COVID-19 early treatment: real-time analysis of 5,528 studies
COVID-19 involves the interplay of over 100 viral and host proteins and factors,
providing many therapeutic targets.
c19early analyzes over 5,500 studies for 120 treatments—over 17 million hours of research.
US authorities believe only three high-profit early treatments
reduce risk (remdesivir, paxlovid, molnupiravir). In reality, many treatments reduce risk,
and 25 low-cost treatments have been approved across 163 countries.
0.5% of 8,000+ proposed treatments show reduced risk.
Direct treatment to the primary source of initial infection reduces progression and transmission.
Many low-cost agents are widely available.
Exercise, sunlight, a healthy diet, and good sleep all reduce risk.
Vitamins A, C, D, and zinc show reduced risk, as with other viruses.
Methods for increasing internal body temperature reduce risk, comparable to natural fever, enhancing immune system function.
Many systemic agents reduce risk, and may be required when infection progresses beyond the upper respiratory tract.
High-profit systemic agents are also effective, but have greater access and cost barriers.
Highly effective for matching variants but rarely used, with high cost, variant dependence, and IV/subcutaneous administration.
Acetaminophen increases risk of severe outcomes and mortality.
Antiviral efficacy is offset by serious side effects, resulting in increased mortality with longer followup.
c19early.org
We do not provide medical advice. No treatment is 100% effective, and all may have side effects. Protocols combine multiple treatments. Consult a qualified physician for personalized risk/benefit analysis.
Timeline for when studies showed efficacy - details and limitations.
0.5% of treatments show efficacy.
Top journals that accept positive studies for low cost treatments:
Nutrients,
PLOS ONE,
Frontiers in Medicine,
Cureus,
Journal of Clinical Medicine,
Scientific Reports,
more...
Treatment cost times median NNT - details and limitations.
0.5% of treatments show efficacy.
Loading..
All clinical results for selected treatments. 0.5% of treatments show efficacy.
Loading..
| Random effects meta-analysis of all studies (pooled effects, all stages). Treatments with ≤3 studies with distinct authors or with <50 control events are shown in grey. Pooled results across all stages and outcomes depend on the distribution of stages and outcomes tested - for example late stage treatment may be less effective and if the majority of studies are late stage this may obscure the efficacy of early treatment. Please see the specific stage and outcome analyses. Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and synergistic, and the SOC in studies often includes other treatments. 0.5% of proposed treatments show efficacy in clinical studies. | |||||
|
Loading.. Loading.. | |||||
| Random effects meta-analysis of early treatment studies (pooled effects). Treatments with ≤3 studies with distinct authors or with <50 control events are shown in grey. Pooled results across all outcomes are affected by the distribution of outcomes tested, please see detail pages for specific outcome analysis. Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and synergistic, and the SOC in studies often includes other treatments. 0.5% of proposed treatments show efficacy in clinical studies. | |||||
|
Loading.. Loading.. | |||||
| Random effects meta-analysis of all mortality results (all stages). Treatments with ≤3 studies with distinct authors or with <25 control events are shown in grey. Pooled results across all stages depend on the distribution of stages tested - for example late stage treatment may be less effective and if the majority of studies are late stage this may obscure the efficacy of early treatment. Please see the specific stage analyses. Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and synergistic, and the SOC in studies often includes other treatments. 0.5% of proposed treatments show efficacy in clinical studies. | |||||
|
Loading.. Loading.. | |||||
| Random effects meta-analysis of early treatment mortality results. Treatments with ≤3 studies with distinct authors or with <25 control events are shown in grey. Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and synergistic, and the SOC in studies often includes other treatments. 0.5% of proposed treatments show efficacy in clinical studies. | |||||
|
Loading.. Loading.. | |||||
| Random effects meta-analysis of prophylaxis studies (pooled effects). Treatments with ≤3 studies with distinct authors or with <50 control events are shown in grey. Pooled results across all outcomes are affected by the distribution of outcomes tested, please see detail pages for specific outcome analysis. Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and synergistic, and the SOC in studies often includes other treatments. 0.5% of proposed treatments show efficacy in clinical studies. | |||||
|
Loading.. Loading.. | |||||
| Random effects meta-analysis of prophylaxis mortality results. Treatments with ≤3 studies with distinct authors or with <25 control events are shown in grey. Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and synergistic, and the SOC in studies often includes other treatments. 0.5% of proposed treatments show efficacy in clinical studies. | |||||
|
Loading.. Loading.. | |||||
| Random effects meta-analysis of long covid results. Treatments with ≤3 studies with distinct authors or with <50 control events are shown in grey. Pooled results across all stages and outcomes depend on the distribution of stages and outcomes tested - for example late stage treatment may be less effective and if the majority of studies are late stage this may obscure the efficacy of early treatment. Please see the specific stage and outcome analyses. Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and synergistic, and the SOC in studies often includes other treatments. 0.5% of proposed treatments show efficacy in clinical studies. | |||||
|
Loading.. Loading.. | |||||
| Random effects meta-analysis of transmission results. Treatments with ≤3 studies with distinct authors or with <50 control events are shown in grey. Pooled results across all stages and outcomes depend on the distribution of stages and outcomes tested - for example late stage treatment may be less effective and if the majority of studies are late stage this may obscure the efficacy of early treatment. Please see the specific stage and outcome analyses. Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and synergistic, and the SOC in studies often includes other treatments. 0.5% of proposed treatments show efficacy in clinical studies. |
| LATE TREATMENT | ||||||
| Physician / Team | Location | Patients | HospitalizationHosp. | MortalityDeath | ||
| Dr. David Uip (*) | Brazil | 2,200 | 38.6% (850) | Ref. | 2.5% (54) | Ref. |
| EARLY TREATMENT - 40 physicians/teams | ||||||
| Physician / Team | Location | Patients | HospitalizationHosp. | ImprovementImp. | MortalityDeath | ImprovementImp. |
| Dr. Roberto Alfonso Accinelli 0/360 deaths for treatment within 3 days |
Peru | 1,265 | 0.6% (7) | 77.5% | ||
| Dr. Mohammed Tarek Alam patients up to 84 years old |
Bangladesh | 100 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
| Dr. Oluwagbenga Alonge | Nigeria | 310 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
| Dr. Raja Bhattacharya up to 88yo, 81% comorbidities |
India | 148 | 1.4% (2) | 44.9% | ||
| Dr. Flavio Cadegiani | Brazil | 3,450 | 0.1% (4) | 99.7% | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% |
| Dr. Alessandro Capucci | Italy | 350 | 4.6% (16) | 88.2% | ||
| Dr. Shankara Chetty | South Africa | 8,000 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
| Dr. Deborah Chisholm | USA | 100 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
| Dr. Ryan Cole | USA | 400 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% |
| Dr. Marco Cosentino vs. 3-3.8% mortality during period; earlier treatment better |
Italy | 392 | 6.4% (25) | 83.5% | 0.3% (1) | 89.6% |
| Dr. Jeff Davis | USA | 6,000 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
| Dr. Dhanajay | India | 500 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
| Dr. Bryan Tyson & Dr. George Fareed | USA | 20,000 | 0.0% (6) | 99.9% | 0.0% (4) | 99.2% |
| Dr. Raphael Furtado | Brazil | 170 | 0.6% (1) | 98.5% | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% |
| Rabbi Yehoshua Gerzi | Israel | 860 | 0.1% (1) | 99.7% | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% |
| Dr. Heather Gessling | USA | 1,500 | 0.1% (1) | 97.3% | ||
| Dr. Ellen Guimarães | Brazil | 500 | 1.6% (8) | 95.9% | 0.4% (2) | 83.7% |
| Dr. Syed Haider | USA | 4,000 | 0.1% (5) | 99.7% | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% |
| Dr. Mark Hancock | USA | 24 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
| Dr. Sabine Hazan | USA | 1,000 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
| Dr. Mollie James | USA | 3,500 | 1.1% (40) | 97.0% | 0.0% (1) | 98.8% |
| Dr. Roberta Lacerda | Brazil | 550 | 1.5% (8) | 96.2% | 0.4% (2) | 85.2% |
| Dr. Katarina Lindley | USA | 100 | 5.0% (5) | 87.1% | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% |
| Dr. Ben Marble | USA | 150,000 | 0.0% (4) | 99.9% | ||
| Dr. Edimilson Migowski | Brazil | 2,000 | 0.3% (7) | 99.1% | 0.1% (2) | 95.9% |
| Dr. Abdulrahman Mohana | Saudi Arabia | 2,733 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
| Dr. Carlos Nigro | Brazil | 5,000 | 0.9% (45) | 97.7% | 0.5% (23) | 81.3% |
| Dr. Benoit Ochs | Luxembourg | 800 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
| Dr. Ortore | Italy | 240 | 1.2% (3) | 96.8% | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% |
| Dr. Valerio Pascua one death for a patient presenting on the 5th day in need of supplemental oxygen |
Honduras | 415 | 6.3% (26) | 83.8% | 0.2% (1) | 90.2% |
| Dr. Sebastian Pop | Romania | 300 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
| Dr. Brian Proctor | USA | 869 | 2.3% (20) | 94.0% | 0.2% (2) | 90.6% |
| Dr. Anastacio Queiroz | Brazil | 700 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
| Dr. Didier Raoult | France | 8,315 | 2.6% (214) | 93.3% | 0.1% (5) | 97.6% |
| Dr. Karin Ried up to 99yo, 73% comorbidities, av. age 63 |
Turkey | 237 | 0.4% (1) | 82.8% | ||
| Dr. Roman Rozencwaig patients up to 86 years old |
Canada | 80 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
| Dr. Vipul Shah | India | 8,000 | 0.1% (5) | 97.5% | ||
| Dr. Silvestre Sobrinho | Brazil | 116 | 8.6% (10) | 77.7% | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% |
| Dr. Unknown | Brazil | 957 | 1.7% (16) | 95.7% | 0.2% (2) | 91.5% |
| Dr. Vladimir Zelenko | USA | 2,200 | 0.5% (12) | 98.6% | 0.1% (2) | 96.3% |
| Mean improvement with early treatment protocols | 238,381 | HospitalizationHosp. | 94.4% | MortalityDeath | 94.9% | |
Physician results with early treatment protocols compared to
no early treatment. These results are subject to selection and ascertainment
bias and more accurate analysis requires details of the patient populations
and followup, however results are consistently better across many teams, and consistent
with the extensive controlled trial evidence that shows a significant
reduction in risk with many early treatments, and improved results with the
use of multiple treatments in combination.
| Dugied | SARS-CoV-2-human interactome analysis in 3D space using Proximity-Dependent Biotin Identification (BioID) data. By analyzing 10,125 interactions.. |
| Baazim | In Vitro and animal study showing that inhibiting Fatty Acid-Binding Protein 4 (FABP4) reduces SARS-CoV-2 infection, viral replication, and lung.. |
| Meng | In Vitro and mouse study showing that covalently engineered ACE2 nanovesicle spray (nanoSpray) effectively neutralizes SARS-CoV-2 wild-type and.. |
| Drysdale | 629,172 patients early treatment: 4% lower PASC (p=0.002) |
| Vukovikj | Review of SARS-CoV-2 variant mutations and their impact on susceptibility to monoclonal antibodies and antivirals. Mutations in the ORF1ab region.. |
| Hawryłkowicz | 366 patients: 77% lower hospitalization (p=0.001) |
| Brandão | Analysis of 2,065 Brazilian adults participating in the CUME study showing that higher intake of vitamin C, vitamin D, zinc, white meat, and.. |
| Gayozo | In Silico study showing that ivermectin, the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (N) protein, and the ORF6 protein share binding sites on human importin α.. |
| Vukovikj | Review of SARS-CoV-2 variant mutations and their impact on susceptibility to monoclonal antibodies and antivirals. Mutations in the ORF1ab region.. |
| Vukovikj | Review of SARS-CoV-2 variant mutations and their impact on susceptibility to monoclonal antibodies and antivirals. Mutations in the ORF1ab region.. |
| Vukovikj | Review of SARS-CoV-2 variant mutations and their impact on susceptibility to monoclonal antibodies and antivirals. Mutations in the ORF1ab region.. |
| Vukovikj | Review of SARS-CoV-2 variant mutations and their impact on susceptibility to monoclonal antibodies and antivirals. Mutations in the ORF1ab region.. |
| Vukovikj | Review of SARS-CoV-2 variant mutations and their impact on susceptibility to monoclonal antibodies and antivirals. Mutations in the ORF1ab region.. |
Recent studies (see the individual treatment pages for all studies):
Mar 28 |
et al., Medical Hypotheses, doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2025.111613 | Cholinergic eubiosis: A hypothesis on Ivermectin-upregulated Bifidobacterium |
| Hypothesis that ivermectin may increase beneficial Bifidobacterium populations in the gut through a "cholinergic eubiosis" mechanism. Authors theorize that ivermectin acts as a positive allosteric regulator of alpha-7 nicotinic.. | ||
Mar 25 |
et al., NCT04478071 | Vadadustat for the Prevention and Treatment of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) in Hospitalized Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) |
| 3% higher mortality (p=1), 16% lower progression (p=0.36), and 8% improved recovery (p=0.6). RCT 448 hospitalized COVID-19 patients in the USA showing no significant differences with vadadustat. | ||
Mar 25 |
et al., Frontiers in Nutrition, doi:10.3389/fnut.2025.1566505 | Association of zinc deficiency and clinical symptoms, inflammatory markers, severity of COVID-19 in hospitalized children |
| 280% higher severe cases (p=1). Prospective study of 140 hospitalized children with COVID-19 in Ukraine showing that zinc deficiency associated with higher inflammatory markers. While there was a trend toward more frequent fever (p=0.0654) with deficiency, there was no .. | ||
Mar 25 |
et al., The Japanese Journal of Antibiotics, doi:10.11553/antibiotics.78.1_35 | Critical appraisal of multidrug therapy in the ambulatory management of patients with COVID-19 and hypoxemia Part II: Causal inference using the Bradford Hill criteria |
| Critical appraisal of three case series totaling 119 COVID-19 patients with hypoxemia treated with ivermectin-based multidrug protocols in the United States, Zimbabwe, and Nigeria, showing reduced hospitalization and mortality. Authors ap.. | ||
Mar 22 |
et al., Infection, doi:10.1007/s15010-025-02505-z | Impact of treatment of COVID-19 with sotrovimab on post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC): an analysis of National COVID Cohort Collaborative (N3C) data |
| 4% lower PASC (p=0.002). N3C retrospective 9,504 sotrovimab-treated high-risk COVID-19 patients versus 619,668 untreated high-risk controls showing reduced risk of post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC) with treatment. ATT weighting failed to adjust for "hea.. | ||
Mar 21 |
et al., Journal of Health Sciences and Medicine, doi:10.32322/jhsm.1625339 | Can hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin combination cause cardiac rhythm disturbances in children with COVID-19 pneumonia? |
| Retrospective 24 pediatric COVID-19 pneumonia patients showing no cardiac rhythm disturbances or QTc prolongation with hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin combination therapy. | ||
Mar 18 |
et al., PNAS Nexus, doi:10.1093/pnasnexus/pgaf085 | Clinical and molecular landscape of prolonged SARS-CoV-2 infection with resistance to remdesivir in immunocompromised patients |
| Clinical and virological study of 3 immunocompromised B-cell lymphoma patients with prolonged SARS-CoV-2 infection showing development of remdesivir and sotrovimab resistance. Through serial viral genome sequencing, authors identified NSP.. | ||
Mar 17 |
et al., JACC: Case Reports, doi:10.1016/j.jaccas.2025.103238 | Complete Heart Block Triggered by Nirmatrelvir-Ritonavir and Verapamil |
| Case report of a 58-year-old woman who developed complete heart block and shock due to a drug-drug interaction between paxlovid and verapamil, exacerbated by acute kidney injury and liver dysfunction. This case highlights potentially leth.. | ||
Mar 15 |
et al., BMC Pulmonary Medicine, doi:10.1186/s12890-025-03524-0 | Risk prediction and early intervention strategies for persistent SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma: a retrospective cohort study |
| 5% worse viral clearance (p=0.83). Retrospective 660 patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) and SARS-CoV-2 infection, identifying risk factors for persistent COVID-19. There was no significant difference in persistent SARS-CoV-2 infection with paxlovid, molnupiravir, or .. | ||
Mar 14 |
et al., Frontiers in Nutrition, doi:10.3389/fnut.2025.1549747 | Vaccination and food consumption: association with Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome in Brazilian adults (CUME Study) |
| Analysis of 2,065 Brazilian adults participating in the CUME study showing that higher intake of vitamin C, vitamin D, zinc, white meat, and vegetables were associated with lower risk of long COVID. | ||
Mar 14 |
et al., Pharmaceuticals, doi:10.3390/ph18030412 | Evaluating the Use of Inhaled Budesonide and Ipratropium Bromide Combination in Patients at High Risk of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Development: A Randomized Controlled Trial |
| Non-COVID-19 RCT with 119 hospitalized patients at high risk of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) showing significantly lower rates of ARDS and mechanical ventilation with inhaled budesonide + ipratropium bromide treatment. | ||
Mar 13 |
et al., Journal of Clinical Medicine, doi:10.3390/jcm14061931 | Association of Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase Polymorphisms with Clinical Severity in Patients with COVID-19 |
| Retrospective 178 COVID-19 patients examining the association between NOS3 genetic polymorphisms (G894T and 27-bp VNTR 4b/a) and disease severity. Overall, no statistically significant associations were found between NOS3 genotypes and CO.. | ||
Mar 13 |
et al., Infectious Disease Reports, doi:10.3390/idr17020025 | Unhealthy Food Consumption Is Associated with Post-Acute Sequelae of COVID-19 in Brazilian Elderly People |
| Cross-sectional study of 1,322 elderly adults in Brazil showing associations between food consumption patterns and post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC). Fruit consumption was associated with a lower risk of PASC, while consumption of.. | ||
Mar 13 |
et al., Eurosurveillance, doi:10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2025.30.10.2400252 | Impact of SARS-CoV-2 variant mutations on susceptibility to monoclonal antibodies and antiviral drugs: a non-systematic review, April 2022 to October 2024 |
| Review of SARS-CoV-2 variant mutations and their impact on susceptibility to monoclonal antibodies and antivirals. Mutations in the ORF1ab region led to decreased susceptibility to paxlovid, while nsp12 mutations reduced efficacy for remd.. | ||
Mar 13 |
et al., Biotecnia, doi:10.18633/biotecnia.v27.2485 | Binding affinities analysis of ivermectin, nucleocapsid and ORF6 proteins of SARS-CoV-2 to human importins α isoforms: A computational approach |
| In Silico study showing that ivermectin, the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (N) protein, and the ORF6 protein share binding sites on human importin α isoforms. Authors used molecular docking to analyze binding affinities between these molecules .. | ||
Mar 12 |
et al., Journal of Clinical Medicine, doi:10.3390/jcm14061915 | Outcomes of COVID-19 During the First Wave in Saudi Arabia: An Observational Study of ICU Cases from a Single Hospital |
| 134% higher mortality (p=0.03). Retrospective 185 COVID-19 ICU patients in Saudi Arabia showing higher mortality with HCQ in unadjusted results, and no significant difference with azithromycin. | ||
Mar 11 |
et al., bioRxiv, doi:10.1101/2025.03.09.642200 | The protease inhibitor Nirmatrelvir synergizes with inhibitors of GRP78 to suppress SARS-CoV-2 replication |
| In Vitro and animal study showing strong synergistic effects when combining nirmatrelvir with GRP78 inhibitors. | ||
Mar 11 |
et al., Journal of Clinical Medicine, doi:10.3390/jcm14061886 | Comparative Analysis of Neuropsychiatric Adverse Reactions Associated with Remdesivir and Nirmatrelvir/Ritonavir in COVID-19 Treatment: Insights from EudraVigilance Data |
| Pharmacovigilance analysis of 8,078 paxlovid 3,934 remdesivir case safety reports from the EudraVigilance database, showing paxlovid associated with significantly higher incidence of neuropsychiatric adverse drug reactions. Paxlovid repor.. | ||
Mar 10 |
et al., BMC Infectious Diseases, doi:10.1186/s12879-025-10684-1 | Development and validation of a nomogram to assess the occurrence of liver dysfunction in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia in the ICU |
| 40% worse results (p<0.0001). Retrospective 286 critically ill COVID-19 ICU patients developing a predictive model for liver dysfunction, showing significantly higher risk with azvudine and paxlovid use. | ||
Mar 8 |
et al., Pharmaceutics, doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics17030349 | In Vitro Development of Local Antiviral Formulations with Potent Virucidal Activity Against SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza Viruses |
| In Vitro study showing potent virucidal activity of D-limonene (DLM), monolaurin (ML), and cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) formulations against SARS-CoV-2 and influenza viruses. Authors developed two optimized formulations: an oral formula.. | ||
Mar 7 |
et al., Intensive Care Medicine Experimental, doi:10.1186/s40635-025-00739-7 | The effects of urine alkalinization on kidney function in critically ill patients with COVID-19: a proof-of-concept randomized clinical trial |
| 67% lower mortality (p=0.57) and 40% improvement (p=0.62). Early terminated RCT 16 critically ill COVID-19 patients showing no significant difference in AKI development or mortality with alkalinization using intravenous sodium bicarbonate. The intervention group achieved higher urine pH (75% vs 3.. | ||
Mar 5 |
et al., MDPI AG, doi:10.20944/preprints202503.0299.v1 | Vitamin D Status and Incidence of SARS-CoV-2 Reinfections in the Borriana COVID-19 Cohort: A Population-Based Prospective Cohort Study |
| 38% fewer cases (p=0.02). Prospective cohort study of 378 confirmed SARS-CoV-2 cases in Spain showing increased risk of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection with insufficient vitamin D status. | ||
Mar 4 |
et al., Journal of Health System Research, doi:10.48305/jhsr.v21i1.1579 | Investigating the Relationship between Food Intake and Severity of COVID-19 Disease: A Cross-Sectional Study |
| Cross-sectional study of 3,018 hospitalized (moderate and severe) and 717 outpatient (mild) COVID-19 patients showing differences in nutritional intake associated with disease severity. Patients requiring hospitalization had significantly.. | ||
Mar 4 |
et al., Frontiers of Medicine, doi:10.1007/s11684-025-1123-9 | Low dose of hydroxychloroquine is associated with reduced COVID-19 mortality: a multicenter study in China |
| 66% lower mortality (p<0.0001), 25% lower ventilation (p=0.05), 41% lower progression (p=0.21), and 31% improvement (p=0.005). PSM retrospective 53,030 hospitalized patients in China showing low dose HCQ treatment associated with significantly lower all-cause mortality, mechanical ventilation, acute heart injury, and acute kidney injury, with benefits consistent .. | ||
Mar 4 |
et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2025.02.28.25323075 | Identifying DNA Methylation Patterns in Post COVID-19 Condition: Insights from a One-Year Prospective Cohort Study |
| Prospective cohort study with 22 Post COVID-19 condition (PCC+) patients and 22 matched COVID-19 convalescents (PCC-), showing distinct DNA methylation patterns diminishing over time. The study identified TXNRD1 methylation changes associ.. | ||
Mar 3 |
et al., Frontiers in Nutrition, doi:10.3389/fnut.2025.1542449 | The association between nutrient patterns and hospital stay duration and symptoms in COVID-19 in Iranian patients: cross-sectional study |
| Cross-sectional study of 95 hospitalized COVID-19 patients showing poor nutrient patterns associated with longer hospitalization, reduced appetite, and increased likelihood of headaches, fever, and respiratory distress syndrome. | ||
Mar 3 |
et al., Jentashapir Journal of Cellular and Molecular Biology, doi:10.5812/jjcmb-159606 | Evaluation of Glutathione Redox Status and Inflammatory Markers in ICU Patients with Acute Respiratory Syndrome due to COVID-19 |
| Rerospective 16 COVID-19 ICU patients and 16 healthy controls, showing significantly lower vitamin D levels in COVID-19 patients. | ||
Mar 3 |
et al., BMC Infectious Diseases, doi:10.1186/s12879-025-10666-3 | Prognostic factors in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 pneumonia and effectiveness of prophylactic anticoagulant therapy: a single-center retrospective study |
| 48% higher mortality (p<0.0001). Retrospective 2,520 hospitalized COVID-19 pneumonia patients focusing on prophylactic anticoagulation but also reporting results for azvudine and paxlovid. | ||
Mar 3 |
et al., Center for Open Science, doi:10.31219/osf.io/tc8hk_v2 | Expression of concern regarding the notice of retraction of the article "Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as a treatment for COVID-19: results from an open-label, non-randomized clinical trial. |
| Response to the retraction of $[refi('gautretjaa')}. Authors note the study followed proper protocols and that concerns about patient enrollment timing, control group selection, and PCR interpretation methods do not justify retraction. Au.. | ||
We aim to cover the most promising early treatments for
COVID-19. We use pre-specified effect extraction criteria that prioritizes
more serious outcomes, for details see methods. For specific
outcomes and different treatment stages see the individual pages. Not all
treatments are covered here, effectiveness has been reported for many other treatments in studies.
Of the 5,528 studies,
2,615 present results comparing with a control group,
2,400 are treatment studies, and
215 analyze outcomes based on serum levels. There are
103 animal studies,
200 in silico studies,
377 in vitro studies,
442 reviews,
and 235 meta analyses.
Please send us corrections, updates, or comments.
c19early involves the extraction of 100,000+ datapoints from
thousands of papers. Community updates
help ensure high accuracy.
Treatments and other interventions are complementary.
All practical, effective, and safe
means should be used based on risk/benefit analysis.
No treatment or intervention is 100% available and effective for all current
and future variants.
We do not provide medical advice. Before taking any medication,
consult a qualified physician who can provide personalized advice and details
of risks and benefits based on your medical history and situation. FLCCC and WCH
provide treatment protocols.
Thanks for your feedback! Please search before submitting papers and note
that studies are listed under the date they were first available, which may be
the date of an earlier preprint.