Supplementary Data — Tocilizumab for COVID-19: real-time meta-analysis of 47 studies

October 2026

Tocilizumab COVID-19 outcomes

StudyImprovementRR · 95% CIOutcomeTreatmentControlRelative Risk
Colaneri (PSM)18%0.82 · 0.07–3.41death5/2119/91SMACORE Colaneri (PSM)88%0.12 · 0.00–2.57ICU3/2112/91SMACORE Ip24%0.76 · 0.57–1.00death134 (n)413 (n) Rojas-Marte21%0.79 · 0.60–1.05death43/9655/97 Campochiaro53%0.47 · 0.18–1.20death5/3211/33 Campochiaro−106%2.06 · 0.41–10.49ventilation4/322/33 Campochiaro27%0.73 · 0.42–1.27no disch.12/3217/33 Campochiaro21%0.79 · 0.41–1.54no improv.10/3213/33 Somers (PSW)45%0.55 · 0.33–0.90death78 (n)76 (n) Carvalho−166%2.66 · 0.32–5.52death5/294/24 Maeda0%1.00 · 0.27–3.72death23 (n)201 (n) Gokhale38%0.62 · 0.38–0.99death70 (n)91 (n) Kewan−23%1.23 · 0.22–6.76death3/282/23 Kewan−40%1.40 · 0.80–2.43no disch.17/2810/23 Kewan30%0.70 · 0.43–1.15ventilation time28 (n)23 (n) Kewan−57%1.57 · 0.84–2.93hosp. time28 (n)23 (n) Pettit−71%1.71 · 1.03–2.83death29/7417/74 Guaraldi62%0.38 · 0.17–0.83death13/12573/179 Guaraldi39%0.61 · 0.40–0.92death/int.125 (n)179 (n) Menzella45%0.55 · 0.22–1.35death41 (n)38 (n) Menzella56%0.44 · 0.22–0.89death/int.41 (n)38 (n) Okoh−167%2.67 · 0.66–10.79death4/203/40 Okoh−344%4.44 · 1.34–14.76ICU10/303/40 Guisado-Vasco−140%2.40 · 1.13–5.11death132 (n)475 (n) Rossi (PSM)64%0.36 · 0.18–0.70death84 (n)84 (n) Rossi (PSM)60%0.40 · 0.23–0.70death/int.84 (n)84 (n) Patel9%0.91 · 0.45–1.83death21 (n)21 (n) Patel33%0.67 · 0.22–2.03death4/216/21 Patel−11%1.11 · 0.45–2.74death7/216/20 Chilimuri60%0.40 · 0.20–0.77death/int.83 (n)685 (n) Kimmig−82%1.82 · 0.96–3.47death19/5411/57 Masiá80%0.20 · 0.04–0.93death2/768/62 Masiá8%0.92 · 0.38–2.24ICU9/768/62 Masiá−44%1.44 · 1.18–1.77hosp. time76 (n)62 (n) Masiá (PSM)−68%1.68 · 0.36–7.81viral+29 (n)29 (n) Langer-Gould−117%2.17 · 0.05–5.56death24/529/41OT1 Biran (PSM)29%0.71 · 0.56–0.89death205 (n)416 (n) Tsai (PSM)0%1.00 · 0.57–1.75death18/6618/66 Roumier32%0.68 · 0.31–1.48death49 (n)47 (n) Roumier42%0.58 · 0.36–0.94ventilation49 (n)47 (n) Roumier45%0.55 · 0.36–0.82no disch.49 (n)47 (n) Hill43%0.57 · 0.21–1.52death43 (n)45 (n) Hill8%0.92 · 0.38–2.22no improv.43 (n)45 (n) Canziani18%0.82 · 0.42–1.58death64 (n)64 (n) Ruiz-Antorán (PSW)26%0.74 · 0.62–0.89death268 (n)238 (n)TOCICOV Stone (DB RCT)−52%1.52 · 0.41–5.61death9/1613/82BACC Bay Stone (DB RCT)35%0.65 · 0.26–1.62ventilation11/1618/82BACC Bay Stone (DB RCT)17%0.83 · 0.38–1.81death/int.17/16110/82BACC Bay Stone (DB RCT)−11%1.11 · 0.59–2.10progression31/16114/82BACC Bay Wang (RCT)27%0.73 · 0.32–1.66progression7/248/20 Wang (RCT)54%0.46 · 0.09–2.32no recov.2/344/31 Wang (RCT)79%0.21 · 0.05–0.87no recov.2/248/20 Wang (RCT)−8%1.08 · 0.92–1.28hosp. time34 (n)31 (n) Wang (RCT)−6%1.06 · 0.88–1.28viral time34 (n)31 (n) Gupta29%0.71 · 0.56–0.92death433 (n)3,491 (n) Salvarani (RCT)−110%2.10 · 0.20–22.56death2/601/63RCT-TCZ-COVID-19 Salvarani (RCT)−26%1.26 · 0.41–3.91ICU6/605/63RCT-TCZ-COVID-19 Salvarani (RCT)−26%1.26 · 0.41–3.91no disch.6/605/63RCT-TCZ-COVID-19 Salvarani (RCT)−5%1.05 · 0.59–1.86no disch.17/6017/63RCT-TCZ-COVID-19 Hermine (RCT)7%0.93 · 0.36–2.42death7/638/67CORIMUNO-TOCI-1 Hermine (RCT)−24%1.24 · 0.44–3.49death7/636/67CORIMUNO-TOCI-1 Hermine (RCT)62%0.38 · 0.15–0.99ventilation5/6314/67CORIMUNO-TOCI-1 Hermine (RCT)34%0.66 · 0.39–1.15progression15/6324/67CORIMUNO-TOCI-1 Salama (DB RCT)−22%1.22 · 0.62–2.38death26/24911/128EMPACTA Salama (DB RCT)44%0.56 · 0.33–0.97death/int.249 (n)128 (n)EMPACTA Veiga (RCT)−130%2.30 · 0.94–5.61death14/656/64TOCIBRAS Veiga (RCT)1%0.99 · 0.65–1.49no recov.65 (n)64 (n)TOCIBRAS Fisher−4%1.04 · 0.27–3.75death45 (n)70 (n) Martínez-Sanz35%0.65 · 0.19–2.25deathn/an/a Martínez-Sanz66%0.34 · 0.17–0.71deathn/an/a Martínez-Sanz−21%1.21 · 0.65–2.23deathn/an/a Rodríguez-.. (PSM)78%0.22 · 0.05–0.96death88 (n)176 (n)SAMI-COVID Rodríguez-.. (PSM)58%0.42 · 0.19–0.92death/int.88 (n)176 (n)SAMI-COVID Rosas (DB RCT)−1%1.01 · 0.68–1.52death58/29428/144COVACTA Rosas (DB RCT)24%0.76 · 0.53–1.09ventilation51/18333/90COVACTA Rosas (DB RCT)41%0.59 · 0.37–0.94ICU27/12723/64COVACTA Rosas (DB RCT)22%0.78 · 0.54–1.12recov. time294 (n)144 (n)COVACTA Gordon (RCT)22%0.78 · 0.63–0.97death98/350127/355REMAP-CAP De Rosa−41%1.41 · 0.66–2.99death97 (n)1,239 (n) Soin (RCT)29%0.71 · 0.34–1.46death11/9115/88COVINTOC Soin (RCT)−4%1.04 · 0.52–2.09ventilation14/9113/88COVINTOC Soin (RCT)30%0.70 · 0.30–1.67progression8/9111/88COVINTOC Soin (RCT)−7%1.07 · 0.91–1.27ICU71/9164/88COVINTOC Horby (RCT)13%0.87 · 0.79–0.96death694/2,022815/2,094RECOVERY Horby (RCT)12%0.88 · 0.81–0.96death621/2,022729/2,094RECOVERY Horby (RCT)21%0.79 · 0.69–0.92ventilation265/1,754343/1,800RECOVERY Horby (RCT)14%0.86 · 0.81–0.92no disch.872/2,0221,050/2,094RECOVERY Hermine (RCT)33%0.67 · 0.30–1.49death49 (n)43 (n)CORIMUNO-TOCI-2 Ho−290%3.90 · 2.96–5.13death Talaschian (DB RCT)−40%1.40 · 0.45–4.37death5/174/19 Talaschian (DB RCT)47%0.53 · 0.17–1.59no disch.17 (n)19 (n) Talaschian (DB RCT)−40%1.40 · 0.45–4.37no recov.5/174/19 Talaschian (DB RCT)−11%1.11 · 0.66–1.87recov. time17 (n)19 (n) Yen−58%1.58 · 0.98–2.57death67 (n)2,129 (n) Reid (RCT)−56%1.56 · 0.17–14.26death3/501/26COVIDOSE-2 Reid (RCT)66%0.34 · 0.01–7.92death0/251/26COVIDOSE-2 Reid (RCT)−212%3.12 · 0.35–28.03death3/251/26COVIDOSE-2 Reid (RCT)−2%1.02 · 0.59–1.77recov. time25 (n)26 (n)COVIDOSE-2 Reid (RCT)20%0.80 · 0.62–1.04recov. time25 (n)26 (n)COVIDOSE-2 Reid (RCT)−40%1.40 · 0.89–2.20recov. time25 (n)26 (n)COVIDOSE-2 Al Mutair (ICU)16%0.84 · 0.75–0.94death157/426457/1,044ICU patients
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1 OT: comparison with other treatment
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← Tocilizumab
reduces risk
Tocilizumab
increases risk →
Fig. S1. All outcomes.
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Fig. S2. Comparison of results for RCTs versus observational studies. For COVID-19 treatments, there is no significant difference between the results of RCTs and observational studies. Observational studies do not systematically over or underestimate efficacy. For high-cost treatments, there is a non-significant trend towards RCTs showing greater efficacy.