author": "L Chelkeba", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "29", "issue": "1", "journal-title": "Ann Intensive Care", "key": "354_CR100", "unstructured": "• Chelkeba L, Ahmadi A, Abdollahi M, Najafi A, Ghadimi MH, Mosaed R, et al. The effect of parenteral selenium on outcomes of mechanically ventilated patients following sepsis: a prospective randomized clinical trial. Ann Intensive Care. 2015;5(1):29 Selenium supplementation improved activity of antioxidant enzyme, glutathione peroxidase in septic patients.", "volume": "5", "year": "2015" }, { "DOI": "10.1007/s00134-011-2212-6", "author": "W Manzanares", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "1120", "issue": "7", "journal-title": "Intensive Care Med", "key": "354_CR101", "unstructured": "•• Manzanares W, Biestro A, Torre MH, Galusso F, Facchin G, Hardy G. High-dose selenium reduces ventilator-associated pneumonia and illness severity in critically ill patients with systemic inflammation. Intensive Care Med. 2011;37(7):1120–7 This clinical trial found improvement in illness severity of critically ill patients Further reduction in incidence of hospital acquired pneumonia was observed after selenium supplementation.", "volume": "37", "year": "2011" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.jcrc.2017.12.016", "author": "A Mahmoodpoor", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "357", "journal-title": "J Crit Care", "key": "354_CR102", "unstructured": "•• Mahmoodpoor A, Hamishehkar H, Sanaie S, Behruzizad N, Iranpour A, Koleini E, et al. Antioxidant reserve of the lungs and ventilator-associated pneumonia: a clinical trial of high dose selenium in critically ill patients. J Crit Care. 2018;44:357–62 This clinical trial tested the effect of a high dose of selenium in critically ill patients on the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Selenium supplement increased the antioxidant capacity but not the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia.", "volume": "44", "year": "2018" } ], "reference-count": 102, "references-count": 102, "relation": {}, "resource": { "primary": { "URL": "https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s13668-021-00354-4" } }, "score": 1, "short-title": [], "source": "Crossref", "subject": [], "subtitle": [], "title": "A Mechanistic Link Between Selenium and Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)", "type": "journal-article", "update-policy": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/springer_crossmark_policy", "volume": "10" }
Loading..
Please send us corrections, updates, or comments. c19early involves the extraction of 100,000+ datapoints from thousands of papers. Community updates help ensure high accuracy. Treatments and other interventions are complementary. All practical, effective, and safe means should be used based on risk/benefit analysis. No treatment or intervention is 100% available and effective for all current and future variants. We do not provide medical advice. Before taking any medication, consult a qualified physician who can provide personalized advice and details of risks and benefits based on your medical history and situation. FLCCC and WCH provide treatment protocols.
  or use drag and drop   
Submit